Iran&rsquo

Open Access Article

1 - Typology Research of the Northwest Iran’s Railway Stations’ Architecture (The Qajar Period to Present)
Habib Shahhoseini Fatemeh Asadzadeh

10.30495/hoviatshahr.2022.65278.12147

The railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical imp More

The railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical importance by changing the intellectual horizon of the people. Today, railway stations do not only serve as a mean for people to travel and transport, but also, they are being constructed for their aesthetic and symbolic values. In this regard, old railway stations are the most significant ones as they increase the value of their surroundings and are capable to help practice sustainable architecture. The initial stations were mainly derived from endemic architecture styles and materials, resulting in enduring buildings. However, the typology of the architecture of the old railway stations in Iran has not been studied adequately especially in different periods of time and consequently, the need for a comprehensive study in this matter is striking. Therefore, by using the qualitative-analytical method and collecting data from various documents, old books, and field observations, this research aims to study and analyze the physical characteristics of 116 Iran’s northwestern railway stations (Tehran - Tabriz) in four periods of Qajar, first and second Pahlavi and The Islamic Republic to identify the physical patterns of the railway stations of each period. The main question that this paper tries to answer is: “what are the differences between railway stations’ architectural body during various periods of time in the northwestern line of Tehran-Tabriz?” First of all, railway stations of each period in the research area were identified one by one, and afterward, by a detailed analysis, the typology of the identified stations’ architectural body was classified for each period. The identified factors for evaluation were the plan’s type, number of floors, type of roof, the used materials in the station’s facade, and the number of ornaments. These factors were considered separately in the railway stations of each of the four periods. The results of the research indicate a significant reduction in the variety of patterns used over time, except for the number of floors in the period of the Islamic Republic with two and three-floors stations with more variety of uses, the type of materials used, roof type, type and proportions of the plan and the number of decoration patterns studied in this period, have lost their variety during the time. To construct railway stations in the period of the Islamic Republic, there has been a tendency towards flat roofs and a plan type that has a relatively monotone structure without decorations. The current research identifies the architectural body of historical railway stations, in order to plan for future development and reuse them while preserving their originality and historical identity, as part of the cultural heritage of Iranian society. Additionally, future studies can focus on a more detailed analysis such as determining differences between the various materials in each part of the building like façade, floor, walls, and ornaments during time periods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Customer rights Arising from the sale of defective goods with emphasis on compensation methods in Iran s law and the convention on the international sale of good
faranak moazen faranak moazen Seyed mojtaba Mirdamadi Ahad Bagherzadeh

10.30495/jlap.2023.21396

In the field of international relations, trade exchanges are very important. One of the most important examples of trade relations in the field of international trade is the international sale of goods. One of the natural and required issues in any contract is the benef More

In the field of international relations, trade exchanges are very important. One of the most important examples of trade relations in the field of international trade is the international sale of goods. One of the natural and required issues in any contract is the benefit of the parties to their rights, in which the customer's rights are among the serious and important categories, some of which are related to defective goods in this study. In the present study, it will be observed that, in Iranian law and the Convention, the scope of customer rights resulting from the sale of defective goods consists of two parts: 1. Obligation to fulfill the provisions of the contractual obligation and ultimately relieve the customer from an unbalanced and unbalanced contractual situation, which in Iranian law is referred to as the defective option and its mechanisms, and in the Convention as the non-compliance of goods and related mechanisms. 2. The actual methods of compensation that provide for the possibility of providing damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position both in order to fulfill the obligation and to terminate it. The Convention includes the issue of compensation for the sale of defective goods in accordance with the theory of full compensation, but in Iranian law this scope is more limited. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Consequential women (Oliympias, Tarkan khatun and Mahd e Olya)
Naemeh Motevasseli Sayed Gafar Hamidi Sayed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni

    In Iran, throughout the ebb and flow of its history, there were numerous women who had played a sort of crucial role not only in construction or destruction of cultural, human and political elements, but also either in development, flourishing and exp More

