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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the Spread of Pollution in the Porous Environment of the Babol Aquifer by MODFLOW and MODPATH Models
Yaser Ghandehari Alireza Zamani Nouri Babak AminnejadBackground and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to com MoreBackground and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to compensate for the drop in the underground water level, which is one of the most effective factors in destroying the discharge capacity and increasing the quality in the underground water area, scenarios of reducing withdrawal of farming wells and prepare prohibition plans with the least uncertainty based on the regional sensitivity to pollution. The purpose of this research is to predict the flow and pollution conditions of the area based on numerical models, so that the level network and the direction of the underground water flow of the plain using MODFLOW software in a long-term period and the development of the prediction model using Calibration and validation operations should be performed on the base period of the studies in order to be able to implement the forecast scenarios by applying restrictions and reducing harvesting on aquifer exploitation resources, and specifically agricultural wells, until the stage of stable hydrograph extraction of the plain.Method: This research was carried out with the aim of estimating and predicting the state of pollution in the urban pollution site, using MODFLOW and MODPATH computer programs in GMS software. To achieve this goal, in the first step, the numerical model of the aquifer flow was prepared and calibrated by the MODFLOW code. Then, the MODPATH code was used to track the contaminated particles in the steady-state progressive method. In the second stage, the impact of the scenario of increasing and decreasing the pumping from the exploitation wells on the travel time, the length of the path and the catchment area of the leachate particles leading to them was predicted and evaluated by the regressive method. In the third step, the tracking of particles leading to qualitative sampling wells in the plain was predicted and evaluated by regressive method in steady state. Results: According to the automatic calibration and validation approach, the underground water flow model produced the least statistical deviation on the optimization parameters. Also, the particle transfer quality model was correctly implemented on the groundwater flow prediction model. In the Babol aquifer, the waste disposal area outside the designated aquifer is saturated. It was observed that, by adjusting the parameters of the simulation of the transfer of residual pollution cloud particles, an estimate of the concentration was applied to the permeable boundaries and the channel network. This means that in the simulation of particle transport, here the source of pollution spread is the channel network and permeable boundaries, which will be directly affected by pollution during periods of rainfall and especially floods. The concentration limit was given to the model in the form of variable figures based on discharge and precipitation in the range and equal to the primary stable threshold of the research subject (landfill). Based on the cumulative diagram of the outlet concentration from the permeable boundary and flow channel in the southeast region, the trend of changes in the cloud pollution concentration diagram, in the qualitative modeling of the plain, shows that in the forecast period, the increase in concentration will increase linearly. Considering that the waste disposal location is outside the plain, the rate of increase in pollution was not very high until the end of the initial simulation. However, the reason for the increase in concentration accumulation volume can be related to the existence of permeable boundaries and severe drop of underground water in this area. In other words, when the underground water level drops too much in the saturation area of the plain, the direction of the flow will move the volume of polluted water towards the aquifer at a higher speed.Conclusion: If the situation of groundwater withdrawals continues in the same way, in addition to the reduction of the groundwater storage of the plain, the quality of the remaining water storage will also decrease. This causes more serious problems in the agricultural situation of the region. The results of the implementation of quantitative and qualitative model in order to investigate the infiltration of polluted water from the landfill based on the concentration of pollution, showed that there is a high probability of the infiltration of polluted particles from the south wall side to the aquifer during periods of rainfall Event that current is run in the channels accidently. and then the expansion to the sea will actually occur due to the drop in the water level of the Caspian Sea. Water infiltration is more likely in the eastern regions than in the western regions. The reason for choosing the spread of pollution from the eastern waste disposal site in order to show the accumulation of polluted particles and the repulsion from the sea was the same. It is suggested that in the field of policy making, in order to control the plain's leachate crisis, appropriate bed construction and walling of the waste accumulation area should be applied based on the flow direction. 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Open Access Article
