Birds

Open Access Article

1 - Investigation of Species richness of Birds in Bushehr Province to Determine Biodiversity hotspots
Mohammad Papari Zarei Maryam Rafati Mohammad Reza Ashrafzadeh

Abstract Species richness is one of the biodiversity parts calculated by counting the number of species present in a given area. In this study, the species richness of the birds in Bushehr Province was examined to identify biodiversity hotspots and assess their conserv More

Abstract Species richness is one of the biodiversity parts calculated by counting the number of species present in a given area. In this study, the species richness of the birds in Bushehr Province was examined to identify biodiversity hotspots and assess their conservation status. To achieve this, bird presence data were collected, and the conservation status of each species was determined. Subsequently, using a grid system with one-by-one-kilometer cells, table of distribution of birds species richness was prepared, and biodiversity hotspots were calculated using the Getis-Ord Gi statistic in a geographic information system (GIS). The results indicated that out of 320 bird species with continuous observation records in Bushehr Province, none were categorized as critically endangered according to the 2021 IUCN Red List. However, three bird species included saker falcon(Falco cherrug), Steppe Eagle(Aquila nipalensis), and Egyptian Vulture(Neophron percnopterus) were classified as Endangered, and Marbled duck(Marmaronetta angustirostris), Common pochard(Aythya ferina), Long-tailed duck(Clangula hyemalis), Macqueen's Bustard(Chlamydotis macqueenii), Socotra cormorant(Phalacrocorax nigrogularis), Pallid Harrier(Circus macrourus), and Eastern Imperial Eagle(Aquila heliaca) were considered as vulnerable. Furthermore, the study of species richness revealed that 21.58% of the study area was covered by the presence of these 320 species, with species diversity ranging from one to 26 birds per cell. The calculation of hotspots at the province level also identified the presence of 30 hotspots, covering a total area of 151311.90 hectares (6.33% of the province's area). These hotspots were mostly located in close proximity to major rivers, rangelands, and agricultural lands, particularly date palm orchards, emphasizing the need for greater attention to these habitats for bird conservation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Evaluation of the clinical and serological effects of metamizole and midazolam as a premedication in pigeon
Lotfi, F., Abedi, G., Asghari, A., Sheykhi, N., Hesaraki, S. .

In this research eighteen male pigeons with an approximate age of two years and weight of 300 gm, were divided into three groups with six individuals per group. In group I the pigeons were given an intramuscular injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Each pigeon in More

In this research eighteen male pigeons with an approximate age of two years and weight of 300 gm, were divided into three groups with six individuals per group. In group I the pigeons were given an intramuscular injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Each pigeon in group II was given an IM injection of midazolam at 6 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection were used. Also, in group III pigeons were given an IM injection of metamizole at 500 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight in the same method was used. The serological and clinical changes in the three groups were evaluated. A record was maintained of the signs of clinical and serological changes in each group. In order to determine the depth of anesthesia in each group and within 5 min from the last injection, various clinical reflexes evaluated on the body of each pigeon. Also, serological examination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetic transaminase (OT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTf) were done. The results of clinical finding showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the various clinical reflexes between group III, compared with groups I and II. Also, the results of the serological review in three groups showed that there were significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean values of ALP and OT. Finally, it seems that metamizole plus ketamine is comparatively the anesthesia drug of choice in birds. Manuscript profile

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3 - Investigation of mystic bewilderment In the book of The Cloud of Unknowing and comparing it with The Conference of the Birds (Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr)
Rouhollah Mousavi Alireza Jalali

10.30495/jrs.2023.68882.10782

The inability of the intellect to reach the essence of transcendence and bewilderment against it, is one of the common concepts of Islamic and Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing, written by an Christian mystic interprets the path of a mystic as moving towards G More

The inability of the intellect to reach the essence of transcendence and bewilderment against it, is one of the common concepts of Islamic and Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing, written by an Christian mystic interprets the path of a mystic as moving towards God in a cloud of darkness, ignorance, and bewilderment; In this journey, the seeker flies towards the transcendent truth with a sharp arrow of love, placing a cloud of forgetting between himself and the whole universe. The essay deals with the central themes of this book, especially The Cloud of Unknowing and The Cloud of Forgetting, and in order to deepen this analysis, it uses an example of Iranian mysticism, that is, The Conference of the Birds (Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr) by Farid ud-Din Attar. In this way, while trying to understand the perspective of the English mystic, the common point of views between these two prominent mystics is analyzed.Attar considers man's desire to Join God as passing through the burning deserts and valleys and finally reaching the level of bewilderment (hayra), while the Christian mystic, who lived in the rainy Midlands of England, sees this attainment as flying through the clouds of bewilderment, darkness and ignorance. Manuscript profile

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4 - Study of Bird Biodiversity Indices in Tehran Gardens (Case Study: Jamshidieh, Mellat, Ghaem and Shahr)
Farahnaz Mohades Jalil Imani Mehdi Ramezani Nemat a Khorasani

10.30495/jest.2020.40259.4487

Background and Objectives:Calculation of biodiversity indices of urban birds in Tehran in order to better understand the environmental conditions and improve or modify seems necessary. The aim of this study was to calculate the indicators of richness, biodiversity and b More

