E24

Open Access Article

1 - Measuring the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables on employment rate in the OECD Developed countries
Mohammadreza Sharif Azadeh Akbar Komijani Teimour mohammadi Akbar Bagheri

The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and instit More

The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and institutional variables are considered based on panel data econometric models for 24 of the OECD countries in the period of 1996 - 2011. The research model estimation includes seven equations (the first equation with neoclassical variables and the other equations with neoclassical variables and good governance indices separately) for developed countries of the OECD countries. The research model shows that neoclassical variables such as; the share of Gross Fixed Capital (GFC), the share of per capita real Final Consumption Expenditure (FCE) and the share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow as a percentage of real GDP are positive and significant in all seven estimated equations except in some sections for FCE and FDI. Also the effect severity of GFC is higher than FDI and FCE on employment rate. However, all six indicators of good governance (institutional variables) had a significant positive effect on the employment rate so that control of corruption index, voice of people and government accountability, government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality and political stability, have had the first rank to sixth in terms of the impact severity on employment rate in these countries. Finally, practical suggestions are presented for improving the employment rate of the relevant countries according to the institutional approach (with an emphasis on good governance). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - بررسی عوامل موثر بر اشتغال زنان با تاکید بر استفاده از ICT
منیره دیزجی آرش کتابفروش بدری

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Open Access Article

3 - The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Unemployment and Inflation in Provinces of Iran: A GVAR Approach
Nasrin Ebrahimi Mehdi Pedram Mir Hussein Mousavi

10.30495/eco.2021.1892800.2314

Abstract Since Iran is a regionally dispersed country, this motivates us to analyze whether or not a national fiscal policy has different effects on its provinces’ unemployment and inflation rates using a GVAR approach during 2005:q1-2016:q1 period. The results in More

Abstract Since Iran is a regionally dispersed country, this motivates us to analyze whether or not a national fiscal policy has different effects on its provinces’ unemployment and inflation rates using a GVAR approach during 2005:q1-2016:q1 period. The results indicate that one positive standard error as national fiscal shock can significantly reduce unemployment in some provinces. These responses are similar in terms of timing but their amount is different. Also, this positive shock has a negative effect on inflation in some provinces. All responses are approximately similar in terms of timing. In Spite of this similarity, shock responses vary in terms of amount. According to the results in the framework of the models designed in this study, it is proposed that policymakers include the decentralization in the budget planning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Evaluating the Power of Capital Deepening and the Effect of Elasticity of Substitution of Production Factors on the Employment Capacity in Iran's Manufacturing Industries.
Hamid Shirazi Mohammad Sharif Karimi Ali Falahati

10.30495/eco.2023.1981295.2735

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of capital deepening and elasticity of substitution of production factors on the employment capacity of Iran's factories during the annual period of 1989 - 2019 .In this regard, by using the autoregressive distrib More

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of capital deepening and elasticity of substitution of production factors on the employment capacity of Iran's factories during the annual period of 1989 - 2019 .In this regard, by using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method and time series data, the relationship and convergence between the macro-micro variables considered in this research and the employment capacity of Iran's manufacturing sector are investigated.The results indicate a significant immediate inverse (negative) and direct (positive) delayed effect of the capital deepening factor in both periods, as well as a significant direct delayed effect of the substitution elasticity of production factors in the short-term period and a significant inverse effect of delaying changes in the substitution elasticity of production factors in the long-term period on the employment capacity of the manufacturing industry sector of Iran's economy during the mentioned years. Also, according to the error correction model (ECM), the short-term dynamic model of the employment capacity of the said sector has convergence and tendency towards the long-term equilibrium model.Keywords: capital deepening; elasticity of substitution of factors; manufacturing industry; capacity of creating employment; ARDL ;Iran.JEL Classification: C22 ، D22، E22، J23، L60 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - ‏ The Financial Inclusion and Unemployment in Urban and Rural Areas of Iran
Reza Maaboudi

10.30495/eco.2023.1992120.2770

The paper aims to investigate the financial inclusion effect on the unemployment rate in urban and rural areas of Iran. Panel generalized method of moments and provincial data from 2015 to 2020 used to analyze the relationships between variables. Findings show that fina More