2 - Capacity of nettle (Urtica Dioica L.) in adsorption of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Ni) from Tonekabon landfill leachate
Khashayar Sharifi Aptin Rahnavard keivan saeb Farid Gholamreza Fahimi Ahmad TavanaBackground and Objective: Landfill leachate contains heavy metals that cause toxic effects on water and soil near landfills. Phytoremediation is one of the control methods in which native plants with accumulation ability are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate t MoreBackground and Objective: Landfill leachate contains heavy metals that cause toxic effects on water and soil near landfills. Phytoremediation is one of the control methods in which native plants with accumulation ability are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation strength of heavy metals by nettle from leachate. Material and Methodology: In the present study, after collecting nettle seeds from Tonekabon landfill, they were planted in 16 pots and after the 6-leaf stage, placed under four concentrations of fresh leachate (0, 30, 60 and 100%) and after the growth period, the amount of metals Heavy (by atomic absorption spectrometer) and morphological traits were measured. Findings: The result showed that with increasing leachate concentration, the amount of heavy metals in all organs increased (Ni> Pb > Cd> Ar) and the aerial parts were more absorbed. In parallel with this result, dry weight factors of stem and leaf, root and leaf area index also decreased. Calculation of TF> 1 in nettle organs showed its ability to be more accumulative in the face of leachate. Discussion and Conclusion: Bioremediation with using of native plants and accumulators to remove heavy metals is a low cost and environmentally friendly method. Nettle is a native and wild plant that grows in landfills in the north of the country and due to its accumulative power, it is a suitable species for clearing the soil of heavy metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Post treatment of composting leachate using combination of aerobic completely mixed and plugs flow reactors
Amir Hesam Hassani nader mokhtarani Asghar BayatfardAbstract Today, collection and treatment of leachate is one of the necessary measures in the waste management. Leachate is defined as the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of precipitation percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in wastes body and th MoreAbstract Today, collection and treatment of leachate is one of the necessary measures in the waste management. Leachate is defined as the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of precipitation percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in wastes body and the inherent water content of wastes themselves. Leachate is not limited to the Landfill. It is also produces with considerable organic load in composting plants. Usually in treating of strong wastewater, anaerobic process is followed by aerobic methods to boost the process efficiency. The aim of this research was assessing the efficiency of aerobic reactors (plug flow & CSTR) to complete anaerobic method in treating of composting leachate. In this study the aerobic system was consisted of four concrete reservoirs. The first two of them was CSTR reactors which were paralleled. The dimension of each of them was 4×6×6.5 m with the effective volume of 163 m3. The second two (in order) were also paralleled plug flow reactors with the dimension of 13.3×2.5×3 m and effective volume of 89 m3. Wastewater was aerated by means of fine bubble diffusers at the bottom of each reactor. After each two paralleled reactors one sedimentation tank was also predicted. According to experiments the best food to microorganism ratio (F/M) in CSTR reactor was estimated in the range of 0.5-0.15. The average of COD removal efficiency was 80% in CSTR reactors, while ratio of MLVSS/MLSS was 55%. The average of SVI was also 100 ml/g in these reactors. In plug flow reactors with average loading rate of 0.32 Kg COD/m3.d the average of COD removal efficiency and MLVSS/MLSS was 37% and 57% respectively. The average of SVI was also calculated as 84 ml/g in plug flow reactors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Organics and nitrogen removal from recycled landfill leachate using an aerobic process
