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Open Access Article
1 - Determining the appropriate mixture of renewable energy sources in order to reduce uncertainty
Amir GhaediIn recent years, the use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity in the power system has grown a lot. Compared to fossil fuels, these resources do not pollute the environment and there is no concern about their depletion. The problem of renewable energy sourc MoreIn recent years, the use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity in the power system has grown a lot. Compared to fossil fuels, these resources do not pollute the environment and there is no concern about their depletion. The problem of renewable energy sources is that their production power is variable due to the changes of these sources. Accordingly, in order to reduce the uncertainty of the production capacity of renewable energy sources, it is tried to use these sources in a combined manner. In this article, a method is introduced to determine the appropriate combination of renewable energy sources in order to reduce the uncertainty of their production power. In this method, the average, standard deviation, and the histogram related to the production power of the hybrid structure are obtained, and based on this, a structure with less uncertainty is determined. The proposed method has been used to determine the appropriate structure of renewable units in Bushehr region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Using the new meta-heuristic algorithm to determine the optimal capacity and location of electric car parking with the presence of renewable energy sources in the distribution system
Reza SedaghatiDue to the importance of distribution systems, optimal planning and safety of these networks are very important. On the other hand, electric vehicles are one of the main characteristics of future electricity distribution networks. The uncoordinated and unmanaged presenc MoreDue to the importance of distribution systems, optimal planning and safety of these networks are very important. On the other hand, electric vehicles are one of the main characteristics of future electricity distribution networks. The uncoordinated and unmanaged presence of electric vehicles as an additional load in the network can aggravate problems such as voltage drop, voltage stability and increase in network losses. In order to alleviate the effects caused by the uncontrolled presence of these cars, it is necessary to manage their required power in coordination with other dispersed production sources. Therefore, we should try to reduce losses by properly planning the charging and discharging of cars, along with scattered productions, having the right voltage and, as a result, better economic efficiency. Therefore, in this article, the optimal use of electric car parking lots with the presence of renewable energy sources in the distribution system has been studied. Optimization of the problem, a new meta-heuristic algorithm based on the flower pollination algorithm was used to determine the variables of the problem, including the optimal capacity and location of solar sources, as well as electric parking lots and diesel generators in the distribution network. The problem is subject to network operation restrictions (thermal line restrictions, network bus voltage restrictions, etc.), the number of cars in electric parking lots, the permitted power capacity of solar units, and the capacity of diesels have been optimized. In this study, the capability of the proposed method based on the flower pollination algorithm has been evaluated with other algorithms. The simulation was done on the distribution network of 33 IEEE buses, and the results show that the convergence speed and accuracy of the proposed method is high. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The presentation of energy models in programs of socio-economic development
Mohammadreza Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
4 - Feasibility study on establish photovoltaic powerhouse to produce urban electricity need Case study: Garmsar
نرگس منصوری اسماعیل شیعهIntroduction: According to the energy balance sheet; 99% of energy resources is fossil in Iran. On the other hand; base on the World Bank statistics, during 10 years, air pollution damage will rise to $ 16000000. In this situation and especially because of natural poten MoreIntroduction: According to the energy balance sheet; 99% of energy resources is fossil in Iran. On the other hand; base on the World Bank statistics, during 10 years, air pollution damage will rise to $ 16000000. In this situation and especially because of natural potential using solar energy as a powerhouse is acceptable. Usage of photovoltaic as a powerhouse is one of the new ways to produce energy in regions which have suitable irradiation. Furthermore it needs precise feasibility study to find best location. Methodology: This study has used AHP method to weight criteria and sub criteria which effect on photovoltaic farms. Then GIS is used to locate photovoltaic farms. So this study is an experimental research. Findings: 1) Economics is the most important criteria and the final electricity cost is the most important factor to establish a photovoltaic powerhouse. 2) Suitable areas for a solar powerhouse can be found around Garmsar (one of the internal desert areas in Iran) which has sufficient potential to produce electricity. Results: Land use and land cover are factors which contains 96.4% of whole. As a result, mentioned factors have the most important role in photovoltaic farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Designing a Pattern of the Renewable Energy Utilization in the Rural areas of Zanjan Province
