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Open Access Article
1 - Baghdād's Shûnȋzȋyyas in the History of Sufism
Sayedeh Fatemeh Zare Hosseini Hamid Reza SanaeiThe term “Shûnȋzȋyya” is derived from Persian term “Shūnīz” (Nigella Sativa) that frequently mentioned throughout Sufi writings. According to the biographers, geographers, and historians, Shûnȋzȋyya is the name of five places in Baghd MoreThe term “Shûnȋzȋyya” is derived from Persian term “Shūnīz” (Nigella Sativa) that frequently mentioned throughout Sufi writings. According to the biographers, geographers, and historians, Shûnȋzȋyya is the name of five places in Baghdād: the cemetery, mosque, convent, district and the monastery of Shûnȋzȋyya. But the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery and mosque are mentioned in Sufi writings more than others. Famous Sufis who had close ties with Shûnȋzȋyya mosque were buried in the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery. In spite of the fact that the mosque was distinguished and characterized by Sufi congregations, and the cemetery was well known in the history of Sufism, but their history, geography, and situation in Sufism have not been examined so far. The present study focuses on so-called locations as Shûnȋzȋyya and particularly studied the situation and significance of Shûnȋzȋyya mosque and cemetery in the history of Sufism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Formation of Historical Cemeteries: A Study on Historical Cemeteries in Ahwāz
hamed hayaty Nastaran Moradiany Behnam EskandariBecause of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collect MoreBecause of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collection method is based on library information and field studies. That describes the existing conditions of the study samples and the effective factors in the formation of cemeteries is analyzed by adapting the objective observations and library documents. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the results of this study, several factors affect the formation and development of cemeteries, which can be divided into two categories of internal and external factors and in more detail in six categories of body, context, perspective, history, social, and economic structures and context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - An Analysis of the Social Status of Rural Women in The Ilkhanid Period Based on the Haas Village Cemetery Gravestones
Mehdi KazempourThe object of the present research was the analysis of the social status of rural women in the Ikhanid period based on the Haas village cemetery gravestones. 200 gravestones were intact which by non-probabilistic sampling procedure 20 gravestones that contained the maxi MoreThe object of the present research was the analysis of the social status of rural women in the Ikhanid period based on the Haas village cemetery gravestones. 200 gravestones were intact which by non-probabilistic sampling procedure 20 gravestones that contained the maximum data on women professions were selected and studied. Concerning the object, the research was a qualitative with descriptive-analytical method. To obtain the data, in the initial stage, based on field studies, the necessary documentation such as photography, redesign and interpretation of inscriptions and motifs were proceeded. After presenting the descriptions and library information, the data were reviewed by analytical method. The results indicated that, with the arrival of the Mongols in Iran, the situation of women changed and they were able to play a freer role alongside men in the various society affairs. Historical sources as well as artistic evidence showed the prominent position of court women (especially the Ladies) in political and social relations, and no data were available about rural women of the period. Meanwhile, on the tombstones of Haas Cemetery, rural men and women were depicted who, during their lifetime, each held a job in a social position and had acquired a social status commensurate with their profession. This was recognizable by the type and dimensions of the tombstones, artistic techniques, inscriptions, motifs, as well as objects on the tombstone. Men in professions such as farmer, rancher, hunter, musician and servant, and women in “Varni” weaving (durries weaving), who played a prominent role in the livelihood of the society of that period, enjoyed a similar position with men. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Archaeological Research at the Ancient Sites of Sirwan River Valley, Sanandaj and Sarvabad Counties, Kurdistan Province
