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Open Access Article
1 - Ziydiyah and Imamiyyah Intellectual Relations in Short Occultation until the Sixth Century A.H
Giti Mohamadbeigi Alireza Abtahi Mohammad Ali ChelongarImamiyyah and Ziydiyah's political and religious leadership, as two influential Shiite sects, is apparent. Hence, it is necessary to find out from the studies of the two leading Shiite sects, especially the Imamiyyah's intellectual history, to the points of divergence i MoreImamiyyah and Ziydiyah's political and religious leadership, as two influential Shiite sects, is apparent. Hence, it is necessary to find out from the studies of the two leading Shiite sects, especially the Imamiyyah's intellectual history, to the points of divergence in their theology and hadith exchanges. This article seeks to show that in what ways these two important Shiite sects, had their intellectual relationship in the short occultation (ghiybah al-sughra) until the end of the sixth century. Who were working in this field? Relations between the two sects in these centuries have been driven by a series of core practices, but, because of some disagreements in religious principles, they have also been pursuing their distinction from each other. In order to answer to the questions and proving the hypotheses, the intellectual relationships between Imamiyyah and Ziydiyah in Iran, especially Rey, are examined, using historical methods and a descriptive-analytic method based on the primitive sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Jensen inequality with Applications in Information Theory
hasan barsam Yamin Sayyari sayyed mehrab ramezaniOne of the best-known inequalities which are used in many inequities is Jensen’s inequality. It is a base of some inequality such as the arithmetic mean, harmonic mean inequality also in inequality with respect to entropies including Shannon’s inequality and MoreOne of the best-known inequalities which are used in many inequities is Jensen’s inequality. It is a base of some inequality such as the arithmetic mean, harmonic mean inequality also in inequality with respect to entropies including Shannon’s inequality and information theory. One of the best fundamental inequality in mathematics is Jensen’s inequality. In fact, Jensen's inequality is a base of some inequality such as the arithmetic mean, harmonic mean inequality also in inequality with respect to entropies including Shannon’s inequality, Ky Fan’s inequality and etc. Recently, the generalizations and refinement for the Jensen inequality have been considered by many authors, it has been generalized to applications of information theory and etc. The purpose of this research article is to give a new interesting refinement of Jensen’s inequality form particular finite sequences. Also, we give some applications with respect to this inequality in information theory and other aspect of sciences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The divergence of opinion and moderating effect of investor's attention and participation in IPO
nafise taghizade mohsen hamidian Nowrouz NourollahzadehThe main purpose of this study is to investigate moderating effect of investor's attention and investor's participation on the relationship between initial returns and divergence of investor's opinion in companies with initial public offering. The total of 124 IPO compa MoreThe main purpose of this study is to investigate moderating effect of investor's attention and investor's participation on the relationship between initial returns and divergence of investor's opinion in companies with initial public offering. The total of 124 IPO companies during 2006 to 2018 at Tehran Stock Exchange was analyzed. This is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-post-event research regarding data collecting method. The research hypotheses are examined using Eviews8 software. The findings indicate investors' attention has a negative and significant effect on the relationship between initial returns and divergence of IPO investor’s opinions. Moreover, the micro investor's participation has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between initial returns and the divergence of IPO investor's opinions. The finding is consistent with the view that the level of individual investors’ participation has an implication on behavioral bias, which affects divergence of investor's opinion in the after-market. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Designing Automatic Re-balancing Model Using Technical Analysis Concept of Divergence
S. M. Lale Sajjadi S. Hojjat Vakili S. Babak EbrahimiThe classical efficient market hypothesis states that it is not possible to beat the market by developing a strategy based on historical price series. In this paper we propose a profitable automatic trading system based on the divergence definition in relative strength MoreThe classical efficient market hypothesis states that it is not possible to beat the market by developing a strategy based on historical price series. In this paper we propose a profitable automatic trading system based on the divergence definition in relative strength index and using other technical analysis tools which presents empirical evidence confronting the classical efficient market hypothesis. In order to validate the developed solution an extensive evaluation was performed, comparing the designed strategy against the market itself and several other investment methodologies. An intraday database comprised of 59 symbols from NYSE in The time span 2010 to 2016 was employed. The whole sample is categorized over two sub-periods, training and widening its validity. By enjoying Meta-heuristic algorithms the rules in the first sub-period was improved. Then, in the second division the improved model was evaluated. The results indicates that this model improved predictability power and its performance is better than buy and hold and random strategies Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Strategic analysis of the factors of ethnic divergence in Iran and the extent of the role of "relative deprivation" in it