Sevil Hatami Seyed Jamal Hosseini Seyed Mehdi MirdamadiToday, the renewable energy utilazation is considered as one of the most important ways to environment conservation and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the design of Pattern for renewable energy uti MoreToday, the renewable energy utilazation is considered as one of the most important ways to environment conservation and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the design of Pattern for renewable energy utilization in rural areas of Zanjan province. The study population was consisting of rural households that were covered by new energy technology in Zanjan province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 210 of the households were selected as samples. A questionnaire was used in quantitative research. Reliability and validity of survey instrument was evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (in the range of 0.72 to 0.90) shows acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between educational, socio-cultural, political and environmental factors with the dependent variable of renewable energy utilization and these variables explained 37% of variances of dependent variable. But there was no significant relationship between economic and technical factors with the renewable energy utilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigation of Interrelationship between Renewable Energy- Sustainable Development- Co2 Emmision in Iran: Bayesian VAR Approach
Davood Behboudi Parviz Mohammadzadeh Soha MoosaviBackground and Objective: Due to the limitation of fossil energy resources and problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential to focus on renewable energy resources, because it can be used to achieve sustainable development goals. Thus, the purpose of this MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the limitation of fossil energy resources and problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential to focus on renewable energy resources, because it can be used to achieve sustainable development goals. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate relations among renewable energy, CO2 emissions and sustainable development and compared to non-renewable energy in Iran. Method: In this study, dynamic interrelationships in the sustainable development-energy- CO2 emissions nexus is examined by applying bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) in Iran over the period 1980-2013. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the indicator commonly used to measure economic growth and sustainable development, but this indicator is inefficient for evaluating development. One of the most prominent alternative indicators for sustainable development is the Index of Genuine Savings (GS). For this purpose, in this study GS is used as an indicator of sustainable development. Findings: Results reveal that the impact of creating positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on sustainable development in Iran is positive. Also, positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption causes an increase in CO2 emission. Moreover, the impact of an increase in sustainable development is positive on renewable energy consumption and is negative on non-renewable energy consumption. Discussion and Conclusion: It is suggested that policy makers prioritize the promotion of energy supply diversification policies, especially renewable energy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Design, simulation and comparison of two novel renewable energy systems consisting of solar, biofuel and incineration plant to generate power and freshwater in Abu Musa Island
mohsen rostami Masoud Behzadinia Amirhamzeh FarajollahiBackground and Objective: With population growth and the pattern changes of the societies towards consuming more energy and resources, the reduction of fossil fuel reserves, lack of access to freshwater resources, and increasing environmental pollutants caused people to MoreBackground and Objective: With population growth and the pattern changes of the societies towards consuming more energy and resources, the reduction of fossil fuel reserves, lack of access to freshwater resources, and increasing environmental pollutants caused people to feel the need of using new and cleaner methods of energy production. Therefore, the use of renewable energy systems is one way to solve some of these problems. Material and Methodology: The present research is descriptive-analytical with an applied approach that its purpose is to use renewable energy in two design scenarios including solar collector, biofuels, and incineration plant in order to meet the partial need for the power and freshwater of the island. The simulation of the two proposed scenarios was performed by MATLAB, TRNSYS, and AspenTech engineering software. Techno-economical evaluations of the power and freshwater produced along with environmental impacts were also analyzed and reported. Findings: According to the results, it was found that the second scenario consisting of incineration plant - biofuel produced more power and freshwater than the first scenario and can also facilitate the management of waste in the region, while the first design including a solar collector - biofuel despite its lower power production, supplied cleaner energy with much better financial results. Discussion and Conclusion: To summarize, both proposed scenarios have high potential to meet a major portion of the region's needs, and, based on strategic policies and sustainable development, each design can be selected according to the current priorities of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Utilization of renewable energy resources in European Union’s Legal System