Background and Objectives:Calculation of biodiversity indices of urban birds in Tehran in order to better understand the environmental conditions and improve or modify seems necessary. The aim of this study was to calculate the indicators of richness, biodiversity and bird uniformity in Tehran as a case study in the parks of the city, Mellat, Jamshidia and Ghaem.Methods: In this study, the birds were recorded by point counting and the indices were calculated using Ecological Methodology software.Finding: A total of 3723 birds were observed in 40 species of 8 orders and 19 families. 75% of all recorded species belonged to Passeriformes and among them the number of House Sparrows. Although the Ghaem park had the largest area among studied parks, had the least species richness and diversity and was the most abundance. The Shar park the oldest Tehran urban park located in the densely populated of the city, with the highest richness and species diversity and the lowest abundance, compared to the other parks.Discussion and Conclusion: The birds registered in the studied parks were mostly owned by the Passeriformes and half of them were native to Tehran. The area of the above boats does not necessarily mean that the birds are more diverse. According to the findings gathered in Park-e- Shahr located in the city center, We found out despite the presence of dense texture, the suitable space existed, attraction and capturing the birds were observed. The results of this research can provide an opportunity to study the factors affecting urban biodiversity indices and help environmental researchers, managers and urban planners to design a suitable green space to protect biodiversity and attract birds as one of the health habitat indicators and improve citizen’s quality of life. Manuscript profile

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5 - Monthly Changes in Water bird Population, Diversity and Density in Howr-al-Azim, Wetland
Behrouz Behrouzirad Abdorrahman Rasekh Nasrin Eshraghian

As a Permanent Wetland, Howr-al-Azim is a very important habitat in protection of resident and migratory water bird generations. Because of having high diversities and outstanding abundances in wetland ecosystems, birds are the most important key groups of vertebrates i More

As a Permanent Wetland, Howr-al-Azim is a very important habitat in protection of resident and migratory water bird generations. Because of having high diversities and outstanding abundances in wetland ecosystems, birds are the most important key groups of vertebrates in wetlands. For this purpose, the study was carried out to examine monthly changes in water birds and waders population, Density and diversity on 7 selected sites from January until September 2008. The results showed that 53 species from 10 families of water birds and waders were presented in the wetland with a population of 80000.In general, the species seen consisted of 60% wintering , 23% breeding and 17% resident birds; 5.6% of all the species are classified as "Threatened Species" according to Red Data Book of IUCN. During the study period, water birds maximum population (32103) was seen in January 2008.Comparing water birds population density on all sites showed that the density was reduced considerably from the north of the wetland (Shahid Bakeri Road, near Neisan River) towards the middle parts of the wetland (Shat Ali), so as in January, Shat Ali site showed the least density of 2 birds per hectare among all the selected sites. Manuscript profile

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6 - Evaluation of heavy metals Lead and Cadmium in some birds of Khuzestan
Narjes Okati abbas esmaeilisari fatemeh einollahi

According toincreased Concern about the long-term effects of heavy metals as environmental pollutants, studing showed that the bio monitoring could be desirable and satisfactory method to measure heavy metals. Feathers can play the role of both storing and eliminating m More

According toincreased Concern about the long-term effects of heavy metals as environmental pollutants, studing showed that the bio monitoring could be desirable and satisfactory method to measure heavy metals. Feathers can play the role of both storing and eliminating metals. In this study, accumulation of heavy metals cadmium and lead in birds with emphasis on impact type of habitat (water and drought) were studied in birds in South West of Iran. Tail feathers of 29 birds belonging to 8 species (4 species of aquatic and terrestrial species 4) were collected. In this study heavy metals were measured by using Fillips PU 9400 Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer. Mean Pb concentration in feather of birds was obtained between 18.23± 1.03 (Aythya nyroca) and 3.33± 1.31(μg/g) ( Merops orientalis). Alse mean of Cd in birds was obtaine between 1.71± 0.06 (Anas platyrhyncho) and 0.06± 0.03(μg/g) (Merops orientalis). For evaluation of effects of habitat type on level of lead and cadmium on feather, the birds studied in two groups (aquatic and terrestrial birds).The mean of Pb in aquatic and terrestrial birds were 11.94±4.95 (μg/g) and 6.81±1.03 (μg/g) respectively. A significant difference was in feather Pb concentration across aquatic and terrestrial birds.The concentration of Pb in feathers of aquatic birds was higher than terrestrial birds. The mean of Cd concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial birds was obtained 1.08±0.73 (μg/g) and 0.25±0.19 (μg/g) respectively. However Cd concentration in aquatic birds were higher than terrestrial birds, but there was no significant difference between Cd concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial birds.   Manuscript profile

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7 - effect a group of important chemical pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphates and carbamates) on environment and human
Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Marziye Raisi

Background and Purpose: In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms. Residues from the use of chemical pesticides have polluted the environment and put the health of humans and birds at serious risk. The main More