Mahdi Imani Moghaddam Seyyed Saeid Hashemi Nasab Mohammad Taghi Dashti Mohammad Bagher SedghiIran is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country where different ethnic groups live with different cultures and languages. Multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism, while providing an opportunity for Iran, have always posed a risk of territorial fragmentation and divergenc MoreIran is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country where different ethnic groups live with different cultures and languages. Multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism, while providing an opportunity for Iran, have always posed a risk of territorial fragmentation and divergence for the regime. The issue in the ethnic divide has always been abused by foreign powers. The present article tries to focus on the question "What is the main cause of ethnic divergence in Iran today and what is the strategy to overcome it?" To study the issue of ethnicity in Iran. The findings of the article show that the main cause of ethnic divergence in Iran is the relative deprivation of ethnic areas located on the outskirts of Iran and the strategy for transitioning from ethnic divergence is to expand social welfare in all regions of Iran. Also, national awareness should be considered as one of the indicators to eliminate the feeling of deprivation. The best basis for overcoming ethnic discrimination is national authority with development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Assessing the heavy spring rains and the earth outgoing long wave radiation, Case Study: North West of precipitation 15 April 2016
ali ghaffari محمد سلیقه محمدحسین ناصرزادهThe purpose of this study is assessing the spring precipitation and outgoing long wave radiation using Reviews Climate maps at different levels of the atmosphere, surface and Earth mapping reflecting long-wavelength radiation. For these data synoptic stations of the Nor MoreThe purpose of this study is assessing the spring precipitation and outgoing long wave radiation using Reviews Climate maps at different levels of the atmosphere, surface and Earth mapping reflecting long-wavelength radiation. For these data synoptic stations of the North West (15 April 2016) was obtained from the meteorological. The data from the induction by NCEP-resolution grid of horizontal 5 degrees of length and width of geographic and through the application Grads, maps of sea level, the 500 hpa daily, Vorticity 700 hpa, map convergence and divergence flow of moisture , long wavelength reflectance map of the earth's surface, atmosphere and map omega vertical advection map queries. Reviews maps indicate that the main cause of precipitation North West of Iran on 26 April, entry system, the rainfall from Eastern Europe and accompanying Western air mass with this system, and the effect of convection locally in the morning because of high levels of outgoing long wave earth is very minimal, but in the afternoon the existence of the local convection has intensified and the highest precipitation occurred in the study Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Study of Nine Periods of Presidential Election with Emphasis on Ninth Period Case Study: South Khorasan
زهرا Pishgqahifard عمران RastiParticipation in election is a sign of nation's interest to preservation and continuation ofthe territory, promotion of the governance and their belief to the effect of their voteand thought on national decisions.Democratic countries consider election as the highest man MoreParticipation in election is a sign of nation's interest to preservation and continuation ofthe territory, promotion of the governance and their belief to the effect of their voteand thought on national decisions.Democratic countries consider election as the highest manifestation of people'participation and declare the degree of solidity of democracy in that country inproportion to the degree of peoples' participation in their own destiny.The Islamic Republic of Iran which is based on Democratic governmental lawsand Islamic –Religious thoughts emphasizes on any participation in national destinyincluding election and considers it as peoples' trust to the authorities.As one of four groups of regular elections, the presidential election in Iran, is themost manifest perspective of political participation of nation which has the mostnumber of participants compared to other elections.That which gives senses to this election in national territory sphere, is thedifferences and the similarities which can be seen behind the geography of election.This article is derived from a research on the study of nine periods of presidentialelection in South Khorasan province, which aims at studying and describing ofdifferences and similarities of the degree of participation and the way of peoples'electoral behavior in different districts in the province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation of the effective geographical factors on the codification of National Iranian Strategy with emphasis on political Strategy.
معصومه Taheri MousaviNot Long ago strategies concept embraced as military. Thus now a days strategy doesn't limited only by militarization, it means development manners, similar how to use politics, Economics, military, society and cultural resources. In fact national strategy includes comp MoreNot Long ago strategies concept embraced as military. Thus now a days strategy doesn't limited only by militarization, it means development manners, similar how to use politics, Economics, military, society and cultural resources. In fact national strategy includes complex vast assessment from technologic resources, national preferences, and geopolitical factors. There are many relations between strategies study and political sciences, it's clear that three studies include strategy Geopolitics and political geography have common. Concepts and similar patterns, as position, distance, space, distribution and composition. Geopolitics view pointers believe : "Political national boundaries access to important sea ways, they emphasis about international lands beside seas. Thus Iran has special physical anthropological position and needs suitable strategy in different levels as national field areas, regional, and international. Because Iran has settles between Caspian sea in north and Persian Golf in south, due to has been necessary making use maritime power with codification navy strategy, consensus and coalition strategy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Moderating Effects of Ownership Structure, Political Communication, and Board Independence on the Relationship between Divergence of Views and Attention of Investors to the Initial Public Offering (IPO) Market
nafise taghizade mohsen hamidian Nowrouz NourollahzadehIn this study، the moderating effect of ownership structure (largest shareholder)، political communication, and board independence on the relationship between the divergence of views and investors' attention to the IPO market was evaluated. To do so،124 companies with a MoreIn this study، the moderating effect of ownership structure (largest shareholder)، political communication, and board independence on the relationship between the divergence of views and investors' attention to the IPO market was evaluated. To do so،124 companies with an initial public offering (IPO) were analyzed during the period 2006-2017. This is an applied study in terms of purpose and is among the descriptive-retrospective researches in terms of the data collection method. To examine the hypotheses، Eviews8 software was used. The results obtained in this study indicated that, in general، the difference between investors' views and divergence of their views were under the influence of various factors such as ownership structures، political communication, and board independence. When the largest shareholder of the company has higher ownership، it reduces the difference in investors' views and has a negative effect on the positive relationship between initial returns and divergence of investors' opinions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - تحلیلی بر رابطه ژئوپلیتیک قوم کرد و امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با تمرکز بر نظریه هارتشورن