    In Iran, throughout the ebb and flow of its history, there were numerous women who had played a sort of crucial role not only in construction or destruction of cultural, human and political elements, but also either in development, flourishing and expansion or ruinating and obliteration of the country. The present paper purposed to introduce some of the effective feminine on the fate and Persian history (Oliympias, Tarkan khatun and Mahd e Olya). It also evaluated the influence and its degrees, dimensions, extents and consequences were also discussed. It was concluded that the women should be called as the main role player of the power in some of the governments. The paper also came to result   that these three mentioned women had a very negative and destructive effects on the history and the people destiny of Iran. Due to such an influence they should be named consequential women, since their unfortunate thoughts involved  all the Iranian. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Influence of ISIS in Central Asia and its Impact on Iran's National Security
Zahra Tavakoli Kayhan Barzegar Majid Tavasoli roknabadi

In this study, the dangers of ISIS's Influence in Central Asia and its impact on Iran's national security are examined. Failed and fragile states in Central Asia do not have the ability to promote prosperity, security, education, and awareness for their people. As a res More

In this study, the dangers of ISIS's Influence in Central Asia and its impact on Iran's national security are examined. Failed and fragile states in Central Asia do not have the ability to promote prosperity, security, education, and awareness for their people. As a result, conditions are ripe for the people to lean towards extremism. Due to the presence of takfiri extremism on the western borders of Iran (Iraq and Syria), there are serious risks of this spreading to its eastern borders in Central Asia. Despite the existing hegemony between Iran and Russia and their mutual efforts to stop this current in the region, should the extremism on both sides of its borders join hands, Iran’s security will be seriously compromised in three ways to face serious challenges. Firstly, the extremism will span on its northern, eastern, and western borders; secondly, regional and trans-regional actors will use takfiri extremism for their strategic rivalries; and thirdly, a worsening case in Afghanistan will impact Iran’s security. Thus, focusing on “Regional and trans-regional convergence” can be the most important strategy for Iran to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Soft Power and Asymmetric Action in Iran's Strategic Policy
masomeh reshad Afsaneh Reshad

Soft power is one of the main indicators of Iran's foreign and security policies. Historical experience shows that revolutionary political systems always use the indicators of soft power to improve their regional and international position. Ideology and identity are amo More

Soft power is one of the main indicators of Iran's foreign and security policies. Historical experience shows that revolutionary political systems always use the indicators of soft power to improve their regional and international position. Ideology and identity are among the main signs of soft power. When ideology is placed in the space of social, regional and international action, it turns into identity. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of Iran's soft power is production of identity. The use of soft power in Iran's foreign policy is laced with the indicators related to the export of the revolution. Asymmetric action can be considered as one of the main indicators of the behavior of revolutionary players in world politics. The export of revolution is considered as one of the signs of asymmetric action. Organization and leading of the Resistance Front will be the main pivot of asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy. Taking such signs into consideration, the question of this research is as follows: What are the features of soft power and asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy and in what process will it be materialized? The hypothesis of the present paper is: Soft power and asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy will be a dependent of the necessities of the identity of resistance in the regional environment. Barry Buzan’s structure, identity model has been used in this research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Impact of Iran’s Nuclear Activities on Security Convergence Among the Members of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (PGCC)
ahmad Doostmohammadi Abdolazim Ghobeishi Yaser Moradi Abbasabadi

In the last several decades, the Persian Gulf region has become a paramount issue of international security. Various factors, such as energy resources, regional competition and the interest of super powers in the region have been the causes of convergence and/or diverge More