Shokouh Khosravi Saman Mostafapour Farhad FatahiThe Archaeological Survey of a part of the Valley of Sirwan River between the east of Sarvabad County and the west of Sanandaj County in the southwest of Kurdistan province was carried out in October 2016. The area is surrounded by many heights covered with oak and bany MoreThe Archaeological Survey of a part of the Valley of Sirwan River between the east of Sarvabad County and the west of Sanandaj County in the southwest of Kurdistan province was carried out in October 2016. The area is surrounded by many heights covered with oak and banyan trees, forming a V-shaped valley with a short width and a steep slope. This situation is not an ideal condition for the formation of sites and human settlements, and therefore, it was not logical to expect the discovery of many sites before the survey. This survey included only the catchment areas of Nayabad Dam, where in total 11 sites were identified. The oldest identified settlements, including 6 sites, belonged to the Parthian period, and no older findings were obtained from this survey. Just a site had evidence from the 4th to 6th A.H. centuries. It seems that the lack of ancient sites in the valley is most likely related to the geological and topographic conditions of the valley. The lack of arable land, the stony nature of the area, and the excessive slope of the land in the valley have caused the formation of only nine ancient sites and two cemeteries throughout the region. Locating on the slopes and being single-period sites are reasons we see only a small number of pottery pieces in most of the sites, which apparently are scattered in a natural bed without any archaeological deposits. To identify the endangered sites of the valley, four of them were excavated (tested by 3-5 sondages), three of which had the remains of seasonal settlements, and in the area of Deh Kohene 1, a graveyard from the Parthian period was revealed, where a simple pit grave and a burial pot were revealed from there. Due to the mentioned reasons, the Sirvan River valley from Nagal to Nai Abad has not had numerous and important settlements throughout history due to environmental conditions and topography. The distribution pattern of the ancient sites and the appearance of the archaeological deposits show that a pattern similar to today has been ruling in the region in the past. At present, for six months of the year, the people of the region live in scattered houses and places located in their agricultural land and gardens on the edge of the river and return to the village during the cold season. Undoubtedly, this pattern was formed due to environmental restrictions and has continued to the present. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Pottery Classification and Chronology of Sarand-Daghdaghan Cemetery, East Azerbaijan
Saeid Sattarnejad Mohammad Rahmatpour Javad Zhaleh AghdamAs one of the most important cultural finds, pottery has an essential place in the chronology of sites and the reconstruction of regional and extra-regional cultural interactions. Therefore, it is very important to know the pottery of each period. In some of the northwe MoreAs one of the most important cultural finds, pottery has an essential place in the chronology of sites and the reconstruction of regional and extra-regional cultural interactions. Therefore, it is very important to know the pottery of each period. In some of the northwestern areas of Iran, sites belonging to the Iron Age I and II have been identified and explored. Therefore, there is a relative understanding of the pottery of this region. However, in some areas, especially Heris County, the Iron Age situation is not well known. The exploration of Sarand-Daghdghan cemetery is very important in understanding the cultural situation of this city in the Iron Age, and introducing and presenting the pottery collection of this site is beneficial for regional studies and the relative chronology and recognition of pottery types in this area. In this research, which was conducted by field and library method, the pottery finds obtained from Sarand-Daghdaghan cemetery were studied, typologically, compared, and analyzed. Here, a comparative study of the pottery of Sarand-Daghdaghan cemetery with the pottery of other sites has been done with the aim of typology of the collection of pottery of this cemetery and relative chronology of cultural materials. In this cemetery, 6 types of pottery forms have been identified and documented, which are comparable to the data of some Iron Age I and II sites in Iran, the South Caucasus, and East Anatolia. According to the conducted studies and relative chronology, it can be stated that the clay collection of Sarand-Daghdaghan Heris cemetery is related to Iron Age I and II. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Hazards on Parthian Pithos Cemeteries in Marivan, Iran: A Case Study of the Zardouyan Cemetery