داریوش جهانی عزت اله عزتی محمد حسن نامی -
Open Access Article
11 - بررسی زمینههای همگرایی و واگرایی ایران و عربستان در چارچوب جغرافیای صلح
یدالله کریمی پور حسین ربیعی سید محمد یعقوبی -
Open Access Article
12 - Examining the Causes of Russian Presence in the Middle East after the uprisings (with an emphasis on Syria)
Davood KianiThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to MoreThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to its Security, political and economic Preferences so at this time Russia fellow status quo approach in regard to Syria and it leads to Reciprocity and cooperation with some regional actors. This article will express the causes of expanding Russia's presence in the Middle East, especially after the revolutionary uprisings on the basis of Descriptive - analytic method and "offensive realism" theory. Results show that Russia's policy based on preventing the spreading uprisings into Eurasia, as well as play a greater role in international equations for vacuum left by the United States presence in the region and this policy shows reasons for divergence' and convergence' Russia with some regional actors Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Historical and Theorical of US foreign policy
ناصر خورشیدی محمد یوسفی جویباریThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Historical and Theoretical Principles of US foreign policy
Nasser Khorshidi Mohammad yousefi joybariThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Analysis of the political relations of the ziarists with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran
abbas mahigir abkenar allahyar khalatbari Abbas PanahiThe nature of the militarism of the Ziaran and the opposition they had with the Abbasid caliphate, what kind of relationship they had with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran. In order to understand the political and religious behaviors of ziyāri i MoreThe nature of the militarism of the Ziaran and the opposition they had with the Abbasid caliphate, what kind of relationship they had with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran. In order to understand the political and religious behaviors of ziyāri in the field of domestic politics and their relations with the Abbasid caliph, they have to analyze the geopolitical space they have come from that point in history. The Ziyaran was in fact the Deylmi fighters who, as a result of long co-operation with the local governments of northern Iran, were able to overcome their defenses, and in the short run overwhelmed large parts of the north and center of Iran. Although they had grown up in the service of the Alawites and other Shiite rulers of northern Iran, their leaders had pre-Islamic Iranian revival tendencies.The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of divergence and convergence of ziarias with the Abbasid and central governments, and the results of these relations will be evaluated on the weakness and power of this dynasty. The research method in this study is based on an analytical explanatory method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Imam Ali and Zubayr:from Convergence to divergence
ali nazemiyan yasamin hatamAli b. Abi Talib and Zubayr b. Awwam who were the forerunners in accepting Islam and the elites of their era, spent a part of their ideological and political life- from Meccan times until the Uthman’s Caliphate- with good understanding and convergence but in the f MoreAli b. Abi Talib and Zubayr b. Awwam who were the forerunners in accepting Islam and the elites of their era, spent a part of their ideological and political life- from Meccan times until the Uthman’s Caliphate- with good understanding and convergence but in the first days of Imam Ali’s caliphate,their relationship inclined to coolness and finally went to war near Basrah. The question which the current study tries to find an answer to it -under the descriptive and analytic method- is: How did their convergence change into divergence?The findings of this study shows: The material nobility resulting from Islamic conquests changed the ethics and morals of some companions and directed them to mammonish.Finally,the claims of Zubayr were increased but as Imam Ali did not provide them,their relationship became disturbed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Historical and Theoretical Principles of US foreign policy
naser khorshidi mohamad y.joybary saeid karimiThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Jurisprudential documents on the necessity of the convergence of the Muslims of the world
Akram Hashemzadeh Hossein IzadiEver since the Prophet's mission and the presentation of Islam to humanity, the Qur'an and the infallibles have always emphasized the necessity of achieving convergence between Muslims, and reformers emphasized on its realization from the very beginning of Isl MoreEver since the Prophet's mission and the presentation of Islam to humanity, the Qur'an and the infallibles have always emphasized the necessity of achieving convergence between Muslims, and reformers emphasized on its realization from the very beginning of Islam. The necessity of convergence is due to the fact that, unfortunately, harm has been caused to convergence and that is; According to the reasons that have a much lower strength and jurisprudential identity compared to the reasons for convergence, people beat the barrel of divergence. The main question of the current research is what are the jurisprudential foundations of Muslim convergence. The present article tries to comprehensively explain the issue of convergence and its necessity by using the descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in a library and by referring to the books and articles written in this field. The results of the research show that in the discussion of convergence, reference to the book (Qur'an), Sunnah and the use of the consensus of the discoverer of the Sunnah and finally, reference to reason and the use of independent and non-independent intellectuals are pervasive and inevitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - aa