In the last several decades, the Persian Gulf region has become a paramount issue of international security. Various factors, such as energy resources, regional competition and the interest of super powers in the region have been the causes of convergence and/or divergence in the foreign policy of Persian Gulf Countries. Recently, however, a new dimension, Iran’s nuclear activities, has been added to the above referred factors creating a further confliction ground to already existing turbulent region. The purpose of this study is to show how the believe of the United States that Iran hides its real intention of opting for atomic weaponry under the pretext of atomic activity for merely energy production and peaceful use of it  has pushed the region into a new security phase. Thus, by accusing Iran’s purpose of nuclear activity to be directed toward obtaining nuclear weaponry, the United States in fact trying to enhance its own and Israel’s interest in the region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - دیدگاه ها و نگرانیهای معلمان در پیاده سازی کتاب جدید انگلیسی سال اول دوره متوسطه اول در مدارس دولتی ایران
مرضیه اسدی غلام رضا کیانی

تغییر کتاب درسی زبان انگلیسی سال اول دوره متوسطه اول در مدارس دولتی ایران بعد از 27 سال انگیزه محققان را برای ارزشیابی کتاب درسی جدید به منظور آگاهی از نقاط ضعف و قوت آن برانگیخت. در راستای این روند، این مطالعه با هدف ارزشیابی کتاب درسی جدید (پراسپکت 1) از دیدگاه معلمان More

تغییر کتاب درسی زبان انگلیسی سال اول دوره متوسطه اول در مدارس دولتی ایران بعد از 27 سال انگیزه محققان را برای ارزشیابی کتاب درسی جدید به منظور آگاهی از نقاط ضعف و قوت آن برانگیخت. در راستای این روند، این مطالعه با هدف ارزشیابی کتاب درسی جدید (پراسپکت 1) از دیدگاه معلمان انجام شد. برای دستیابی به این هدف، ،با 30 نفر از معلمان زبان انگلیسی سال اول دوره متوسطه اول مصاحبه به عمل آمد و داده ها توسط روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که از نظر معلمان، برخی از مشکلات کتاب درسی جدید  استفاده از روش نامناسب آموزش الفبا، بومی سازی بیش ازحد محتوا، توجه بیش از حد به مهارتهای ارتباطی، نادیده گرفتن توسعه توانش بین فرهنگی در دانش آموزان، و عدم واقعی بودن در ارائه محتوا  بودند. در نهایت به عنوان چهره های محوری در فرآیند تغییر آموزش، معلمان برای اصلاح کتاب جدید به امید این که صدایشان توسط مسولان مربوط شنیده شود پیشنهادهایی ارائه دادند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Influential Factors in Russia's Approach to Iran's Nuclear Program; From Bushehr Power Plant to Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Hadi Zargari ELAHEH KOOLAEE

Abstract: Russia has been one of the most influential actors in the technical and political process of Iran's nuclear program but there are no identical views about Russia's viewpoint about Iran's nuclear program. In order to evaluate these views the present article ra More

Abstract: Russia has been one of the most influential actors in the technical and political process of Iran's nuclear program but there are no identical views about Russia's viewpoint about Iran's nuclear program. In order to evaluate these views the present article raises the question as to what are the factors shaping Russia's technical and political approach and behavior towards Iran's nuclear program? In response to the above question authors propound the hypothesis that Russia's approach can be evaluated within the larger framework of Russia's foreign policy and Russia's global, regional and nuclear role which is influenced by identity discourse of this country. Therefore, Russia's consideration in foreign policy is multi-aspect which include its effort for playing a global, regional role and nuclear doctrine along with international and economic factors in different period of time. Thus the emphasis on only one of these factors leads to reductionism and cannot explain the change in Russia's attitude and behavior. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical by using library sources and conducting interview. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - آیا شاخص قیمت کشاورزی به نوسانات نرخ ارز در ایران واکنش نشان می دهد؟
محمد عبدی سیّدکلایی امیر منصور طهرانچیان احمد جعفری صمیمی سیّد مجتبی مجاوریان