Mohammad Javad Zoqi Mohsen SaeediOne of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation.In this way, an anaerobic was operated by leachate recirculation to remove organic matters. In this study two different systems were applied for leachate treatment. In syst MoreOne of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation.In this way, an anaerobic was operated by leachate recirculation to remove organic matters. In this study two different systems were applied for leachate treatment. In system (1), the leachate generated from a fresh-waste reactor was drained to recirculation tank, and recycled every two days. In System (2), the leachate generated from a fresh waste landfill reactor was fed through a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor, and at the same time, the leachate generated from a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor recycled to a fresh waste landfill reactor. The results indicated that, the leachate NH4+-N and COD concentrations in system (1) accumulated to a high level, and, NH4+-N and COD removal were carried out successfully in system (2). In the well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor, the maximum organic removal rate was 1000and the maximum NH4+-N removal rate was 105. In system (2), the average removal efficiency reached to 85% and 34% for COD and NH4+-N, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Feasibility study of Kood-e Aali-e Gillan compost factory`s leachate treatment by anaerobic methods (downflow and upflow)
Amir Hesam Hasani Nader Mokhtarani Asghar BayatfardThere are different methods for the treatment of strong wastewater. The aim of the present study was the treatability of compost leachate by anaerobic method. The researchers did a literature review but found little about anaerobic filters. Then, the study started and l MoreThere are different methods for the treatment of strong wastewater. The aim of the present study was the treatability of compost leachate by anaerobic method. The researchers did a literature review but found little about anaerobic filters. Then, the study started and lasted for 12 months. Finally, the Excel software was used to analyze the results and draw the related diagram. Construction blocks of clay with the effective area of 87 m2 were used as media in UAFB reactors. Thirty-three percent of the height of each reactor was filled with the media. The sequencing of reactors was downflow and upflow. The average concentration of the inlet COD of the reactors was 85000mg/l, while the highest and lowest COD concentrations in the reactors were 140000mg/l and 39400mg/l, respectively. The pH of the inlet leachate was neutralized by Ca (OH)2 and the average temperature of the inlet leachate was 35o C. The parameters studied in this research were COD removal, loading, variation of pH with different loadings, and critical temperature of anaerobic reactor. The results of the study are as follows: The highest COD removal efficiency (97%) of reactors in the treatment of leachate was obtained in COD concentration of 75000mg/l, HRT of 11 hours, and OLR of 46 kg COD/m3.d. The highest OLR inlet to anaerobic reactors was 11.1kg COD/m3.d. At this time, the inlet COD concentration in the reactors was 75000mg/l with the COD removal efficiency of 86.6%. The lowest and highest hydraulic rates of anaerobic reactors were 1m3/d and 40m3/d, respectively. Operating fixed film reactors with low concentrations of mlss (mlss =400mg/l) was possible. It was done in this research and COD removal increased together with an increase in mlss. Finally, COD removal reached 97.7%. In this study, the critical temperature was 19o C. As the temperature lowered, the efficiency of COD removal sharply decreased and reached 4-5%. Fixed film reactors are able to treat strong wastewater (leachate in this research) with the COD concentration of 140000mg/l. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Landfill Leaching-Contaminated Groundwater Remediation by Permeable Reactive Barrier
Mohammad Beheshtian Ardakani Taghi EbadiBackground and Objective: Collection and treatment of landfill leaching is one of the most important challenges in the operation of municipal solid waste landfills. Since the most parts of Iran, due to the arid and semi-arid climate, are faced with the limited water res MoreBackground and Objective: Collection and treatment of landfill leaching is one of the most important challenges in the operation of municipal solid waste landfills. Since the most parts of Iran, due to the arid and semi-arid climate, are faced with the limited water resources, the study of landfill leaching-contaminated groundwater remediation is also very important. In recent decades, extensive work has been done regarding the development and implementation of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) but application of this method needs more investigations for landfill leaching-contaminated groundwater remediation. For this purpose, the groundwater remediation method by permeable reactive barriers was investigated in this paper. In addition, the granular activated carbon and natural zeolite were studied as a common media for the removal of organic pollutants in water. Method: For the experiment, leaching-contaminated water with a COD of 690, 1910 and 3100 (mg/l) was passed from the experimental model of permeable reactive barrier, filled with washed sand, granular activated carbon and natural zeolite, and COD removal rate was calculated in each condition. Findings: The highest COD removal was obtained by granular activated carbon and the best performance was in the 690 (mg/l) concentration pollutants. Also, significant differences were not observed in the rate of COD removal efficiency by zeolite compare to sand. Discussion and Conclusions: Therefore, in order to optimize the use of reactive media, the system must be arranged with layers of zeolite and activated carbon respectively and in a suitable distance from pollution source so that removal of pollutants by the soil can be used in addition to the proper removal of pollutants by each layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Investigation on Quality of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Compost plant (Case Study: Mashhad city)