Abouzar Nazari parviz ahdi mohammad yousefi jouybariaa -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigation of synoptic aspects of severe floods in Aras river basin by using moisture flux convergence, fronting and divergence indices
Mahdi Sedaghat Hasan Haji Mohammadi Narges NaseriFlooding is a phenomenon that most climatic regions experience. Floods often cause problems such as; Soil erosion, sediment accumulation and loss of life and property. Therefore, flood climatology plays an important role in reducing and preventing possible environmental MoreFlooding is a phenomenon that most climatic regions experience. Floods often cause problems such as; Soil erosion, sediment accumulation and loss of life and property. Therefore, flood climatology plays an important role in reducing and preventing possible environmental damage. For study the synoptic climatology of floods in Aras river basin, daily data of 9 hydrometric stations and 6 synoptic stations during 1979-2014 have been used. Data on geopotential elevation, sea level pressure, specific humidity, omega index and Zonal (Meridional) wind components were also obtained from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ Atmospheric Research. After reviewing the monthly and seasonal regime of the river and identifying the flood days, severe floods with discharge more than 700 m3/s in Khodaafarin hydrometer station were determined. In order to analyze the synoptic patterns of severe floods in Aras basin from the indicators; Moisture flux convergence function, fronting function and divergence function have been used. The results showed that during 4 severe floods in the region some atmospheric phenomena such as; a deep trough on the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and a cut off low on the west of the Caspian Sea at 500 hPa level in the region has been formed. At sea level, the formation of high pressure on the Caspian Sea and low pressure on Iraq and western Iran has caused the pattern of pressure changes in the region to increase and provide conditions for climbing. Applying the moisture flux convergence function showed that the source of moisture for these floods was mainly the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigating the causes of convergence and divergence of the Kurdish tribes with the Safavid government
Mahnaz Kalvandi nair dalir reza shabaniWith the formation of the Safavid Shiite government and their rivalry with the Ottoman government, the rulers paid attention to the border areas in the west of the Iranian plateau. It intends to study and analyze the convergence and divergence of the Kurdish people with MoreWith the formation of the Safavid Shiite government and their rivalry with the Ottoman government, the rulers paid attention to the border areas in the west of the Iranian plateau. It intends to study and analyze the convergence and divergence of the Kurdish people with the Safavids up to the time of Shah Abbas. The main question is what were the reasons for the convergence and divergence of the Kurdish tribes in western Iran with the Safavid government? The present article uses a descriptive and analytical approach to examine the convergence and divergence with the political and religious index of the Kurdish tribes with the Safavids. The result of the research is that some Kurdish tribes played a prominent role in strengthening the structure of political and military power of the central government of Iran in western Iran by converging politically and religiously with the Safavid government. But others, due to the wrong behavior of the Safavid kings and the support of the Ottoman government with divergence with the Safavids and alliance with the Ottomans, wanted to maintain their local independence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Analysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power
Khosrow Dehghani محمد علی بصیری Enayatollah YazdaniAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine t MoreAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine the impact of Donald Tramp's policies on American soft power. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the domestic and foreign policies of Trump which have had effects on the soft power of the United States? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article is that announcements and acts policies of Trump, in particular with the emphasis on the "First America", has led to the decline of American soft power.. Findings of the research, based on existing evidence and evidence, suggest that an economically oriented approach focused on cost-benefit logic, the adoption of intrinsic policies and renewal or the withdrawal of regional and international treaties has led to US soft power resources, including foreign policy And political values. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and is used for analyzing soft power theory and the data collection tool has been based on library and internet resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Providing Iran with a Strategic Model of Neighborhood Policy .
Zohreh Khaki ravandi Kayhan Barzegar Alireza AzghandiSecond to China, Iran has the most number of neighboring countries in the world; despite the fact, in the recent years, having the lowest levels of economic interaction with its neighboring countries, Iran has lost this advantage under the heavy shadow and legacy of usi MoreSecond to China, Iran has the most number of neighboring countries in the world; despite the fact, in the recent years, having the lowest levels of economic interaction with its neighboring countries, Iran has lost this advantage under the heavy shadow and legacy of using a discourse of divergence in its relationships with most of them. The single-dimensional nature of the post-revolution foreign policy of Iran in its neighborhood policy is criticized as resulting in more failures and hopelessness in its cross-border relationships, and, more importantly, making the development of the country out of reach. The main question of the present research is that, “in the sensitive circumstances of today, what a universal approach to Iran´s neighborhood policy can be developed. By assuming that on the geographical levels of foreign policy, it is of necessity to reconstruct foreign policy by choosing from four geographical levels (neighborhood, regional, cross-regional, and international), the present research attempted to recreate the concepts of neighborhood policy. The theoretical framework of the research was developed by the researcher based on the concepts in neighborhood policy including geographical and political concepts.Relying on David's Strategic Management, the present research is based on the method of step by. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Analysis of Divergence Factors in Political Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey - 2011-2020