از آنجایی که برخی از مواد اولیه، کالاهای نیمهساخته، واسطه‌ای و سرمایه‌ای در بخش کشاورزی از محل واردات تأمین می‌شوند بنابراین نوسانات نرخ ارز می‌تواند روی قیمت تمام شده محصولات این بخش اثر بگذارد. در سال‌های اخیر با نوسانات قابل ملاحظه‌ای در نرخ ارز روبرو بوده‌ایم ک More

از آنجایی که برخی از مواد اولیه، کالاهای نیمهساخته، واسطه‌ای و سرمایه‌ای در بخش کشاورزی از محل واردات تأمین می‌شوند بنابراین نوسانات نرخ ارز می‌تواند روی قیمت تمام شده محصولات این بخش اثر بگذارد. در سال‌های اخیر با نوسانات قابل ملاحظه‌ای در نرخ ارز روبرو بوده‌ایم که تأثیر بسزایی بر همه بخش‌ها و از جمله بخش کشاورزی داشته است. نرخ ارز از طریق افزایش قیمت واردات مواد اولیه کشاورزی بر افزایش قیمت محصولات کشاورزی مؤثر است. به عبارت دیگر، کاهش عرضه داخلی به دلیل تحریک صادرات محصولات کشاورزی ناشی از افزایش نرخ ارز رابطه فوق را تقویت می‌کند. در این پژوهش، تأثیر نوسانات نرخ ارز بر شاخص قیمت در بخش کشاورزی ایران با استفاده از روش گارچ چند متغیره مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می‌دهند که در سطح معنی‌داری یک درصد، ‌تکانه‌های گذشته نرخ ارز اثر مثبت روی شاخص قیمت بخش کشاورزی دارد. علاوه‌بر این، به‌رغم اینکه نوسانات جاری شاخص قیمت بخش کشاورزی از نوسانات گذشته خود تأثیر نمی‌پذیرد اما نوسانات گذشته نرخ ارز اثر مثبت بر نوسانات جاری نرخ ارز دارد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - China-Russia Strategic Alliance against US Unilateralism and its Impact on Iran's National Security 2009-2021
Tahereh Nezafati Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and chall More

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and challenge America in the position of great power. This competitive process has also affected the national security of other countries. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the alliance between Russia and China against the unilateralism of the United States on Iran's national security. The main question is, what effect did the alliance between Russia and China have on Iran's national security in 2009-2021 against the unilateralism of the United States? It seems that the strategic alliance of China and Russia based on competition and curbing the hegemony of US has had effects in the direction of strengthening and weakening the national security of Iran. The results show that the alliance between China and Russia against the United States affects Iran's national security in the political dimension Iran's emphasis on the role of the United Nations, Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, seeking new horizons in BRICS in the military dimension countering Western sanctions and promoting military cooperation with China and Russia in the economic dimension enhancement of economic cooperation, purchase of Iranian oil and gas and Iran's pivotal capability in China's Silk Road project and in the environmental dimension of the cooperation of the two sides with Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Comparative study of the right of imprisonment in jurisprudence, Iranian and Canadian law
Tohid Ebadi Alireza Lotfi Ebrahim Noshadi

Right of lien is one of the most important rights to have been addressed both in Iran’s and in Canada’s law considering its jurisprudent and the common-laic-system origins, respectively, though it has not been a point of consideration in Canada’s law a More

Right of lien is one of the most important rights to have been addressed both in Iran’s and in Canada’s law considering its jurisprudent and the common-laic-system origins, respectively, though it has not been a point of consideration in Canada’s law as wide as it has been in jurisprudence and Iran’s law. The right of lien is one of the important means of guarantee for the execution of contractual obligations. By contract conclusion, both parties are bound to execute whatever they have accepted through the contract, however, despite this bind, there is a probability that both or either parties refuse to execute their contractual obligations and bring about detriments to the other party. In Iran’s and Canada’s law, it is quite understandable that the guarantee for the execution of contractual obligations should have different types which have never been directly discussed upon either in the law of Canada as a country or in the law of Iran or jurisprudence. Manuscript profile

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