Ephedra Major

Open Access Article

1 - Antispasmodic effect of Ephedra major extract on adrenergic and calcium channels receptors in the rat uterus
K. Yektaparast Movafegh, N. Panahi, G. Sadeghi Hashjin,

Tendency to utilize Ephedra containing products is increasing due to their favorable propertiessuch as energetic, fat burner, decongestant etc. Due to the presence of uterus agonism α and βadrenergic compound and lack of systematic research on this issue, we More

Tendency to utilize Ephedra containing products is increasing due to their favorable propertiessuch as energetic, fat burner, decongestant etc. Due to the presence of uterus agonism α and βadrenergic compound and lack of systematic research on this issue, we conducted to determineeffects of the hydroethanolic extract of Ephedra major (E. Major) host on uterus. Isolated uterusfrom Wistar rat (BW 220±30 g) were tested in the organ bath. Rats were anesthetized and theuterus was isolated and placed in De Jalon solution with bubbled 95 percent O2 and 5 percentCO2. Then, it was cut into segment of 1.5-2 cm and mounted in 25 ml chambers of organ bath.E. Major extract had a relaxation effect on rat uterus. According to the results, the cumulativeconcentration of E. Major (0.00625 - 3 mg/ml) relaxed the KCl (60Mm) - and oxytocin (0.25Mm) - induced contraction dose-dependently (P≤0.05). The inhibitory effect of extract oncontraction induced by KCl was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine (0.001 Mm). But verapamil(0.001 Mm) and propranolol (0.001 Mm) inhibited the relaxant effect (P≤0.05). The inhibitoryeffect of extract on contraction induced by oxytocin had synergism effect by verapamil(P≤0.05). These findings revealed that β-adrenergic receptors and presumably other channelssuch as Ca2+ channels involves in inhibitory effect of E. Major extract. The results support thepossible beneficiary effects of this plant in traditional medicine. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Antispasmodic effect of Ephedra major extract on adrenergic and calcium channels receptors in the rat jejunum
F. Mehrzad-Gilmalec, N. Panahi, G. Sadeghi- Hashjin,

Tendency to utilize Ephedra containing products is increasing due to their favorable propertiessuch as weight loos, antibacterial, antisensetive etc. Due to the presence of gastro-intestinalsystem agonism α and β adrenergic compound and lack of systematic res More

Tendency to utilize Ephedra containing products is increasing due to their favorable propertiessuch as weight loos, antibacterial, antisensetive etc. Due to the presence of gastro-intestinalsystem agonism α and β adrenergic compound and lack of systematic research on this issue, weconducted to determine effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Ephedra major (E. Major) hoston jejunum. Isolated jejunum from male Wistar rat were tested in the organ bath. Rats wereanesthetized and the jejunum was isolated and placed in Krebs solution. Then, it was cut intosegment of 1.5-2 cm and mounted in 25 ml chambers of organ bath. E. Major extract had arelaxation effect on rat jejunum. According to the results, the cumulative concentration of E.Major (0.00625 - 3 mg/ml) relaxed the KCl (80 Mm) - and acetylcholine (0.1 Mm) - inducedcontraction dose-dependently (P≤0.05). The inhibitory effect of extract on contraction inducedby KCl was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine (0.001 Mm). But verapamil (0.001 Mm) andpropranolol (0.001 Mm) inhibited the relaxant effect (P≤0.05). The inhibitory effect of extracton contraction induced by acetylcholine had synergism effect by verapamil, phenoxybenzamineand propranolol (P≤0.05). These findings revealed that β-adrenergic receptors and presumablyother channels such as Ca2+ channels involves in inhibitory effect of E. Major extract. Theresults support the possible beneficiary effects of this plant in traditional medicine. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Comparison of alkaloids of male and female stems of Ephedra major Host and Ephedra intermedia Schrenket
Maryam Ahmadi Babak Delnavaz Hashemloian Azra Ataei Azimi Pejman Moradi