Khatib Shayanfar Bahram MontazeriTurkey is one of the neighboring countries of Iran that has many advantages in terms of geopolitics and perhaps it can be mentioned as one of the few countries with regional influences around Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of what are th MoreTurkey is one of the neighboring countries of Iran that has many advantages in terms of geopolitics and perhaps it can be mentioned as one of the few countries with regional influences around Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of what are the factors of divergence in the political relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey?The objectives of this study are to investigate the divergence factors in the political climate of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey based on three categories of geopolitical factors, geoeconomic factors and geocalcher factors.This research is applied-developmental and descriptive-analytical and survey method. The results of this analysis show that in all three components of geopolitics, geocalchery and geoeconomics, the mentioned priority caused divergence and a total of 15 factors were confirmed.In response to sub-questions, the most important geopolitical factors, the Kurdish question in Syria and turkey's military presence under the pretext of fighting them in Syria and the most important geocalcular factors, the flagship of the Islamic system in the region by Iran and the most important geoeconomic factors, the competition of the two countries to influence the markets of the Caucasus and Central Asia were determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Impact of Geopolitical Features of Azerbaijan Republic on Islamic Republic of Iran (Text in Persian
Majid Abbasi Morteza Noormohammadi Syed Mohammd Reza MosaviThe present article wants to understand the impact of geopolitical features of Azerbaijan Republic on bilateral relations of Islamic Republic of Iran and Azerbaijan Republic. Azerbaijan Republic is located in a region which due to its geographical features and neighbori MoreThe present article wants to understand the impact of geopolitical features of Azerbaijan Republic on bilateral relations of Islamic Republic of Iran and Azerbaijan Republic. Azerbaijan Republic is located in a region which due to its geographical features and neighboring Iran has always attracted the attention of world powers. Therefore, the geopolitical study of this country can help decision makers of Iran on political, economic, cultural and military matters and it is also useful in preventing possible future confrontations between the two. For this reason the study answers this question as to what is the impact of geopolitical features of Azerbaijan Republic on relations with Iran. The article makes use of content analysis methodology to have a deeper understanding of features and roots of the problems, challenges, opportunities and threats. Finally the article while explaining the impact of geopolitical factors of Azerbaijan Republic on increasing or decreasing the level of relations between the two countries analyzes the above issue and presents suggestion in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - تحلیلی بر رابطه ژئوپلیتیک قوم کرد و امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با تمرکز بر نظریه هارتشورن
داریوش جهانی عزت اله عزتی محمد حسن نامی -
Open Access Article
27 - بررسی زمینههای همگرایی و واگرایی ایران و عربستان در چارچوب جغرافیای صلح
یدالله کریمی پور حسین ربیعی سید محمد یعقوبی -
Open Access Article
28 - Saeid Khosravi Zahra Emami Mohammd Taheri
سعید خسروی طززهرا امامی محمد طاهریبا خروج انگلیس از اتحادیه اروپا بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین اعضا این اتحادیه باعث شد تا برخی تقویت دیدگاههای ناسیونالیستی را بهعنوان عامل تزلزل رویکرد همگرایی منطقهای اروپا بدانند. از همین رو، برگزیت میتواند بهعنوان آغاز روند خروج اعضای دیگر اتحادیه اروپا و فروپاشی آن Moreبا خروج انگلیس از اتحادیه اروپا بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین اعضا این اتحادیه باعث شد تا برخی تقویت دیدگاههای ناسیونالیستی را بهعنوان عامل تزلزل رویکرد همگرایی منطقهای اروپا بدانند. از همین رو، برگزیت میتواند بهعنوان آغاز روند خروج اعضای دیگر اتحادیه اروپا و فروپاشی آن باشد. درحالیکه اتحادیه اروپا در قبال خروج بریتانیا رویکردهایی را برای حفظ انسجام و مقابله با چالشهای امنیتی، اقتصادی و سیاسی خود اتخاذ کرد اما خروج بریتانیا مورد استقبال ایالاتمتحده آمریکا قرار گرفت که برخی این موضعگیری آمریکا را موجب شکاف عمیقتر بین اتحادیه اروپا و آمریکا قلمداد میکنند. این مقاله که به روش تحلیلی - توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانهای گردآوریشده است به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که رویکرد آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا به برگزیت چیست؟ در همین راستا، مقاله به بررسی خروج انگلیس از اتحادیه و رویکردهای آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا خواهد پرداخت. یافتهها حاکی از آن است که در دوران اوباما با توجه به سیاستهای چندجانبه گرایانه، روابط مسالمتآمیز، همکاری با اتحادیه اروپا درزمینه های مختلف و تأکید بر پیمان فرا آتلانتیک گرایی شاهد عدم موافقت با خروج انگلستان از اتحادیه اروپا هستیم ولی در دوران ترامپ به سبب سیاستهای یکجانبه گرایانه و تشویق انگلیس برای عدم حضور در اتحادیه اروپا دیدگاه موافق به آن اتخاذشده است؛ از طرفی اتحادیه اروپا نیز همچنان خواهان یکپارچگی و حفظ اعضای آن بهویژه بریتانیا برای تأمین منافع اقتصادی، سیاسی و امنیتی خود است. در حقیقت موضوع برگزیت یکی از عوامل واگرایی ایالاتمتحده آمریکا و اروپا محسوب میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - تحلیل ژئوپلیتیکی روابط ایران وپاکستان وتاثیر آن بر امنیت نواحی مرز شرقی
فرهاد حمزه علی رنجبر کلور -
Open Access Article
30 - بررسی نقش مهاجرت های درون استانی در گسترش سکونتگاه های خودرو در منطقه کلان شهری تهران ( مطالعه موردی اسلامشهر)
اسداله بیات اصغر بیات -
Open Access Article
31 - Identification of Influential Factors on Divergence in South West Area of the Asia
samere yaghobi Ezzatollah ezzati Ebrahim rominaSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current MoreSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current paper, in respect of regional divergence in south west Asia, substantial question will be arisen that " which influential factors are there on the divergence in south west area of the Asia?"The required data of the investigation are collected through field and library method and statistical analysis methods in the library part are descriptive and statistical and in the part of field method, one sample run t test is used.The findings indicate that the factors as backing of Saudi Arabia invasion to Yaman by western countries and committing war crimes by this regime, the efforts of trans-regional powers to promote Iran's terrorism project, the spread of radical nationalism among the Arabs, Kurds, …and aimed at strengthening the separatism spirit, different conceptions like: jihad in the Islamic world, controversy over the right to exploit border rivers and common water resources,…are the most considerable factors on divergence in south west area of the Asia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The role of Central Asian countries in the Greater Eurasia project, given the role of Russia and China