The paper aims to investigate the financial inclusion effect on the unemployment rate in urban and rural areas of Iran. Panel generalized method of moments and provincial data from 2015 to 2020 used to analyze the relationships between variables. Findings show that financial inclusion leaves a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate in urban and rural areas of Iran. On the one hand, financial inclusion increases entrepreneurs’ and economic firms’ access to financial credits by reducing transaction costs and by increasing information transparency, which in turn leads to an increase in production capacity and a decrease in the unemployment rate; On the other hand, increasing the access of low-income people to borrowing leads to an increase in investment in human capital and, as a result, a decrease in the unemployment rate. Also, economic growth and human capital have a negative significant effect, and the real wage has a significant positive effect on the unemployment rate in urban and rural areas of Iran. According to the research results, in order to use the benefits of financial inclusion to reduce unemployment in the country, it is necessary to adopt effective policies in the field of training and increasing the financial literacy of individuals in deprived areas to participate in the financial sector, increasing investment to promote innovative financial technologies, expanding banking hardware and improving the infrastructure of the payment system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Investigating Unemployment Invariability Hypothesis in Iran's Provinces
Hasan Daliri

This paper pursues the relation of economic participation effects on unemployment   rate in Iran՚ provinces and unemployment invariability hypothesis test. For this, the data 2005-Q2- 2015-Q4 and single-equation different methods, equation system and panel dat More

This paper pursues the relation of economic participation effects on unemployment   rate in Iran՚ provinces and unemployment invariability hypothesis test. For this, the data 2005-Q2- 2015-Q4 and single-equation different methods, equation system and panel data was used.  The results show that in most provinces and also, in the country’ average, the mentioned hypothesis is confirmed due to short run shocks in economic participation; so, in order to decreasing long run unemployment rate, it needs to some changes in macroeconomic policy making and in labor demand too.  It should be noted that labor supply changes have only short run effects in unemployment control. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Dynamic Efficiency-Wage Model with Real Business Cycle
seyed fakhr aldin fakhrhoseini

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cyclical consequences of Efficiency Wage theory when changing the workers efforts based on Dynamic Real Business Cycle model by using the data collected during 1966-2014. The equations are estimated through oleic approach (199 More

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cyclical consequences of Efficiency Wage theory when changing the workers efforts based on Dynamic Real Business Cycle model by using the data collected during 1966-2014. The equations are estimated through oleic approach (1999) as a space-state model in MATLAB context. The results represent that the increase of efforts variability to efficiency wage consideration causes the variables like production, consumption, labor and employment rate react less to technology shock. According to this model, higher level of workers efforts will lead to the increase of employment rate.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Separation and Computation of Relative Risk Aversion and Elasticity of Inter Temporal Substitution: Recursive Preferences and Dynamic Programming Approach
reza roshan

Abstract The aim of this paper is separation and calculation of the relative risk aversion and elasticity of inter temporal substitution (EIS) by combining the recursive preferences and budget constraint of the consumer. For this mean,at the first, asset portfolio was More

Abstract The aim of this paper is separation and calculation of the relative risk aversion and elasticity of inter temporal substitution (EIS) by combining the recursive preferences and budget constraint of the consumer. For this mean,at the first, asset portfolio was constituted for Iranian households and by using of the GMM approach and utility function, Euler equations investigated for during the 1357-1393. The results of different models indicate that there is no reciprocal relation between of two parameters and Iranian households tend to stabilize and smooth consumption at different states and times. Based on the results, development of financial markets will be on the agenda of planners, so that small-scale households’ capital can be led through such markets to rebuild the country's infrastructure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Responsiveness of Production and Foreign Trade to Exchange Policy: An Implication of Stagflation Adjustment in Iran
کمیل طیبی زهرا زمانی سید حسن ملک حسینی

Removing the Multi exchange rate regime, reducing exchange rate fluctuations, strengthening competitiveness in firms and economic sectors and improving exchange market services are appropriate exchange rate policies that could be effective in justifying the negative eff More

Removing the Multi exchange rate regime, reducing exchange rate fluctuations, strengthening competitiveness in firms and economic sectors and improving exchange market services are appropriate exchange rate policies that could be effective in justifying the negative effects of stagflation. In addition, policy makers consider promoting typically non-oil exports as a production motivation and improving doing business in oil-producing countries. The purpose of this study is thus to evaluate the effectiveness of foreign exchange rate and business policies on adjustment of stagflation conditions in Iran. To evaluate effects of various foreign exchange rate policies on current stagflation in the Iranian economy, we specify and estimate a structural VAR (SVAR) model, analyzing   effects of crucial exchange rate shocks on the most important economic variables such as output and employment. Empirical results show that a proper foreign exchange policy such as exchange rate unification reduces fluctuations in output gap and employment in a five-year period and causes economic stability, which could be a reason for leaving stagflation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Causal Analysis of Relationship between Inflation Rate and Unemployment in Iran (The case study of Philip’s curve)
تیمور محمدی عباسعلی ابونوری رویا محمدنژاد