Purpose: Different types of Ephedra have two bases, and these two bases are similar in appearance. These medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. The aim of the present research was to study the dibasic alkaloids of two species to identify t More

Purpose: Different types of Ephedra have two bases, and these two bases are similar in appearance. These medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. The aim of the present research was to study the dibasic alkaloids of two species to identify the male and female bases in the early growth period.Materials and Methods: In June 2017, male and female shoots of Ephedra major Host from Bijar Kurdistan and Ephedra intermedia Schrenket were collected from Saveh. Alkaloid extracts were prepared from the shoots of male and female bases and the compounds of the extracts were studied by thin layer chromatography and mass gas chromatography.Findings: Chromatography of the alkaloid thin layer of the shoots of the male and female stems of Ephedra major Host and Ephedra intermedia Schrenket showed that the two stems differ from each other in terms of the type of alkaloid. Mass gas chromatography showed that there are more than 24 and 28 alkaloids in the alkaloid extract of the bases of the female and male Ephedra major Host, respectively, and 19 and 20 alkaloids in the Ephedra intermedia Schrenket, respectively, with more than 0.2 mgg-1dw. The most alkaloids in Ephedra major Host female base were 2-Oxazolidinone and three important medicinal alkaloids ephedrine, amphetamine and serotonin and the most alkaloids in the male base were psedovaphedrine, ephedrine and 2-Oxazolidinone. Most alkaloids were different in two bases. Alkaloids ephedraoxane, tetramethyluric acid, ergotamine, and phendimetrazine were the four important medicinal alkaloids in the base of Ephedra intermedia Schrenket substance. Most of the base alkaloids of male and female Ephedra intermedia Schrenket were different. It was not observed in both bases of Ephedra internesia Schrenket, ephedrine and psedovaphedrine.Conclusion: two species of Ephedra and male and female bases, each of them are different in terms of alkaloids and other effective substances, and by considering a different alkaloid, they can be identified in the early stages of growth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - An investigation on ecological characteristics of Ephedra major in Bojnourd Rangelands
Ali mohammad Asaadi Asghar Khoshnod yazdi

The aim of this research is to assess the ecological needs of Ephedra major as a medicinal and forage species and important for soil and water conservation in Rangelands of Bojnourd. In the site, the studies were done climatically characteristic, geology, stand type, co More

The aim of this research is to assess the ecological needs of Ephedra major as a medicinal and forage species and important for soil and water conservation in Rangelands of Bojnourd. In the site, the studies were done climatically characteristic, geology, stand type, co-dominant plant and vegetable variation, Estimating biomass, physical and chemical analyses of the soil. The results indicated that Ephedra major could be adapted for regions with semiarid- cold climate to altitude climate, annual rainfall average of 332.9 mm and annual temperature average of 9.82 c. Ephedra major have dispersed in north, south, east and west slope and altitude 1400- 2520 m of sea level in mountainous areas. The Soils physical and chemical analyses showed that the soil is very shallow with sandy-loom texture, Ph= 7.75, Ec= 55.88 µs/cm and lime. The stand type was Artemisia aucheri- Festuca ovina and the co-dominant plants were over 86 species. Average of canopy covers and density were 2.16 and 346 shrubs in hectare respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the variables of precipitation, saturation moisture percentage, pH, potassium, calcium and sand had significant correlations with the first axis and explained the 49.84% variation. For the second component, the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen were more important traits and explained the 27.94% variation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - TThe Biological Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ephedra major on the Development of Balb/C Mouse Embryos 7Th to 10Th Days of Pregnancy
S. Saffari P. Torabzadeh S.M. Mousavi Dohooii

Aqueous extract of Ephedra major used as a drug for blood pleasure, sleep disorder and lose weight. But it is effects on the body especially during pregnancy have not been reviewed. Therefore in study The Biological effects of aqueous extract of Ephedra major on the dev More