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Somaye ZangenehThe overall economic framework for building Greater Eurasia, including Russia, China, and Central Asia, is more closely linked to the Chinese One Belt One Road Initiative and the Cooperation Agreement between the project and the Eurasian Economic Union. Along with tradi MoreThe overall economic framework for building Greater Eurasia, including Russia, China, and Central Asia, is more closely linked to the Chinese One Belt One Road Initiative and the Cooperation Agreement between the project and the Eurasian Economic Union. Along with traditional Russian influence, China's growing growth is strongly felt in Central Asia and is a major factor in shaping the new structure of the Greater Eurasian regions. The geopolitical situation in the convergence of Central Asian countries makes Russia and China the only options available to them. Political and military convergence with Russia in the Collective Security Treaty Organization, as well as economic convergence with Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union, are key elements. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method and within the framework of the concept of multidimensional foreign policy with the aim of providing a systematic analysis of the interests of Central Asian countries involved in the current approach of Russia and China. How do Russia and China play a role? The research hypothesis is that the countries of Central Asia seek to balance the growing influence of Russia and China in the Greater Eurasia Plan by adopting a " Multi -vector foreign policy". The findings show that Central Asian countries are forced to converge with China and Russia due to geopolitical determinism, but on the other hand, in order to be dominated in this process, they have developed relations with the West and the Islamic world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - SAARC and Its Effect on Regionalism
Mohammad Javadi Aghajari Siminsadat RostamifarAbstract Founded in 1985, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization that comprises of eight countries namely India, Pakistan, Seri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Based on its charter, the key objectives are def MoreAbstract Founded in 1985, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization that comprises of eight countries namely India, Pakistan, Seri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Based on its charter, the key objectives are defined in the following terms: promotion of people welfare and quality of life; acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; appreciation of mutual trust and understanding; promotion of active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; strengthening the cooperation among the member countries in international forums on matters of common interest; and to cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes; and so on. Nevertheless, despite its organizing principles and sublime purposes, there have been several diverging issues within the associated region: territorial disputes (India and Pakistan or Afghanistan and Pakistan), interference of global powers, asymmetric power structure, interior instability within member states, and the strategic situation of South East Asia has posed problems on the realization of convergence and regionalism reflected in the SAARC agreements. The main question is what are the major effects of SAARC agreements in regionalism? This paper attempts to analyze such an agreements in terms of regional arrangements Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Tajikistan; Convergence and Divergence
Habibollah Abolhassan ShiraziAbstract: After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the five new countries in Central Asia, a new chapter in Iran's relations with these countries arose. The issue of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Tajikistan has always been of grea MoreAbstract: After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the five new countries in Central Asia, a new chapter in Iran's relations with these countries arose. The issue of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Tajikistan has always been of great importance, first of all due to the historical, cultural and linguistic ties between the two countries, and the fact that Tajikistan is the only Persian language in Central Asia, which has a distinct status with other countries in the area. Central Asia is one of the areas that has a growing place in regional and international relations and is now considered one of the most important regional sub-systems. The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Tajikistan, on the one hand, is based on the convergence factors in the political, economic and cultural spheres of the opportunities and areas of influence and cooperation, and on the other hand, due to divergent factors, faces challenges and threats that faced about it. This has always been influential in the direction of Iran's foreign policy in Tajikistan. This paper identifies the most important factors of the convergence and divergence of the advancement of Iran's foreign policy to a general assessment of the policy adopted in Tajikistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Turkish and Iranian Foreign Policy in Central Asia (Feasibility Study Strategic Relations between the Two Countries Based on Comparative Model)
Sadegh Zibakalam Mahnaz GoodarziAbstract Presence the great powers in Central Asia in the era of Soviet Union due to the domination of the Soviet Union on the large part of this area and the reluctance of major powers (especially in America) for the conflict with the Soviet Union and the recognition MoreAbstract Presence the great powers in Central Asia in the era of Soviet Union due to the domination of the Soviet Union on the large part of this area and the reluctance of major powers (especially in America) for the conflict with the Soviet Union and the recognition sphere of influence of the powers of each other's, inconspicuous and these areas (except areas under Persian rule) under the sole influence of the Soviet Union. Hence, there was relative stability in the region. But after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the geopolitical, geostrategic important in the Central Asia was caused dynamisms in the area. So that not only Creates the regional powers competition, even was followed foreign powers competition at the regional level and