Mohammad Masoumian Ziad Ahmad Ahmad Ganjaeian Janoscha Kreppner Ali Behnia Nader KasraeiDue to its many pithos burial cemeteries, the Marivan region in Iran is very important for archaeological studies of the historical periods. In their studies on the pithos burial cemeteries in Marivan, the authors noticed that this region is encountering a wide range of MoreDue to its many pithos burial cemeteries, the Marivan region in Iran is very important for archaeological studies of the historical periods. In their studies on the pithos burial cemeteries in Marivan, the authors noticed that this region is encountering a wide range of human and natural damages that have been paid little attention by researchers. The excavations at Zardouyan cemetery properly clarified damaging factors and their amounts to researchers, and the most essential question is “Why is there such a huge amount of damage in these regions?” As a result, given the above-mentioned, we first investigated damaged evidence and damaging factors in the Zardouyan site. Then, to evaluate the factors affecting the region’s damage, geomorphological, climatic, and geological evidence as well as Sentile-1 images were employed. The results suggested that given the region’s geomorphological situation, slow and continuous mass wasting imposed pressure on the pithos to move in the slope direction, damaging and even overthrowing them. Moreover, according to the region’s climate, the cryoclast phenomenon eroded pithos near the surface. Furthermore, the results obtained from the radar interferometry method and SBAS time series method implied that the studied region subsided by 6.7 - 43.8 mm within two years. The number could be significant in the long term and directly affect the region’s vulnerability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Typology of the Pottery Vessels of the JeyranTappe Cemetery of Jezlandasht
Leila Gargari Hamidreza Valipour Behnam GhanbariJeyranTappe Cemetery of Jezlandasht is located in Zanjan province, Tarom city, near the village of Jezlandashht. As a result of two exploratory excavations in this cemetery, valuable findings were obtained regarding to Iron Age. These findings reflect the burial traditi MoreJeyranTappe Cemetery of Jezlandasht is located in Zanjan province, Tarom city, near the village of Jezlandashht. As a result of two exploratory excavations in this cemetery, valuable findings were obtained regarding to Iron Age. These findings reflect the burial tradition in the cemetery, including jewelry, weapons and pottery. Although only 8 graves have been explored in this cemetery, the variety of pottery related to their form is significant. Generally, 44 intact potteries were collected from JeyranTappeh Hills, which were classified into 13 species based on shape and form. These species include pots, cups, bowls, saucers, pots, jars, small containers with rounded bodies and flat floor, glasses, pots and tubular containers. Some of these species are divided in to sub-species. These containers are brown, gray, black, and mostly wheel maker. In terms of the number and quality of gray potteries, they have a higher number and quality than other pottery. Based on the study and comparison of the pottery, there are similarities between this site and the sites such as Godin, Dilman, Hasanlu, Gholi Darvish, Khorvin, Pardis, Gui Tappe, Dinkhah, Haphtvan, Hassan Bolaghi Cemetery in Zanjan Province and many other sites related to Iron Age. There are the most similarities between this site and other Iron Ages cemeteries such as Marlic, Ghale Coti and Dilaman. It is most similar to the Gilan Iron Age cemeteries, such as Marlik, Qaleh Kuti and Dilman. Based on all this information it can be said that JeyranTappe is related to Iron Age II. Based on the information obtained from the potteries it may be said that this cemetery was used in Iron Age II period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Introduction, Typology, and Relative chronology of Metal Objects of Sarm Cemetery
Maryam Dolati Farnaz Askarkafi Parisa NekoueiOne of the most important Iron Age sites on the central plateau is Tepe Sarm. This site is located 16 km South Eastern of Kahak district, county of Qom. Sarm iron age cemetery is one of the biggest cemeteries in North Central Iran. Among the important findings of this c MoreOne of the most important Iron Age sites on the central plateau is Tepe Sarm. This site is located 16 km South Eastern of Kahak district, county of Qom. Sarm iron age cemetery is one of the biggest cemeteries in North Central Iran. Among the important findings of this cemetery are metal objects. In this study, all the metal objects of the cemetery were studied which have not been introduced so far. Accordingly, the current study tries to introduce the typology and classification of metal objects of the Sarm grave by studying them. Metal objects in the cemetery were divided into two groups i.e. weapons and ornaments. Most of these objects were made of bronze and a few of them were made of iron. The applied method in this research was descriptive-analytical. After the introduction, description, and classification of these objects, their type, materials, and frequency of them were studied; and afterward, the objects were compared to similar samples in the central plateau using the library study method. The result of the study showed that the materials, shape, and construction methods of metal objects from Sarm cemetery are comparable with other cemeteries such as Sialk A, Sialk B, khorvin, Gheitarieh in the Late Iron Age of the central plateau. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Iron Age Cemetery of Lavizan