Aqueous extract of Ephedra major used as a drug for blood pleasure, sleep disorder and lose weight. But it is effects on the body especially during pregnancy have not been reviewed. Therefore in study The Biological effects of aqueous extract of Ephedra major on the development Balb.C mouse embryos 7Th to 10Th days of pregnancy. In this study 50 female Balb.C mice were randomly divided into 6 groups including: control group (non- injection), sham group (injection of saline) and 4 experimental groups. Lethal dose of LD50 was determined in condition of 3086 mg.kg.bw in vivo and selected dose for injection 300 mg.kg.bw. Injection was done on the seventh to tenth days by enema. Then the mouse were sacrificed on day 15 of pregnancy.For security of results above experiences was repeated three times. Data was checked with SPSS21 software and Duncan test subjest to (P Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The teratogenic effects of aqueous extract of Ephedra major on Balb/C mouse embryos third to sixth days of pregnancy
safoora saffari parvin Torabzadeh Ali Karimi

Introduction: Ephedra major plant in traditional medicine is used loss weight, blood pleasure treatment, common cold and muscular weakness. But effects on the body especially during pregnancy has not been reviewed. Therefore in study the teratogenic effects of aqueous e More

Introduction: Ephedra major plant in traditional medicine is used loss weight, blood pleasure treatment, common cold and muscular weakness. But effects on the body especially during pregnancy has not been reviewed. Therefore in study the teratogenic effects of aqueous extract of Ephedra major on Balb/C mouse embryos third to sixth days of pregnancy has been reviewed. Materials and methods: In this study 50 female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into 6 equal groups a control group (non-injection: 5 mice) and witess (injection of Physiology serum: 5 mice) and 4 experimental groups (each of 10 mice). A lethaldose LD50 was determined in condition of 3086 mg/kg.bw in vivo and selected dose for injection 500, 300 mg/kg.bw. Injection was done on the third to sixth days by enema and mice were sacrificed on fifteenth day of pregnancy. ANOVA statistical method was used and SPSS21 was used for diagramming software and to compare groups of Duncan test was used with significant condition P Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Infertility effects of Ephedra major aqueous extract on uterine histological parameters of adult female Balb/C mice
مهسا Ghosi, پروین Torabzadeh, منیره Movahedi,

Ephedra has been used for more than 5,000 years to treat conditions such as colds, fever, ﬂu, headaches, asthma, wheezing, and nasal congestion. It has also been an ingredient in many dietary supplements used for weight loss, increased energy, and enhanced athletic pe More

Ephedra has been used for more than 5,000 years to treat conditions such as colds, fever, ﬂu, headaches, asthma, wheezing, and nasal congestion. It has also been an ingredient in many dietary supplements used for weight loss, increased energy, and enhanced athletic performance (especially in womankind). In Iran lots of documents were showed traditional usage of Ephedra major for stertility or abortion; so due to fnding any studies about this subject we decided to study infertility effects of the aqueous extract of Ephedra major on the uterus of adult female Balb/C mice. Aqueous extract of Ephedra major was provided in standard way of extraction. Final product of extract, containing the water soluble materials of 50mg Ephedra major powder per/ml. In this experimental study, adult females Balb/C mice (24-26gr.bw) were selected and divided randomly into fve groups: Control (Intact), distilled water injected (Sham), Receiving 100mg/kg.bw of extract, Receiving 200mg/kg.bw of extract, Receiving 300mg/kg.bw of extract. Intraperitonial (IP) injections were applied for 8 consecutive days. A day after the last injection, animals were killed, cupped and their uterus were fxed for histological studies. The experiments were repeated three times. Microscopic studies showed a signifcant decrease in large and small diameters of uterus, height of epithelium (P<0.001) and endometrium (P<0.05) at dose of 300mg/kg.bw and signifcant increase in epithelium (P<0.001) at the dose of 100mg/kg.bw. These experiments resulted that aqueous extract of Ephedra major has two kinds of effects: infertility (200 and 300mg/kg.bw) and fertility (100mg/kg.bw).   Manuscript profile

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