Alireza Shokooh Edvin Safari Hossein HasheminThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, H MoreThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn analysisin the samples. Mean COD, NO3¯N¯, and NH4-N+ in landfill, receiving and fermentation units sampleswere obtained 17418, 50512, 91168 mg COD/l and 2.34, 25.40, 25.97 mg NO3-N¯/l, and 658.78,570.89, 633.89 mg NH4-N+/l, respectively. The quality of leachate samples compared with Leachateof Tehran landfill and landfills in USA, Germany, Spain, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Kuwait. Theresults showed the leachate of Tehran and Mashhad landfills and the composting plant have moreorganic materials than the other countries. BOD5/COD that shows biodegradability of organic matterswas 0.44, 0.51, and 0.55 in the leachate of landfill, receiving and fermentation units, respectively. Itmeans biological treatment can be useful for all of them. Heavy metals concentrations were undernational effluent standard in the landfill leachate. But the concentration of Fe, Zn and Mn were abovethe standard in the leachate of receiving and fermentation units. The results showed that it is possibleto meet the national standard by using a combination of physical- chemical and biological treatmentmethods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Study of Landfill leachate pollution of Rasht City
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and unde MoreBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. This place is located near one of Siahroud River branch. And is named Zarjoub. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants at Anzali wetland. Methods: In this research, the qualification of Rasht landfill and Kacha River were studied for leachate contamination. For purpose BOD, DO, PH, TP and COD parameters were studied in two humid and arid seasons. Findings: The averages of COD, BOD, Do and TP in river are 3862.5 and 1326.25, 0.3 and 6/5 Mg/L. Also the average of pH is 7.01. Discussion and Counclusion: The results show that observed amounts are higher than the standards of environmental protection organization. Furthermore, the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation on the factors for site selection of solid waste transfer stations for 22nd district of Tehran municipally considering environmental issue, air and waste leachate
Qasmly Omrani Amir Hossein Javid Elham RamezanaliThe development of urban communities, growth of urbanism, emergence of metropolises, and subsequent increase in the volume of residues and municipal wastes, besides adding to numerous urban problems, pose serious threats to the environment and peoples health which, toge MoreThe development of urban communities, growth of urbanism, emergence of metropolises, and subsequent increase in the volume of residues and municipal wastes, besides adding to numerous urban problems, pose serious threats to the environment and peoples health which, together with the need for transfer stations for temporary accumulation of wastes, has drawn world attention to this issue. The usage of waste transfer stations is recommended in order to improve and enhance solid wastes transportation system. Most cities posses waste transfer stations, however, it should be mentioned that potential effects of wastes on individuals health and safety are still unclear. Proper site selection, design, and operation of equipments lead into the appropriate management of waste transfer stations so that health, safety, and welfare of society as well as the absence of adverse environmental impacts could be ensured. The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental aspects and sanitary conditions of waste transfer stations in terms of the volume of generated leachate around the stations and emission of unfavorable odors and polluted gases during the operation of stations located at residential areas. To accomplish these goals, sampling and some measurements were carried out at each station in the first step. Investigations showed the lack of health facilities, appropriate accommodation for workers, personal protective equipments, and proper physical conditions in 90% of stations. The obtained results indicate that the level of leachate-induced pollution at the bottom of stations, which ultimately escapes to soil and water resources, is significantly higher than standards recommended by Department of Environment (DOE). Septic tank leachate sampling showed that BOD and COD level of the studied station was 49700 and 31800 mg/l, respectively which, in all cases, are higher than sewage effluent standards. In addition, the amount of particles measured at the eastern side of the station was 153 and 753 microgram/m3 which are higher than air pollutants standards. The level of pollutant gases of NH3 and H2S9NH3 is zero or insignificant. Investigations revealed that the station has septic leachate collection system and its effluent enters absorbing wells. Furthermore, rinsing of waste transporting vehicles leads into flow of polluted water at the station and then, entering absorbing wells. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Fabrication and Evaluation of anaerobic baffle reactor for leachate treatment of Sari province