Background and Purpose: In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms. Residues from the use of chemical pesticides have polluted the environment and put the health of humans and birds at serious risk. The main purpose of this study is to review and analyze the studies on the effects of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on birds, humans and the environment. Material and Methodology: The method of data collection in this study includes library and documentary review and content analysis of studies conducted in this field. Results: The three main groups of chemical pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate. Organochlorines were not used in different countries for a long time due to their long-term stability in the nature. But some of them, such as Aldrin, Lindane and Endosulfan, are still used in developing countries. Most organochlorines inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain and affect the central nervous system. Organophosphates and carbamates do not accumulate in the food chain and are less stable, thus replacing organochlorine with high stability. Both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Discussion and Conclusion: Chemical pesticides, including organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate, cause endocrine disorders in humans and birds, as well as behavioral changes and compromise the immune system.   Manuscript profile

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8 - Development and management of parks and green spaces for the conservation of birds in urban areas
Farzaneh Ghodsi Mohammad Javad Amiri

Parks and urban green spaces are a part of the city that has natural or artificial vegetation. These areas have various functions, including conservation of biodiversity, improvement of air quality, leisure and recreation and also aesthetic effects. Birds are the domina More

Parks and urban green spaces are a part of the city that has natural or artificial vegetation. These areas have various functions, including conservation of biodiversity, improvement of air quality, leisure and recreation and also aesthetic effects. Birds are the dominant animal groups of green spaces that an effective communication can be seen between them. Parks and urban green spaces are an important factor in attracting various species of birds. Management of parks and green spaces and recreational sites is an aspect of biodiversity management in urban habitats. The present study investigates the human use of these areas for recreation and leisure and the effects of these activities on its biodiversity and then present management solutions for this problems. Two important approaches of the study to birds in parks and urban green spaces are investigation of the indices of bird species richness and the shape and size of parks and green spaces in relation to these indicators. The results of studies pointed to the vital importance of the protection of these areas and also the effect of birds in attracting visitors. In fact, the problems in the field of protection of birds in urban green spaces requires management approaches for increasing the richness of bird species and visitors’ satisfaction. These approaches include development of bird watching stations, preparing and distributing posters and leaflets, organizing workshops on the birds and urban green spaces for children and students. Manuscript profile

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9 - Shebli’s Expression in The Conference of The Birds and Other Works of Attār
Mohammad Yousef Nayyeri Amir Mohammad Ardeshirzadeh

In order to express his mystical notions and thoughts Attār refers to the numinous and mystic figures in his anecdotes and tales and advises everyone to follow their deeds and examples. The present study investigates the character of Shebli, a mystic of the fourth and f More

In order to express his mystical notions and thoughts Attār refers to the numinous and mystic figures in his anecdotes and tales and advises everyone to follow their deeds and examples. The present study investigates the character of Shebli, a mystic of the fourth and fifth centuries, who was respected by great Sufi scholars. He was a high ranking lover and mystic of unequalled lore and devotion. Many intellectual points, advices, phrases and also revelations and miracles have been attributed to him. Attār depicts him as the narrator of the anecdotes in Conference of Birds and his other works to expresses his own thoughts and ideas in both simple and cryptic ways. In this study, we have tried to analyze and interpret or demystify these anecdotes and tales. We have attempted to uncover the hidden secrets and symbols behind the lines. In every one of these tales and anecdotes, bearing the secrets and ways of mysticism, Attār puts forth his own words as quoted by Shebli, and revealing the hidden secrets in them is what this present study has attempted to achieve. Manuscript profile

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10 - The Study and Analysis of Simorgh Manifestation in Mystical Text by Reference to Attar’s Conference of Birds and Rumi’s Masnavi
Roghayeh Sadraie

By means of an examination of tales and legends among different nations, one can find out about similar elements and characteristics that are liable to be studied from different perspectives. Simorgh, as one of the recurrent emblems in Persian literary works, is notewor More

By means of an examination of tales and legends among different nations, one can find out about similar elements and characteristics that are liable to be studied from different perspectives. Simorgh, as one of the recurrent emblems in Persian literary works, is noteworthy and its presence in Iranian culture dates back to pre-Islamic era. The first presence of this legendary bird had been in epic and then in mystic literature of Iran, and poets such as Ferdowsi, Attar, Rumi, Sa’adi and Hafez have depicted it in their works. In Shahnameh it has a divine-demonic, and in later mystic works it has a spiritual manifestation that reveals such mysteries as immortality, existence unity, and absolute essence. With respect to what already mentioned, this article aims at exploring the different aspects of this mythical bird through studying two Persian masterpieces – Masnavi and Conference of Birds – to reveal its mythical and mystical character. Manuscript profile

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11 - Representation of Adler's inferiority complex in the main character of Eylul's novel entitled "birds of September"
Zahra Farid Saeedeh Farid Farzaneh Rahmanian

Psychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better More

Psychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better analysis. The present study intends to analyze the personality of “Mena”- the narrator and protagonist present in a novel called “The Birds of September” written by Emili Nasrallah- a prominent Lebanese Writer. The novel narrates the failure and rejection of women of the Lebanese rural community including Mena and feeling inferiority, anonymity, and loneliness among them. Based on the Descriptive-Analytical method and within Adler's Individual psychological framework, this research aims to study the main feature of this theory, namely “Inferiority Complex”- and what reasons made her Mena's personality as well as the reflection of this feeling in her behaviors and compensation mechanism. Findings suggest that social environment and strict customs especially the dominant view of the father, the failure of love, and poverty have caused a feeling of inferiority in Mena. To overcome such feelings, she resorts to imaginary and incorrect methods such as using imagination and escaping from the reality of society and family which finally result in regretting, disappointing, and experiencing a sense of anonymity Manuscript profile