bipartisan them in the support of smaller regional powers. Also Iran and Turkey on the specific location of the area selected policies in this region that is the basis of their foreign policy in this region. This paper intends to investigate the factors influencing its foreign policy toward the region, evaluates dual functions of these variables in order to the convergence and divergence of these two countries in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - New developments in Arab-Israeli relations and its impact on the security of the ontology of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad Sarami Siamak Bahrami Iraj RanjbarArab countries have tried to deal with the formation of the Zionist regime through four wars, and in this regard, several resolutions and peace plans have been issued by the United Nations and some governments to end this conflict, but In the end, the failure of the Ara MoreArab countries have tried to deal with the formation of the Zionist regime through four wars, and in this regard, several resolutions and peace plans have been issued by the United Nations and some governments to end this conflict, but In the end, the failure of the Arabs in front of Israel to the extent that even a part of the land of the Arab countries was occupied by the Zionist regime caused the Arab countries to give up their confrontational position with Israel and one after the other try to normalize their relations with Israel. Based on this, the main question of the current research has been raised as follows: What effect have the new developments in Arab-Israeli relations had on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from an ontological point of view? This hypothesis has been proposed that the new developments in Arab-Israeli relations by reducing the conditions of uncertainty, due to the reproduction of the previous self-understanding and the deepening of the constant and continuous understanding of the Islamic Republic of Iran's identity, priorities, goals and interests, will lead to the improvement of security. It has been systematized. The findings show that after the Islamic Revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran saw the relations between Arabs and Israel in conflict with its identity and has always tried to create divergence in the relations between Arabs and Israel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - عوامل اجتماعی موثر در واگرایی گروههای قومی در استان ایلام : مورد مطالعه: شهرستان دره شهر
سیف اله سیف اللهی عیسی بسطامی -
Open Access Article
38 - بررسی جامعه شناختی افسردگی در ایران (مطالعه موردی: جوانان کلانشهر تهران)
مریم السادات حسینی فر سیدعلی سیدپورآذر -
Open Access Article
39 - Sociological study of changes in the meaning of life of older men (Case Study of Elderly Men in District 21 of Tehran, west Tehransar neighborhood, Phase two)
Roghayeh Norouzi seyed Mohannad seyedmirzae Mostafa AzkiaThe present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion MoreThe present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion with 21 Elderly 68 to 81 years old in Tehran 21 district (Tehransar) and the information obtained from the interviews was coded (open and centered) and the concepts and categories were analyzed. Findings using the grounded theory approach consist of 10 categories. The central theme of this research is divergence that in general is covered all other categories. According to the core category, two of the findings of the study are convergence and divergence as if the most important research achievement is the role of divergence (family and social) in the meaninglessness of life and the role of empathy (family and social) in the meaning of life. Factors such as health or illness, economic status and the fatefulness of the elderly are also factors Which illustrates their approach to life. At the end, the foundational theory presented in the paradigm model of marital maladjustment and divergence with spouse as the most central factor of nonsense in the life of the old men. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The mediating effect of banking system fragility on the relationship between controlling shareholder sensitivity and interest rate divergence
simin rajizadeh Amirhossein Taebi Noghondari Hadis ZeinaliBanks and credit institutions, as one of the main pillars of financial markets, have special vulnerabilities in this field and make them fragile in the face of crises. Depending on their situation, banks offer different interest rates on interest on deposits and facilit MoreBanks and credit institutions, as one of the main pillars of financial markets, have special vulnerabilities in this field and make them fragile in the face of crises. Depending on their situation, banks offer different interest rates on interest on deposits and facilities, which leads to interest rate divergence. This study investigates the mediating effect of banking system fragility on the relationship between the sensitivity of controlling shareholders and interest rate divergence in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, 31 banks and financial institutions listed on the stock exchange were reviewed annually during the years 2011 to 2020. The results of testing the hypotheses using multivariate regression method show that 1- There is a negative and significant relationship between the sensitivity of controlling stakeholders and interest rate divergence. 2- There is a negative and significant relationship between the sensitivity of controlling shareholders and the fragility of the banking system. 3. There is a negative and significant relationship between the fragility of the banking system and interest rate divergence. 4. The fragility of the banking system explains the relationship between the sensitivity of controlling shareholders and interest rate divergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - National- Subnationall Identities: The reasons Behind Divergence in the EU