Amin Arvin majid peyravi Mohsen JahanshahiBackground and Objective: Landfill leachate has been identified as a potential source of ground and surface waters contamination due to the generation of leachate. Further, landfill leachate may percolate through soils and cause the large pollution of streams, creeks an MoreBackground and Objective: Landfill leachate has been identified as a potential source of ground and surface waters contamination due to the generation of leachate. Further, landfill leachate may percolate through soils and cause the large pollution of streams, creeks and water. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a laboratory-scale ABR in different COD concentrations and hydraulic retention time for COD removal. Method: In this research, an anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR) was used for biological landfill leachate treatment. The ABR was 10 cm wide, 60 cm long, and 10 cm depth and was constructed from Perspex with an effective volume of 6 L. The ABR was seeded with anaerobically digested sewage sludge taken from an anaerobic digester of a wastewater treatment plant in Qaemshahr city. Landfill leachate used in this study was collected from a landfill leachate waste municipal site located in Kiasar, Sari. The experiments used in this study were chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, suspended solids (SS) and alkalinity. Findings: The anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR) has been have an appropriate performance for COD removal of landfill leachate. Also, the results showed that this reactor presented an acceptable capability of pH control and acidogenic microorganism separation from others. On the other hands, the results demonstrated that an alkalinity remained at the desirable level in the reactor and it is not necessary to add chemical materials to control it. Moreover, the suspended solids were significantly removed in this reactor. Discussion and Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that the highest COD removal (86%) was achieved at the HRT of 2 days where the COD concentration of 2700 mg/L was reduced to 380 mg/L. Furthermore, the system performance at lower hydraulic retention time was decreased. At the COD concentration of 2700 mg/L, 70% decrement of the reactor efficiency was observed by decreasing hydraulic retention time to 12 hr. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Study of pollution resulting from leachate in Rasht solid waste land fill
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface MoreStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. Rasht solid waste landfill has been located in 15 Km Rasht at Saravan area. This place near one of the sources of SiahroudRiver,namely KachaRiver.KachaRiver joins SiahroudRiver, and is named Zarjoub. Then it joins GoharroudRiver in Pirbazar area and enters eastern part of Anzali wetland. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate together with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants that it receives within its route at Anzali wetland. In this research conducted in the year 2006-2007 , the status of Rasht city , and also KachaRiver was studied regarding the pollution due to leachate. For this purpose , parameters BOD, DO , PH , TP and COD were studied in two seasons of winter and summer. The results of this research show that all parameters under our study exceed the mounts authorized by Environmental Protection Organization. Furthermore ,the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigation components of leachate of municipal solid waste (case study: compost plant of Isfahan city)
Ali Kazemi Habibollah Younesi Nader BahramifarThe leachate produced of solid waste in uncontrolled landfills can cause many impacts on the environment and human health. In the present study, the samples of leachate of compost plant in Isfahan city were sampled in the winter of 2010. Physicochemical parameters includ MoreThe leachate produced of solid waste in uncontrolled landfills can cause many impacts on the environment and human health. In the present study, the samples of leachate of compost plant in Isfahan city were sampled in the winter of 2010. Physicochemical parameters including: pH, EC, phosphate, sulfate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS), total dissolved solid (TDS), and total suspended solid (TSS) were measured using standard methods and HACK DR 2800. High level of phosphate (624.88), sulfate (1955.55), BOD (32300), COD (68000), TS (86500) TDS (55900), TSS (31600), pH (5.3) and EC (12.9) on the basis of mg/l for all of the parameters except pH and EC was observed. Potential of pollution leachate of compost plant in Isfahan considered to leachate pollution index (LPI (. Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) for Isfahan of leachate was 54.65. This result showed that leachate produced of solid waste of compost plant in Isfahan high potential have for pollution of the surrounding land and water by the leachate Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - بررسی اثر شیرابه کمپوست زباله شهری بر غلظت برخی از کاتیونها و آنیونهای محلول خاک در مدیریتهای مختلف آبیاری