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12 - A Comparative Study of the roles of birds in Khosrow and Shirin, Leili and Majnoun
Hamid Ayaz Ahmad Khatemi

Symbols are part of the culture of a nation and in order to better understand the myths and literature of that nation, we have to realize the meanings these symbols convey. Symbol, sign, is an indication having a meaning beyond what it signifies. Symbols can be observed More

Symbols are part of the culture of a nation and in order to better understand the myths and literature of that nation, we have to realize the meanings these symbols convey. Symbol, sign, is an indication having a meaning beyond what it signifies. Symbols can be observed in all forms of nature cases in point are animals, human beings, plants, things, etc. This paper tries to answer the question that what the significations of the names of birds are in Khosrow and Shirin, and in Leili and Majnoun? How have each group of the birds been presented in these two works considering their symbolic meanings? And how to find if there is a relationship existing between their symbolic meanings? To find answers for the questions raised,  first, these two works have been studied in detail, next the symbolic meanings behind the words and the figurative meanings extant in these two works have been demonstrated, then meanings with lyrical themes have been determined, and in the end,  the comparison between the symbols and their meanings have been presented in Fig. Manuscript profile

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13 - Studying the allegorical aspects and effects of the birds in the complete works of SaibTabrizi
Mohammad Haji Abadi

The systematic study of the place of birds in the allegories in the complete works of Saib, is one of the exact and scientific methods that will make us close to his mental and contemplative world. The current research, aims to study and analyze the aspects of utilizing More

The systematic study of the place of birds in the allegories in the complete works of Saib, is one of the exact and scientific methods that will make us close to his mental and contemplative world. The current research, aims to study and analyze the aspects of utilizing birds in allegories of this popular Persian-language poet; in this query the author tries to show his magic words through analysis of Saib’s complete works as much as possible, the word that using allegory causes the marvel and wonder of so many literature experts. One finding of this research is that Saib expresses his intentions and social and political and instructional contexts in a very novel method and makes a symbol from each bird for mental and spiritual courage that is impressed or touched from his period and in this way developed his word and consolidates it. Manuscript profile

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14 - Position of birds in allegory with attention to saeb tabrizi’s divan
Mandana Alimi Saeid Roozbahani

The present research, has the duty of check and Analysis dimensions of using birds in Allegories of ths famous Persian speaker poet, writer with the search of saeb’s divnan tries to shows his miracle of speech more than ago, aspeech that is with the use of  A More

The present research, has the duty of check and Analysis dimensions of using birds in Allegories of ths famous Persian speaker poet, writer with the search of saeb’s divnan tries to shows his miracle of speech more than ago, aspeech that is with the use of  Allegory causes a lot of miracles from Literature experts and students. Saeb with the use of  crude articles of nature and mixing them with his special  thought and world seeing  created a divan. Method of this article is theoretical and fundamental and with the method of logical reasoning and analisys that is done with the base of librarian studies. Saeb with the use of birds in his allegory described political and social thems very clear and he created a symbol from each bird for Intellectual and spirit honors that is impressed from his period and saeb kan make his spoken grow and strong by this way. Manuscript profile

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15 - The emergence of conflicts and Tmsyl Hay myth climb out of the Great Court
Shokouh Baradaran Ghadam Ali Sarami

Climb one of the fundamental Bn‌Mayh‌Hay Hsty‌Shnasy human kind which are sometimes found with the myth stems back overlay. Temporal and spatial desire to go to the world and a world that is founded on contradictions and By‌Jht By‌Kranh towards utopia, always wished to More

Climb one of the fundamental Bn‌Mayh‌Hay Hsty‌Shnasy human kind which are sometimes found with the myth stems back overlay. Temporal and spatial desire to go to the world and a world that is founded on contradictions and By‌Jht By‌Kranh towards utopia, always wished to consolidate the old man that he is unconscious. The desire in the poetry of Rumi, particularly in the Great Court, using images, symbols and concepts Astvrh‌Ay look opposite and has interpretive manifest. This article is out of the contradictions that often have been expressed in structural analogy, this study acknowledges that most of these conflicts in order to create the myth of climbing the figurative been. At first, the impact of the consolidation of the legendary climb Astvrh‌Ay themes such as the myth of the fall, returning to dwell in unity and love, and then check the relevant Tmsyl‌Hay featured in the Great Court, including heaven and earth, light and darkness, Korah and Moses and chicken cages, wells and ambitious, and desert wells. And the rise of myths climb out of this conflict is explained. Manuscript profile

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16 - An Analysis of the Concept of the ‘Other’ in Attar’s The Conference of the Birds
narges salehi mohammad reza haji aqa babaei

Mantiq Al-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds) is among the seminal irfanic (mystic) works which can be analyzed based on Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism and the concept of the ‘other’. Attar seeks to establish the position of the birds as the ‘self& More