Seyed Abbas Poor Hashemi Loabat Taghavi Azam Parande MotlaghToday, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent y MoreToday, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent years especially in developed countries and employing this kind of energies for environmental protection has been successful. Despite the importance of renewable energies, unfortunately, this type of energy are not widely used in all countries. It is clear that renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.Based on the European Union model, in order to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection, the use of fossil energy sources to renewable energy sources such as wind energy , solar energy, global warming , alternative energy, biomass, etc., are very essential. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current EU legal system to promote of the utilization of renewable resources that can be considered as one of the models studied in this context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The role of Energy Building Management system(EBMS) in optimization of energy consumption in the building
sanaz Ghazi Azam NaderiEnergy Building Management System (EBMS) creates ideal situation due to energy efficiency of thebuildings with consideration of the latest technologies.Although limitation of energy sources is one of the critical problems in human life, urbanization inunsuitab MoreEnergy Building Management System (EBMS) creates ideal situation due to energy efficiency of thebuildings with consideration of the latest technologies.Although limitation of energy sources is one of the critical problems in human life, urbanization inunsuitable locations is other factor for energy wasting in the buildings. Consequently, consideration of a Seri ofchanges in heating and cooling systems of the buildings could be prevented of energy wasting in differentparts of the buildings. Design of intelligence energy management system and application of renewableenergies such as solar and wind could be minimized energy consumption. In this paper, samples of designand installation of intelligence management system.in the country were surveyed and with comparison ofthese studies, some suggestions were presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Presenting a Multi-Objective Stochastic Integrated Energy Management Model in Electrical and Thermal Microgrids by Locating CHP and Battery Sources, Thermal Storage and Demand Side Management
Elmira Akhavan Maroofi Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam Azita Azarfar Reza Davarzani Mojtaba VahediIn this paper, an optimization model based on stochastic quadratic mixed integer programming to provide an integrated energy management of electricity and heat in electrical and thermal microgrids, taking into account the uncertainty of renewable energy sources, locatio MoreIn this paper, an optimization model based on stochastic quadratic mixed integer programming to provide an integrated energy management of electricity and heat in electrical and thermal microgrids, taking into account the uncertainty of renewable energy sources, location of electricity generation sources and combined heat and power (CHP) along with energy and thermal storage systems and demand side management are provided in island operation and connected to the grid. A multi-objective function including minimization of energy loss, voltage deviation, cost of resource utilization, as well as reduction of renewable energy sources and reduction of installation cost is considered. The IEEE 69 bus distribution network was selected for analysis and coding was done in MATLAB software and CVX optimization package. The proposed model is also solved by the most powerful existing solver called Gurobi. The obtained results show the performance and accuracy of the proposed model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - A tri-level optimization model for utilizing the potential of IoT-based subscribers and electric vehicles in energy and ancillary services markets