ابراهیم پناه پور ابراهیم پذیرا پیام نجفی عبدالامیر معزی -
Open Access Article
14 - سنجش پارامترهای کمی و کیفی آب خروجی تصفیه خانه شیرابه زباله آراد کوه (کهریزک تهران ) به منظور استفاده در مصارف کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی
مریم زاده هندیجانی سید نادعلی علوی بختیاروند عبدالکاظم نیسیدر این تحقیق کاربرد آب خروجی تصفیه خانه شیرابه زباله آراد کوه واقع در منطقه کهریزک تهران در مصارف کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و با استانداردهای محیط زیست ایران، سازمان بهداشت جهانی و سازمان خوار و بار جهانی مقایسه گردید. هدف از انجام این تحق Moreدر این تحقیق کاربرد آب خروجی تصفیه خانه شیرابه زباله آراد کوه واقع در منطقه کهریزک تهران در مصارف کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و با استانداردهای محیط زیست ایران، سازمان بهداشت جهانی و سازمان خوار و بار جهانی مقایسه گردید. هدف از انجام این تحقیق تعیین میزان کمیت وکیفیت آب خروجی تصفیه خانه شیرابه زباله آراد کوه (کهریزک تهران ) به منظوراستفاده جهت کاربری های کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی می باشد. آزمایش پارامترها بر اساس کتاب استاندارد متد 2005 ، 1101 و 1102/ 2009 ASTM آمریکا و 2008DIN آلمان انجام شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که آب خروجی بطورکلی از لحاظ پارامترهای PH ، هدایت الکتریکی ، جیوه ، نیترات (جهت تخلیه به آبهای سطحی ) و فسفات ، کدورت و کلیفرم های کل منطبق با استاندارد محیط زیست ایران جهت آبیاری محصولات کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی می باشد ، همچنین از لحاظ پارامترهای PH ، جیوه ، مواد جامد محلول ، نیترات و کلیفرم های کل با استاندارد سازمان بهداشت جهانی به منظور آبیاری محصولات کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی انطباق دارد و از لحاظ پارامترهای PH ، جیوه ، آمونیوم ، نیترات و کلیفرم های کل ، آب خروجی تصفیه خانه شیرابه زباله آرادکوه با استاندارد سازمان خوار و بار جهانی جهت آبیاری محصولات کشاورزی و تخلیه به آبهای سطحی مطابقت دارد. فلزات سنگین کادمیوم و سرب از تراز استانداردهای سازمان محیط زیست ایران، سازمان بهداشت جهانی و سازمان خوار و بار جهانی جهت مصارف مذکور فراتر می باشند. پارامترهای اکسیژن مورد نیاز بیوشیمیایی و اکسیژن مورد نیاز شیمیایی پساب دارای محدودیت برای آبیاری می باشند و با توجه به اینکه آلودگی پساب با شاخصهایی از جمله اکسیژن مورد نیاز بیوشیمیایی و اکسیژن مورد نیاز شیمیایی تعیین می شود میتوان نتیجه گیری نمود که پساب مورد بررسی دارای آلودگی است و برای کاربری های مذکور مناسب نمی باشند. لذا در صورت استفاده از این پساب برای آبیاری فضای سبز و کشاورزی باید کاهش آلودگی شیمیایی در حد استانداردهای سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست ایران ، سازمان بهداشت جهانی و سازمان خوار و بار جهانی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The hydrological evaluation of Rasht Landfill performance
Mohammad Nakhaei Hamid Reza Nassery Vahab AmiriNowadays, the pollution generated from municipal waste disposal sites is considered as one of the serious threatsfor environment and underground water resources. In the present study, Rasht Landfill is assessed as one of thecontamination sources in the northern part of MoreNowadays, the pollution generated from municipal waste disposal sites is considered as one of the serious threatsfor environment and underground water resources. In the present study, Rasht Landfill is assessed as one of thecontamination sources in the northern part of Iran. Located in Saravan region, the Landfill is the only landdisposal site located in 20 kilometers south of Rasht and is situated at altitude of 200 meters from sea level. Inorder to determine the structural characteristics, the geological maps of the study area and data from 4 geoelectrical sounding around the landfill site been used. Using 4 samples of sediments from places where the geoelectrical sounding was implemented, the sedimentological analysis was carried out by graining these samples.The results indicate that the sediment thickness and depth of bed rock surface is very low. In this study, VisualHELP software was used to determine the leachate generation rate. The hydrological evaluation of Rasht Landfillperformance followed for two periods of 15 and 50 years ,regarding the climate information of Rasht station asthe nearest synoptic station to waste disposal site and structural features of this site. Based on the considerations,the amount of leachate generation and leaking from the Landfill determined equal to 0.69 m per year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effects of clay nanoparticles added to the bonab landfill soil to reduce the permeability and control of leachate