Mantiq Al-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds) is among the seminal irfanic (mystic) works which can be analyzed based on Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism and the concept of the ‘other’. Attar seeks to establish the position of the birds as the ‘self’ and that of Simorgh or the divine nature as the ‘other’. The journey of the birds toward the Simorgh is a progress toward realizing the value of their existence, and after their spiritual progress, the birds gain a proper understanding of their identity and position. From an irfanic point of view, the world is nothing but divine nature; therefore, considering the binary distinction of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ is invalid in irfanic thought. According to such a viewpoint, there is no ‘self’, and if man holds such a notion, it is because of his belongings and dependencies in the material world, and what is considered as spiritual progress is the journey toward gaining a new sense of the ‘self’, and realizing that there is no self, and that whatever there is, is Him. Therefore, there is never a conversation between the ‘self’ and ‘other’, and the irfanic viewpoint is essentially non-polyphonic (monologic). What is recognized in irfan (mysticism) and what the aref (holder of true knowledge) seeks to attain through his spiritual progress is denial of the self and manifesting the divine. That is what is known as tawhid (oneness) in irfan. Manuscript profile

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17 - Analysis of the Character of the Nightingale in the Poem "High Conservatory of Birds" by Riazi Yazdi Based on Eric Fromm’s Theory of LoveBased on the theory of love "Eric Fromm"
Mozhgan Kamalmehrizi Seyed Kaalaf Hotinegad َAsieh Zabihnia Emran

The present article examines the Masnavi "Higher Conservatory of Birds" by Yazdi riyazi (1390-1390 AH) based on Eric Fromm's theory of love (1980-1900). "Higher Conservatory of Birds" is a lyrical poem that was composed of the language of birds in a symbolic and allegor More

The present article examines the Masnavi "Higher Conservatory of Birds" by Yazdi riyazi (1390-1390 AH) based on Eric Fromm's theory of love (1980-1900). "Higher Conservatory of Birds" is a lyrical poem that was composed of the language of birds in a symbolic and allegorical way, in four hundred verses and in seven parts. Forum was the first to discuss the art of making love and to provide a broad field for research and study, offering practical solutions to love. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library tools and using the psychological theory of love of Eric Fromm, aims to answer this main question: how much is Nightingale in love from the point of view of Eric Fromm's psychology? According to the product of the research, the nightingale in the "Higher Conservatory of Birds" is a true lover who endures many hardships in the way of love, and according to Fromm’s theory, traits such as poverty, kindness, sense of responsibility, respect and knowledge are completely in line with the true manifestations of Eric Fromm's true lover. Manuscript profile

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18 - Study of Diversity and Population of Terrestrial birds in the Margin of Miangharan Wetland in Winter and Spring
Behrouz Behrouzi-Rad

In this study, 32 bird species from 17 families on the margin of Miangharan wetland were identified. The identification of birds carried out every month in a day from December 2017 to the end of June 2017 by walking along the edge of the Miangharan marsh with the camera More

In this study, 32 bird species from 17 families on the margin of Miangharan wetland were identified. The identification of birds carried out every month in a day from December 2017 to the end of June 2017 by walking along the edge of the Miangharan marsh with the camera and the telescope through direct observation and the total count method. A total of 1,643 birds was counted, with the highest number in February of 386, and the lowest number in June was 209 individuals, and the highest number of birds was 970 in the winter and the lowest population in the spring of 673 birds. The similarity coefficient between the community of terrestrial birds in winter and spring was 95.5% and Euclidean difference was 125.22. The highest evenness was observed in March (0.691) and the lowest evenness was in June (0.448). The most diversity of Margalf, Shannon, and Menhinink were in March, 926/4, 807/1 and 854/2 respectively. Diversity of Whitaker, Harrison and William were zero in between winter and spring bird communities. The t-test showed that there was no significant difference between population and the number of species in both spring and winter seasons with 95% confidence. These studies have shown that the Miangharan wetland, in addition to protecting and maintaining waterbirds in the winter, is also important for the conservation and provides habitats for terrestrial birds and should be considered in its management. Manuscript profile

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19 - الگوریتم های فراابتکاری برای حل مشکل امکانات ترمینال در مقیاس واقعی
مهدی فضلی فرزین مدرس خیابانی بهروز دانشیان

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20 - Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Rosemary Leaf Meal on General Performance, Carcass Traits, Organ Sizes and Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chickens
M.C. Ogwuegbu C.E. Oyeagu H.O. Edeh C.E. Dim A.O. Ani F.B. Lewu

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21 - آنالیز متعارف برای ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی سه اکوتیپ طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی
A. Getu K. Alemayehu Z. Wuletaw

برای شناسایی اکوتیپهای طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی، از آزمایش میدانی جستجوی سریع استفاده شد. اکوتیپهای طیور شامل نِکد نِک، گاسگی و گاگات به ترتیب از نواحی کوآرا، آلِفا و تاکه آرماکِهو شناسایی گردیدند. تنوع ریختشناختی بین این سه جمعیت مورد مطالع More