Abstract The high unemployment rate is one of the chronically problems in Iranian Economy. There is a large gap between natural and nominal rate of unemployment in Iran. In the recent years, the policy makers tried to decrease and control unemployment rate by undertaki More

Abstract The high unemployment rate is one of the chronically problems in Iranian Economy. There is a large gap between natural and nominal rate of unemployment in Iran. In the recent years, the policy makers tried to decrease and control unemployment rate by undertaking monetary policies, but the outcome of such policies has increased the inflation rate significantly  especially during 1979 up to 2009 .In this paper, we tested the relationship between inflation and unemployment rates based on Philip’s curve hypothesis. Our estimation in form of two models separately, shows that, there is significant relationship between inflation wage rates in current period with previous one. In addition, the rate of inflation in each period is a function of productions level and wage rate. Also, the previous level of inflation has influenced current level of inflation rate significantly.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - بررسی اثر نوسانات نرخ ارز بر اشتغال در ایران
کریم امامی الهه ملکی

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Open Access Article

12 - تحلیل عوامل موثر بر اشتغال بخش کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی استان ایلام، کردستان، کرمانشاه و همدان)
هادی محمدی نعمت فلیحی صمد باقر آبادی

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13 - بررسی آثار سیاست اعتباری خرد بر شاخص توزیعی درآمد به تفکیک استان‌های کشور
رویا سیفی پور نارسیس امین رشتی کامران نوابی زند

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Open Access Article

14 - Financial Deepening Influences on Misery Index (Panel Data Approach)
پروانه سلاطین کاملیا قلمزن نیکو نیلوفر غفاری صومعه

Abstract Inflation imposes welfare costs through reduction of value of financial assets and it damages production by creating uncertainty in institutions’ decision for investment and imposing other costs. Inflation, in fact, leads to non-optimal resource allocati More

Abstract Inflation imposes welfare costs through reduction of value of financial assets and it damages production by creating uncertainty in institutions’ decision for investment and imposing other costs. Inflation, in fact, leads to non-optimal resource allocation, economic inefficiency, and disarray in the social, cultural, and political condition of the society. Unemployment, like inflation, causes disarray in the society. Unemployed people appear as parasites in the society and play no part in production and social services. Moreover, unemployment causes people to be trapped in issues such as crime, addiction and moral corruption which leads to the disruption of the society’s cultural texture. Inflation and unemployment are two major social issues. The harmful effects of these two social issues are such that the “Misery Index” is often calculated as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of financial markets on the misery index in a group of selected countries with average income in the 2003-2014 period. Results from model estimation by the method of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) show that: The trade volume to transaction volume ratio in a stock market (as an indicator of the capital market) has no effect on the misery index in the group of selected countries. Domestic credit to private sector by banks (as an indicator of the money market) has a negative and meaningful effect on misery index in the group of selected countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Investigating the effect of electronic receipt and payment tools on reducing government and bank costs
Behzad Alinejadi Ahmed Sarlak Cambys HejbarKiani

10.30495/fed.2022.694722

AbstractToday To continue their economic life, financial institutions are required to adopt e-banking methods in order to be more competitive, reduce operating costs, increase profitability, and improve the quality of customer service. Electronic services and the develo More

AbstractToday To continue their economic life, financial institutions are required to adopt e-banking methods in order to be more competitive, reduce operating costs, increase profitability, and improve the quality of customer service. Electronic services and the development of e-banking are a big step towards reducing costs, reducing government spending and even controlling cost. This study aims to investigate the effect of e-banking in reducing banking operating costs and reducing government spending by using a random dynamic general equilibrium and considering the economic sectors of households, enterprises, government and monetary authority and information of private and public banks. To study in the period of 1375-1396. The results indicate that the use of electronic payment and receipt tools will lead to further reductions in bank costs, as well as lower energy prices and government spending.   Manuscript profile

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