Mohammad Azar-Afza ابراهیم Asghari-Koljahi M.R MashrafifarSolid waste excretion is one of the problems of urbanization. The last element obligated the waste managementsystem and the final destiny all wastes should be discarded is bury. Engineering buried sanitary landfill methodof waste disposal in land, is to prevent harm to MoreSolid waste excretion is one of the problems of urbanization. The last element obligated the waste managementsystem and the final destiny all wastes should be discarded is bury. Engineering buried sanitary landfill methodof waste disposal in land, is to prevent harm to the environment. Landfills in the case of non-compliance withengineering principles, the ability to create very high pollution in the environment, groundwater, surface waterand soil. that is have concerned authorities and the public. One of the major landfill pollution, the infecting iscaused by the movement of leachate and groundwater contamination. In the design and management of landfills,leachate control, body construction, drainage channels design, is one of the most important factors. Control andreduce the permeability of the landfill is critical environmental factors. To reduce the permeability of the landfillbody used geomembranes, clay layers and other impermeable materials.In this study, the effects of added nanoparticles of clay to landfill body soil to reduced permeability has beeninvestigated. This study located in the Bonab city of East Azarbaijan. The results show that adding 3% to 9%clay nanoparticles caused a significant reduction in soil permeability of landfill body. So that the soilpermeability reduced from 3.25×10-6 to 4.22× 10-7 centimeter per second in normal leachate conditions. In acidicleachate conditions soil permeability reduced from 3.83×10-6 to 7.20× 10-7 centimeter per second and in alkalineor basic leachate conditions from 2.76×10-6 to 2.02× 10-7 centimeter per second. Thus, the addition of clay andclay nanoparticles significantly reduce the permeability of landfill body to passing leachate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Assessment, Matrix, Disposal, GIS, Waste, Leachate
Behnosh Khoshmanesh Fatemeh RazavianThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have MoreThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have multiple environmental impacts. The use of environmental impact assessment and assessment of current disposal sites can be considered as one of the tools for environmental management. The purpose of this study was to use this tool to identify the negative effects of Gandak landfills in Damavand city and provide appropriate solution and option. To this end, along with examining the effects of the current project (Gandak) with 15 years of experience, other appropriate options were also considered. In order to select other suitable alternatives for the construction of landfill and associated facilities, using the existing standards, some criteria were defined for locating, and were overlapped by GIS software. By overlapping different layers, the zones suitable for burial centers were identified, and finally a different appropriate option (Option 2) was selected from among them.Then, in order to evaluate the selected options, a matrix of environmental factors and micro-activities of the project were prepared to examine the impact of each micro-activity by the construction and operation phase on 70 environmental parameters of the region. Regarding the results of the completion of the assessment matrix in two phases of construction and operation, it was found that Option 1 (Gandak) is more appropriate than Option 2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of edaphic conditions on phytochemical latex yield of bitter asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) medicinal plant in two natural habitats in Kerman province
Amir Saadatfar Samira Hossein Jafari Iraj TavassolianThis study was performed in 2018 to investigate the effect of edaphic conditions on latex yield of (Ferula assa-foetida L.) in two natural habitats of Kerman province located in elevation of 2600 m. Soil and This plant samplings were done using completely randomized met MoreThis study was performed in 2018 to investigate the effect of edaphic conditions on latex yield of (Ferula assa-foetida L.) in two natural habitats of Kerman province located in elevation of 2600 m. Soil and This plant samplings were done using completely randomized method. After extraction of later essential oil by hydro-distillation method, and were analyzed by using GC-MS. The results of T-test showed that moisture, silt, organic matter, phosphorous (p<0.01) and nitrogen (p<0.05) parameters had a significant increase in Paseeb habitat but in Sardar habitat other parameters including sand percentage, calcium carbonate and potassium were significant (p<0.01). Total amount of latex and the essential oil content indicated a significant increase and decrease in Paseeb habitat (66.86 gr and 6%) compared to Sardar habitat (56.37 gr and 8%), respectively. The main compounds percentages such as (E)-1-propenyl sec butyl disulfide (51.48%), α-Pinene (6.92%), β-Pinene (9.34%) and Cis-Ocimene (7.65%) in Sardar region was more than Paseeb habitat (49.75%, 3.22%, 5.87% and 7.64%, respectively). Both habitats had the most latex yield in 10 incisions. Based on the results, there was positive and significant correlation between latex yield with the moisture, silt, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous. There was a negative correlation between essential oil contents, sulfurous compounds, α-Pinene, β-Pinene and Limonene with moisture but a positive correlation between these parameters with lime amount (p<0.01). The results indicated that the difference in latex yield, quantity and quality of essential oil can be due to edaphic conditions or genetic changes. In order to maintain and sustainable use of this plant, harvesting is recommended during 10 stages of razor cutting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Evaluation of the physical and chemical properties of the essential oil obtained from the oleo-gum- resin of two populations of Ferula gummosa from Fars and Isfahan provinces