Leyla Karami Amir Ahmarinejad Mahmood Hosseini Aliabadi Arash DanaThis paper presents a tri-level model for the simultaneous management of energy and ancillary services markets between transmission and distribution networks integrated with renewable energy sources, smart homes based on the Internet of Things, and electric vehicles. In MoreThis paper presents a tri-level model for the simultaneous management of energy and ancillary services markets between transmission and distribution networks integrated with renewable energy sources, smart homes based on the Internet of Things, and electric vehicles. In the first level of the proposed model, smart homes plan their participation in the energy and regulation markets and send it to the distribution network operator. In the second level, the operators of the distribution networks plan their area according to the programs received from the smart homes and determine their strategy for participation in the energy, reservation and adjustment markets. In the third level, the strategy of distribution networks is sent to the operator of the transmission system so that the final planning of the energy, reservation and adjustment markets can be done according to them. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem and solved by GUROBI solver in GAMS. The implementation of the proposed model showed that this model was able to significantly use the potential of subscribers based on the Internet of Things, electric vehicles, storage systems and demand response programs to improve the technical aspects of transmission and distribution networks as well as to improve the economic aspects of energy markets and ancillary services. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The use of renewable energies for air conditioning and its role in reforming consumption patterns
Nima HemmatiThis paper examines the opportunities and potential use of renewable energy resources in Iran's.The energy necessary for economic development , social and quality of life and continuous energy, and sustainable economic growth is necessary for any development .Iran has c MoreThis paper examines the opportunities and potential use of renewable energy resources in Iran's.The energy necessary for economic development , social and quality of life and continuous energy, and sustainable economic growth is necessary for any development .Iran has considerable natural resources to modernize energy supply and the transition to a sustainable energy system is .For the use of wind energy , geothermal energy , hydroelectric power development and use of solar thermal energy is ideal context forIn addition, this study is based on a case study on renewable energy and solar thermal energy and its use in the air conditioning to reduce the use of fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect is taken into consideration . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Optimal Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on 100% Renewable Energy for Supplying Cryptocurrency Mining Farm and Critical Loads in Off-Grid and Grid-Tied States
Reza HemmatiThis research proposes a novel method for utilizing renewable energies in electric vehicle charging stations. In the proposed method, the required energy for charging the electric vehicles, the needed energy for supplying the cryptocurrency mining farm as well as the en MoreThis research proposes a novel method for utilizing renewable energies in electric vehicle charging stations. In the proposed method, the required energy for charging the electric vehicles, the needed energy for supplying the cryptocurrency mining farm as well as the energy for supplying the critical loads of the upstream grid are afforded by 100% renewable resources, and the electric vehicle parking station (i.e., charging station) receives no energy from the utility grid. In this model, the uncertainty of renewable energies and the mismatch between generation and demand are resolved by optimal charging-discharging of electric vehicles. While the utility grid is available, the electric vehicles are fully charged, the cryptocurrency mining farm continues operation at full capacity, and excess renewable energy is sent to the upstream grid to supply the critical loads. The critical loads are supplied from two directions of the grid and parking station. During an outage or blackout of the utility grid, the critical loads are fully supplied by an electric vehicle parking station. In this situation, the cryptocurrency miners are modeled as a responsive load. In the off-grid operation, the proposed planning manages the energy of cryptocurrency miners as well as the charging-discharging pattern of electric vehicles for reaching two objectives of fully charging all the electric vehicles and fully supplying the critical loads. If there is any surplus of energy, it is used to run the cryptocurrency miners. In the proposed model, since no energy is received from the utility grid, the issues related to cryptocurrency mining are inconsequential. The objective function of the proposed method is to minimize the number of discharge cycles on electric vehicles to avoid battery degradation. The problem is formulated as mixed integer linear programming and solved by GAMS software. The wind and solar energy uncertainty are incorporated in the model and an optimal charging-discharging pattern is designed for electric vehicles to confirm feasible operation under all energy variations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Distribution Systems Energy Management in the presence of Smart Homes, Renewable Energy Resources and Demand Response Programs by Considering Uncertainties