Abdollah MehrabanThe increasingly process of divergence tendencies in Europe has guided the mind to study this contradiction phenomenon, whereas it is in direct contrast with the very existence of the European Union. The EU, founded with the cause of forming a federation, is now facing MoreThe increasingly process of divergence tendencies in Europe has guided the mind to study this contradiction phenomenon, whereas it is in direct contrast with the very existence of the European Union. The EU, founded with the cause of forming a federation, is now facing the challenge of divergence and division. Assuming cultural differences and different identities at national and sub-national levels in EU as underlying assumptions, this research by using analytical- descriptive method tries to understand the dysfunctions of EU common policy on identity- building? In response to the question “what are the impacts of national and sub-national identities including ethnic, religious and cultural on the integration of EU?” the hypothesis has been given here is that “the national and sub-national identities of EU through forming resistance identity in two levels of national and sub-national making the most important challenge for the project identity of EU based on integration. The tendencies to national and sub-national identity increased in comparing to super-national identity. Despite EU’s efforts to making policy on common identity, the levels of supranational loyalties are far away from the expected level. In turn, the predisposition toward national and sub-national and also separating from supranational identity. The EU approach of common identity making is project one which is in contradiction with the procedural nature of identity. This issue causes reaction and strengthening of resistance identities visa versus the instructional nature of EU project identity. So EU witnesses the increasing of national and sub-national divergent across the EU members. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Investigating and Analyzing the Paradoxical Approach of Convergences of States toward the Wave of Cultural Globalization
seyedzakaria mahmodiraja ali bagheridolatabadi seyedali serajThe paradigm of globalization of culture and its components such as the informatics revolution and the advent and development of commination-information communities are among the most important features in the human life in beginning of the third millennium which has pr MoreThe paradigm of globalization of culture and its components such as the informatics revolution and the advent and development of commination-information communities are among the most important features in the human life in beginning of the third millennium which has provided necessary grounds for facilitating the convergence flow in terms of culture. Culture on the one hand is considered as the coherent totality of values, rituals, sensations, and elements constructing ethics and actions of each ethnic group and nation, and on the other hand, it is taken as the riches resource, symbol of giving identity, development, creativity, and dynamics which as basic roles in giving senses, making coherent of social relations among individuals and different groups in societies. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library-documentary research to answer this main question that which strategies governments and ethnic groups adopt for the main paradigm dominating the current world in the form of globalization. Findings of the present study inspired by James Rosenau’s ideas who believe that chaos in the world of politics indicates that globalization is based on the compression of time and place. With transformation of conditions, the framework of traditional grounds and devastation of identity building factors have provide opportunities and threats for other cultures and identities. This issue have caused the emergence of different convergent approaches and the process-oriented type of view as well as the project-centered ideology towards it and adoption of divergent approaches Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - The Evolution of Science and Technology from Unity to Plurality (Cultural-Historical Approach)
esmaeel kalantari gholamali montazerAbstract The divergent trend of science and technology has begun almost 300 B.C. and continued until the middle of the twentieth century. The gradual separation of science from philosophy and then the creation of academic disciplines are two historical evidences of thi MoreAbstract The divergent trend of science and technology has begun almost 300 B.C. and continued until the middle of the twentieth century. The gradual separation of science from philosophy and then the creation of academic disciplines are two historical evidences of this claim. The industrial revolution and its consequences, the factory system, the professionalization approach in science and technology, and the analytic thinking, are the most important factors in creation the divergent trend of science and technology. Since the middle of the twentieth century, with the advent of two flows of "interdisciplinaries" and "emergent technologies", the convergence of science and technology has begun. The domination of "systemic thinking" instead of "analytic thinking" and as well as the "deprofessionalization" approach, instead of the "professionalization" approach, are two factors that influence this change of paradigm. In this paper, with a cultural-historical approach and the use of existing documents, we seek to explain the claim that the trend of science and technology has been diverging for several hundred years and gradually, in the mid-twentieth century, evidence of its convergence has been observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Investigating the Mediating Role of Comparability of Financial Statements on the Relationship between Managers' Opportunistic Behavior and Investors' Divergence of Opinions
mohsen tohidloo علی بیات Ali Mohammadi VAHAB ROSTAMIBeliefs and emotional tendencies of investors can influence the direction of trading volumes and stock market prices by creating changes in the capital market environment. This paper has investigated the mediating role of comparability of financial statements on the rel MoreBeliefs and emotional tendencies of investors can influence the direction of trading volumes and stock market prices by creating changes in the capital market environment. This paper has investigated the mediating role of comparability of financial statements on the relationship between managers' opportunistic behavior and investors' divergence of opinions. This research was conducted post-event and using the causal correlation method. The companies listed to the Tehran Stock Exchange. formed the statistical population of the research, and by applying the desired conditions and systematically removing, it we used information of from 134 companies as a research sample in the period of 2014 to 2023. Divergence of investors' behavior has been calculated using the index of unexpected trading volume and managers' opportunistic behaviors have been measured by two factors of real earnings management and managers' overconfidence. The findings indicated that earnings management and management overconfidence have a direct and significant relationship with the divergence of investors' behavior. Also, the comparability of financial statements moderates the positive relationship between real earnings management and management's overconfidence on the divergence of investors' behavior regarding determining the correct figure of the intrinsic value of stocks while making investment decisions. Manuscript profile
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