Arife Vaez Shahrestani Razieh Azimi Atergeleh Vahid Abdousi Mehdi Mirza marzieh ghanbari jahromiFerula gummosa (Barijeh) belongs to the Apiaceae family and is one of the most important pasture, medicinal and industrial plants, whose oleo-gum-resin (galbanum) has a commercial aspect. The essential oil and oleoresin of F. gummosa are widely used in the food, pharmac MoreFerula gummosa (Barijeh) belongs to the Apiaceae family and is one of the most important pasture, medicinal and industrial plants, whose oleo-gum-resin (galbanum) has a commercial aspect. The essential oil and oleoresin of F. gummosa are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the physicochemical properties of the essential oil obtained from the oleo-gum-resin of two F. gummosa populations from Isfahan and Fars habitats. For this purpose, the oleo-gum-resin of F. gummosa was collected from two areas in Kashan and Fars. The essential oil was then extracted from the fresh oleo-gum-resin by water and steam distillation. The essential oil was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using GC and GC/MS devices. The appearance, physical and chemical characteristics of the essential oil of two populations of F. gummosa, including relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and phytochemicals of the essential oil were investigated and compared. Based on the results, the essential oil of F. gummosa is a transparent and colorless liquid with a turpentine odour and a distinct green note. The essential oil of two populations of Kashan and Fars has relative density of 0.874 and 0.869, refractive index of 1.4810 and 1.4795, and optical rotation of 11.35° and 23.52°, respectively. The results of comparing the average physicochemical characteristics of the essential oil obtained from the oleo-gum-resin of the two F. gummosa populations from Fars and Kashan indicate that there is no significant difference in the traits of relative density and refractive index, and on the other hand, there is a significant difference in the amount of optical rotation of the two essential oil samples. Based on the essential oil analysis, hydrocarbon monoterpenes including β-pinene (71% and 68.8%), δ-3-carne (9.4% and 5.2%), myrcene (3.9% and 2.4%), α-pinene (3.6% and 3.4%) and limonene (2.4% and 15.6%) were identified as the main compounds of essential oil in two F. gummosa populations from Kashan and Fars, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Comparison of the Efficiency of Ruminal and Faecal Microbial Population from Sheep to Estimate the Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Grains Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique
Abolfazl Aghajanzadeh-Golshani Naser Maheri-Sis Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar Yahya Ebrahimnezhad Abolfazl GhorbaniThis study aimed to investigate the fermentation efficiency of faecal microorganisms in comparison with rumen microorganisms to estimate the nutritional value of corn and sorghum grains in ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. To perform in vitro gas produc MoreThis study aimed to investigate the fermentation efficiency of faecal microorganisms in comparison with rumen microorganisms to estimate the nutritional value of corn and sorghum grains in ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. To perform in vitro gas production technique with rumen liquor and faecal suspension, rumen fluid and fresh faeces were collected from three fistulated Gezel rams. The results of this study showed that there are no significant differences due to in vitro gas production between the two methods at different incubation times in experimental feedstuffs. There was no significant difference between two methods in terms of the amount of gas production from fermentable fraction (A) for corn grain, while the amount of this parameter by fecal suspension was significantly higher than that of rumen liquor in sorghum grain (P<0.05). Estimated metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) contents of experimental grains with rumen fluid and faecal suspension showed no significant differences.The amount of gas produced with rumen liquor can be successfully estimated from faeces suspension using the obtained equations Ysorghum=0.8929 X -1.6353 for the sorghum grain and Ycorn=0.9657X-3.4097 for corn grain. According to the results of the study, it seems that the animal faeces suspension has the potential to replace rumen liquor in the in vitro gas production technique for ruminants feed evaluation. Manuscript profile
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