برای شناسایی اکوتیپهای طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی، از آزمایش میدانی جستجوی سریع استفاده شد. اکوتیپهای طیور شامل نِکد نِک، گاسگی و گاگات به ترتیب از نواحی کوآرا، آلِفا و تاکه آرماکِهو شناسایی گردیدند. تنوع ریختشناختی بین این سه جمعیت مورد مطالعه و 9 صفت قابل اندازهگیری ارزیابی گردیدند. مدل خطی عمومی، آنالیزهای تمایز متعارف و پلکانی برای ارزیابی تنوع بین این جمعیتها مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. اکوتیپهای نِکد نِک و گاسگی سنگینتر بوده و در مقایسه با اکوتیپ گاگات از صفات خطی وسیعتری برخوردار بودند. اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه برای اکوتیپ گاگات در پایینترین سطح قرار داشتند. مهمترین متغیرها برای تمایز بین این سه جمعیت، شامل طول ران، طول ستون فقرات، طول دو سر بالها و طول منقار بوده و نمرات تابع تمایز متعارف برای آنها بهترتیب برابر با 897/0، 752/0، 449/0 و 433/0 به دست آمدند. بیشترین مقدار فاصله بین اکوتیپهای گاسگی و نِکد نِک و کمترین فاصله بین اکوتیپهای گاگات و نِکد نِک مشاهده شد. بنابراین آنالیز تمایز این سه جمعیت را در سه خوشه جداگانه طبقهبندی نمود. بدین ترتیب نشان داده شد که صفات ریختشناختی مورد مطالعه میتوانند در تعیین هویت ژنتیکی طیور بومی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و بنابراین میتوانند در توسعه راهبردهای حفاظت تنوع ژنتیکی به کار گرفته شوند.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Survey of trichomoniasis infection in some of the Ornamental Birds in Babol city
Jafar Hossienzadeh abdulhani shojaee

Trichomonas gallinae, a flagellate parasite of animals vertebrates, is exclusively found in birds and there mostly in the pigeons and doves. Other birds may also become infected. Tricomonas gallinae is basically a parasite that has high levels of gastrointestinal tract More

Trichomonas gallinae, a flagellate parasite of animals vertebrates, is exclusively found in birds and there mostly in the pigeons and doves. Other birds may also become infected. Tricomonas gallinae is basically a parasite that has high levels of gastrointestinal tract and respiration, a very high number of birds. This study was conducted in 1395 on 140 birds including 60 pigeons, 40 Budgerigars, 20 Canary, 10 pheasants, and 10 quails. In this examination the samples were gathered from mouth and larynx of those birds by soap and then, were inspected via wet spread slide method. Our results show that, among 140 birds, 35 pigeons (58.3%), 15 Budgerigars (25%), 8 canaries (13.3%), 2 pheasants (3.3%) were infected, but none of the 10 quails were infected with trichomonase. Contamination in hot season (75%) was higher than cold one (25%). Finally the results show that tricomonase contamination has high spread in babol city. That it is necessary to control this contamination strategies need to be applied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Role and Position of 'Time' in Making Suspension and Anti-suspension in Persian and Arabic Risālāt al-Tayr
Samirā Sharifi Hamidrezā Shairi

In a general sense, Risālāt al-Tayr (treatises on birds) are often considered short and brief narrative texts. Proponents of this view argue that minimum use of the factors of suspense and maximum use of the anti-suspense factors are the reasons for this shortness and b More

In a general sense, Risālāt al-Tayr (treatises on birds) are often considered short and brief narrative texts. Proponents of this view argue that minimum use of the factors of suspense and maximum use of the anti-suspense factors are the reasons for this shortness and brevity. In this article, by using Genette’s narrative theory and on the basis of the narration time, we aim to prove that not only the suspense and anti-suspense factors play a role in these treatises, but also, the suspense factors are used more than anti-suspense ones.  We also aim to investigate the reason of using the suspense and anti-suspense elements in these works. By using analytical-descriptive method, the research has reached the conclusion that in Risālāt al-Tayr (treatises on birds) the suspense elements with eleven frequencies have more application than the anti-suspense elements with three frequencies. In the elements of suspense, deferment through repetition and for emphasizing the mystical theme, have the highest, and in the anti-suspense elements, the removal of content due to insignificance, have the lowest frequency. This indicates that mystical-didactic topics and the modes of narrative audience play a major role in Risālāt al-Tayr. Whenever the narrator has to repeat a story for training, he/she uses the suspense elements, and whenever the circumstances of the narrative audiences require, he/she omit the training materials and resorts to the anti-suspense elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Character Typology of Birds in Mantiq-ut-Tayr of Attār
majid bahrevar mohammad nikdar asl farzane mohamadi

Attār of Nishapur, as a physician, mystic and poet it is not improbable for him to present an eastern view about character growth and mental health of men stemming from his outer experiences and mystic journeys. The aim of present research is to expound the literal and More

Attār of Nishapur, as a physician, mystic and poet it is not improbable for him to present an eastern view about character growth and mental health of men stemming from his outer experiences and mystic journeys. The aim of present research is to expound the literal and mystical comments of Attār concerning extrovert and introvert personality types based on the ideas of Jung and his followers. Attār uses mystical experience to cure the mental abnormalities of people in his confused society based on capacity of individuals and social groups, and in this way, he explains the perfectibility of men and the personal obstacles and attributes of them. Attār exposes the archetype of perfection and mental health by putting away shadow and anima, and puts the spiritual individualization aside from common masks. Finally, extrovert and introvert characters of individuals are dissolved in mythic-archetypical plots and epistemic experiences. Manuscript profile

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25 - Nest Count of Breeding Waterbirds and Terrestrial Birds in Khor Musa in spring of 2015
Behrouz Behrouzi-Rad