Amir Sadegh NaghshinehIn the Northeastern Tehran and the Lavizan zone, there is an Imam-Zadeh, under the title of "Imam-Zadeh Panjtan". This Imam-Zadeh is located on a hill. And slopes of the hill are used as a cemetery. In a visit in 1993, some sherds were collected on the hills that were p MoreIn the Northeastern Tehran and the Lavizan zone, there is an Imam-Zadeh, under the title of "Imam-Zadeh Panjtan". This Imam-Zadeh is located on a hill. And slopes of the hill are used as a cemetery. In a visit in 1993, some sherds were collected on the hills that were probably uncovered by forming new graves. The sherds have characterized in northern Tehran. It seems the hill was used as a cemetery also in Iron Age, and can be considered as one of the several Iron Age cemeteries in foot hills of northern Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Prehistoric Burial Traditions in the Qaleh Khan Settlement (North Khorasan) with an Emphasis on Bronze Age
Kheironesa Judi Omran Garazhian Mahdi RezaeiTraditions of burial and their locations in relation to the settlement are characteristics of the Bronze Age. Burial and its corresponding traditions are among the abstract issues in archaeology. Qaleh Khan is located in the North khorasan province in the vicinity of As MoreTraditions of burial and their locations in relation to the settlement are characteristics of the Bronze Age. Burial and its corresponding traditions are among the abstract issues in archaeology. Qaleh Khan is located in the North khorasan province in the vicinity of Ashkhaneh city. So far, two seasons archaeological excavations have been carried out in that settlement. The first season was devoted to trenching for the purpose of stratigraphy and was carried out vertically. The second season was carried out for determining the functional size of the site and trenching around the settlement was done during this season. One of the major goals of the second season was first to determine the area of the site and to propose physical protection of the site. In this season, 27 soundings were excavated around the Qaleh Khan archaeological site. Preparing a map of the expansion of the monuments, identifying the records of Iron Age in the original context which have not been identified through stratigraphy beforehand, identifying the cemetery of the Bronze Age, and consequently obtaining general information about burial traditions of this period, have been the main achievements of this research. Broadly speaking, remnants of the Bronze Age burials were identified in trenches 22 and 24 to the west of the settlement. These graves are the so-called accompanied burials. 3 burial remnants were obtained from the above-mentioned trenches. This paper presents a description of the Bronze Age graveyard in Qaleh Khan archaeological site along with an analysis of its location in relation to the settlement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - پژوهشی در محوطههای گورستانی عصر آهن دامنه های سبلان براساس بررسی میدانی ایل راه های ایلات شاهسون
پاشا پاشازاده رضا رضالو حسین علیزاده -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr
Reza Rezalou Yahya Ayremlou قاسم مهرآور گیگلوComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghe MoreComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran **Reza Rezaloo Associate Professor, Archeology Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran ***Yahya Ayramloo PhD Graduate, Archeology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran Date of reception: 95/11/16 Date of acceptance: 98/9/20 Abstract Shahnameh Ferdowsi is considered as one of the most invaluable sources regarding the customs, traditions, and rituals of different ancient societies living in our land. One of these rituals one comes across in Shahnameh is a ritual surrounding the death of kings and great heroes, and since some of these figures belonged to Scythian race it is the purpose of this article to compare their manner of burial with the actual interment rite performed in Iran using rare example of burial remains uncovered by archeologists in the recent excavation as evidence. According to the researches done it has been established that the burial ceremony carried out by Scythian people in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr to a large extent corresponds with Ferdowsi’s composition regarding burial rituals conducted for Scythian heroes. Ferdowsi’s description of how glorious tombs were erected for Scythian heroes could well represent what is found in imperial coffins in Khoram Abad cemetery in Ardabil. In both cases the existence of horse near the corpses were greatly emphasized. * . mehravar_g@yahoo.com ** . reza_rezaloo@yahoo.com *** . yahya_ayramloo@yahoo.com Manuscript profile
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