The identification and counting of breeding species of birds in Khor Musa was carried out by total count method using a 10×40 Zais binocular and a 15×60 telescope, in spring of 2015. Sixty-five species of water birds and terrestrial birds were identified, 23 More

The identification and counting of breeding species of birds in Khor Musa was carried out by total count method using a 10×40 Zais binocular and a 15×60 telescope, in spring of 2015. Sixty-five species of water birds and terrestrial birds were identified, 23 species (35.38 percent) of which were breeders. Population of breeding birds was 14455 pairs in Khor Musa in spring 2015, from which 12826 pairs (97.72 percent) had bred in Dara and Ghabre Nakhoda islands. Seven species of water birdsbelonged to  four families, six species of waders and wading birds belonged to seven families and eight species of terrestrial birds belonged to eight families which bred in Khor Musa in 2015. Ghabre Nakhoda and Dara islands are sensitive habitat for breeding species especially for Sternidae and Dromas ardeola. Non-breeding population of birds (water birds and terrestrial birds) were 2181 individuals which belonged to 65 species, from which sixteen species (24.6 percent) with 595 individuals were terrestrial, 49 species (75.74 percent) with 1586 individuals (72.72 percent) were water birds. Therefore, the management and protection of Khor Musa as a sensitive habitat for breeding speciesand protection of chicks of 14455 breeding pairs of water birds, terrestrial birds and wintering species is vital. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Comparison of the intellectual style of the Chaharchaman and Manteq al-Tair
Behzad Zaker getabi Sepideh Sepehri Elahe Hajieha

The subject of the influence of the past literature is certain and definite in each period and is not assigned to a specific or definite period. Every poet has an opinion on the works of the past, both in terms of the choice of words and phrases and in terms of the qual More

The subject of the influence of the past literature is certain and definite in each period and is not assigned to a specific or definite period. Every poet has an opinion on the works of the past, both in terms of the choice of words and phrases and in terms of the quality of their use in compositions, and especially in terms of content and theme. Among these poems, "Chaharchaman" is a symbolic and allegorical work Shahdaie, mystic and poet of the ninth century, which is influenced by Mantegh-al-tair; That is, the main theme of both systems is the search for the god or his understanding of how. In Chaharchaman, the main character of the story called "Shogh" sits alone with sixteen flowers and four birds and exchanges his questions with each of them. Hence, the themes, interpretations and structure of this work are very similar to Mantegh-al-tair. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the findings of the research show that many mystical concepts used in Mantegh-al-tair, such as unity of existence, wonder, veil, pain, etc have been repeated in Chaharchaman. Many characters in Chaharchaman and Manteq al-Tair, such as Banafsheh and Sawa, Susan and Bat, Nasrin and Tavous, have a common idea and profession, and their roles and actions in the story are the same. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Diversity of Plants and Animals in Mountain Ecosystems in Tajikistan
Victor R Squires Neymatolla Safarov

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28 - Patho-biochemical Markers of Renal Toxicity in Homing Pigeons (Columba Livia f. Urbana) Induced by Nano-ZnO Particles
Mehran Arabi Hamid-Reza Naseri

10.22034/JCHR.2024.1088022

Nanotechnology, the main technology in the twenty-first century, is the perception and control of matter at the dimensions 1-100 nanometers which revolutionized many aspects of modern life. Birds have not been used as commonly animal models in experimental toxicology bu More

Nanotechnology, the main technology in the twenty-first century, is the perception and control of matter at the dimensions 1-100 nanometers which revolutionized many aspects of modern life. Birds have not been used as commonly animal models in experimental toxicology but have proven useful in monitoring of environmental quality. This study aimed to evaluate zinc oxide nanoparticle (nano-ZnO) toxicity on kidneys in the homing pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana). The experimental groups orally received doses of 0, 30, 50, and 75 mg kg-1 b.w. of nano-ZnO (1 ml per bird, everyday) for time periods of 7 and 14 days. The lipid peroxidation (MDA/LPO) content, catalase (CAT) activity, and carbonyl protein (CP) content were increased and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level was lowered in kidney samples. The plasma levels of uric acid, urea, and creatinine were also slightly elevated (p>0.05). Histopathological examinations showed glomerular nanoparticle aggregation and tubular necrosis lines in the kidney parenchyma. In brief, nano-ZnO affected kidney function and structure in homing pigeons through the induction of oxidative stress. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - The Study of Reptiles and Birds Fauna of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge in Naein, Isfahan Province
حسین اکبری مهدی جلالپور ویدا حجتی محمدصفا گل محمدی

Abbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered More

Abbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered as a connecting bridge for small and dispersed populations of cheetah in Iran. This region also is one of the best habitats for Felis margarita, Caracal caracal and Gazella bennettii in Isfahan Province. This study was done in order to identifying the reptiles and birds of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge during 2006-10 and totally 42 species of reptiles and 140 species of birds were identified. Among of them especiallyVaranus griseus, Uromastyx aegyptius, Chlamydotis undulataandPodoces pleskeiare important. Manuscript profile

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30 - Avifaunal Survey of Sarigol National Park in north-eastern Iran
علیرضا محمدی انوشه کفاش مسعود یوسفی محمد تقدیسی

Birds are a big part of vertebrates which are distributed in a vast area of our country such as dried region and desert, forests, coastal zones, Islands, Lakes and other parts. Since, birds are main elements of most of the world’s ecosystems; the aim of this study was t More

Birds are a big part of vertebrates which are distributed in a vast area of our country such as dried region and desert, forests, coastal zones, Islands, Lakes and other parts. Since, birds are main elements of most of the world’s ecosystems; the aim of this study was to identification of birds fauna in sarigol national park. This study was conducted in the 7037 ha Sarigol National Park (57̊ 36̍-57 47 E and 36̊ 16 55̍- 37 08 ̍ N), located 24 km east of Esfarayen city of North-Khorasan province, Iran. Birds were identified according to the flight, size, plumage, behavior and sound. We use 10*40 binocular. This study was conducted from May 2012, to May, 2013 during one year in the area. In this area 58 species(10.5 percent of Iranian birds) were identified. Thirty- sex species are belonging to order Passeriformes and four species are belonging to order Columbiformes, three species are belonging order Coraciiformes, two species are belonging to order Galliformes, two species are belonging to order Apodiformes, two species are belonging to order strigiformes, six species are belonging to order Falconiformes, one species is belonging to order Caprimulgiformes and one species is belonging to order Cuculiformes. Order Passeriformes with 35 speciesSince this area is important for breeding species, is suggested each year was a comprehensive investigation to identification of breeding birds. Manuscript profile

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31 - Serological Survey of Avian Influenza virus H5, H7 and H9 subtypes in Live Birds Markets of Ardabil city in Iran
Aidin Azizpour

Influenza is one of the most important infectious viral diseases of birds, which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry of countries every year and it is very important in terms of public health viewpoint. Different species of birds as reservoirs and vector More

Influenza is one of the most important infectious viral diseases of birds, which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry of countries every year and it is very important in terms of public health viewpoint. Different species of birds as reservoirs and vectors can cause spread the virus to other poultry, especially industrial poultry and humane societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey seroprevalence of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza virus in live bird’s markets of Ardabil city, northwest of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August of 2023. In this study, 108 blood serum samples were randomly collected from different bird species in live bird’s markets at different regions of Ardabil. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed on the serum samples to detect H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of influenza virus and sera with titers ≥4 (log2) were considered positive. Out of 108 birds sampled, 20 birds (18.9%) were sero-positive for H9N2 subtype of influenza virus. All tested sera were negative for H5N1, H5N2, H7N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses. Among bird species, the highest seroprevalence H9N2 virus was in chicken (25%) and turkey (22.7%), respectively and the lowest seroprevalence was in pheasant and partridge (0 %), respectively. The results of this study show seroprevalence of H9N2 influenza virus and its circulation in different species of birds of live birds markets. Manuscript profile

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32 - Circulatory Virus Infections in Birds
nariman sheikhi

عفونت سیرکو ویروسی در طوطی سانان PBFD  اولین بار در سال 1907 در استرالیا تعریف و گزارش شده است.PBFD  دارای انتشار جهانی است. عامل بیماری ویروسی از خانواده سیرکو ویریده، جنس های گایرو ویروس و سیرکوویروس است.   از نظر بیماری زایی ویروس به سلول های درحال تقس More

عفونت سیرکو ویروسی در طوطی سانان PBFD  اولین بار در سال 1907 در استرالیا تعریف و گزارش شده است.PBFD  دارای انتشار جهانی است. عامل بیماری ویروسی از خانواده سیرکو ویریده، جنس های گایرو ویروس و سیرکوویروس است.   از نظر بیماری زایی ویروس به سلول های درحال تقسیم تمایل دارد و اکثر مبتلایان حداکثر تا 6 ماه زنده می مانند. با مرگ ناگهانی و ضعف سیستم ایمنی همراه است. عوامل موثر در تظاهرات بیماری عبارتند از: سن، حضور و سطح ایمنی مادری، راه آلودگی و میزان آلودگی. میزبان های آن شامل میزبان های طبیعی  بیش از 60 گونه طوطی، برخی طوطی های کوچک و ضعیف و نادر اما در طوطی لاوبرد شایع است. انتقال عمدتاً از طریق دهان، چشم و بینی، پوسته ها  و پوشش پرها، استنشاق و جذب از گوارش صورت می گیرد. دوره کمون 21 – 25 روز و حتی  ماهها  تا سالها دارد. عوارض بالینی به صورت فوق حاد، حاد و مزمن  بروز می کند. معمولاً در جوجه های با سن خیلی کم با سپتی سمی، نمونیا، اسهال، لاغری سریع و مرگ همراه است. فرم حاد در مرغ عشق به نام لک فرانسوی دیده می شود. ضایعات کالبد گشایی آن شامل تغییرات پر، تغییرات منقار، تغییرات ناخن، نکروز کبد، تحلیل بورس و تیموس و تحلیل و نکروز طحال است. تشخیص هیستوپاتولوژی بر پایه مشاهده گنجیدگی های بازوفیلیک داخل هسته ای و یا داخل سیتوپلاسمی در سلول های اپتیلیال پر و سلول های اپیدرم فولیکول ها و ماکروفاژ ها، دیسیپلازی پرها، لایه زایای اپتلیوم منقار، نکروز و تخلیه بورس و تیموس و پر خونی و نکروز در کبد استوار است. Manuscript profile

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