Seyed Alireza Alavimatin Pouria Radmehr Amir Ahmarinejad Seyed Amir MansouriIn this paper, a comprehensive energy management model is proposed in order to the operation of a ‎modified 33-radial bus distribution system, in the presence of smart homes. In the proposed model, ‎smart home customers are able to participate in a demand respon MoreIn this paper, a comprehensive energy management model is proposed in order to the operation of a ‎modified 33-radial bus distribution system, in the presence of smart homes. In the proposed model, ‎smart home customers are able to participate in a demand response (DR) program and their comfort ‎index is also considered as the main constraint. The model also considers uncertainties related to the ‎load demand, the generation of renewable energy resources and electricity price. The Monte Carlo ‎simulation method and the ScenRed tool are utilized to generate and reduce the scenarios, respectively. ‎In order to mimic the actual operating conditions, in the simulation, the seasonal variations of load ‎and generation are considered and the operation problem is solved for four seasons.‎‏ ‏A linear AC ‎power flow is also used in the model. Finally, the problem is modeled as a mixed-integer linear ‎programming (MILP) problem and solved by the CPLEX solver in GAMS software. The simulation ‎results demonstrate that the model proposed in this study is a comprehensive framework for the ‎operation of distribution systems in the presence of smart homes, which not only reduces operating ‎costs but also increases the consumers’ comfort index.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Design and Implementation of a Local Blockchain-based Peer-to-Peer Energy Exchange Platform
Mohammad Reza Jabbarpour Alimohammad SaghiriIn recent years, attention to renewable energy and distributed generation has increased due to increased energy demand and environmental pollution. To this end, in the new power grid structure, consumers can also play a producer role. Considering that the number of pros MoreIn recent years, attention to renewable energy and distributed generation has increased due to increased energy demand and environmental pollution. To this end, in the new power grid structure, consumers can also play a producer role. Considering that the number of prosumers in this structure is much more than traditional power networks, the need for a secure, transparent, fast, scalable platform for energy exchanges has greatly increased. Blockchain technology can provide such a platform due to its unique properties. Although there are many blockchain-based platforms in different countries in enregy field, but in Iran there is no such platform. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to design and implement a local pilot platform for peer-to-peer blockchain-based energy exchange, taking into account the specific conditions of Iran's electricity grid. The macro platform architecture is designed based on the concept of Minimum Viable Product (MVP) considering functional and non-functional requirements in the form of unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. The proposed platform pilot has been implemented in the form of 4 main elements including smart contract, user interface, blockchain platform, and blockchain and non-blockchain databases and has been evaluated and tested using different scenarios. These tests mainly include the unit test and the integrity test, which were successfully performed on the platform. This platform has been designed and implemented for the first time in Iran in accordance with the Ethereum protocol and based on microservice architecture. In addition to the ability to integrate with Ethereum-based systems, this platform is scalable due to its modular design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A Three-Level Framework for Determining the Optimal Strategy of Microgrids to Participate in the Day-Ahead Competitive Market by Considering Electric Vehicles and Demand Response Programs
Abolfazl Bayatian Amir AhmarinejadIn this paper, a three-level scenario-based framework for determining the optimal strategy and planning of microgrids located in a 118-bus distribution system is presented. This paper considers the uncertai­nties of renewable energy resources, load demand, and the c MoreIn this paper, a three-level scenario-based framework for determining the optimal strategy and planning of microgrids located in a 118-bus distribution system is presented. This paper considers the uncertai­nties of renewable energy resources, load demand, and the charge / discharge schedule of electric vehicles. In order to increase planning flexibility, the operator will be able to change the flow through the distribution feeder reconfiguration. Also in the proposed model, customers will be able to reduce their costs by participating in a demand response program. In the first level of the proposed model, the bidding strategy of microgrids is determined. In the second level, the market clearing price is determined by the independent system operator and according to the submitted bids. Finally, in the third stage, the problem of final microgrid programming is solved by a participatory game theory method. The proposed model is solved by the CPLEX solver in GAMS software and the results show that the dynamic topology improves the planning flexibility and thus reduces the total operating cost by about 10%. The results also show that the coordination of electric vehicles with scheduling, the presence of storage systems and the implementation of the demand response program leads to a significant reduction in the level of market-clearing price and thus reduce operating costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - بررسی تاثیر روشهای آموزشی و ترویجی بر بکارگیری انرژی های تجدیدپذیر توسط مرغداران استان سمنان
Mohsen Mohammadi Mohammad Sabouri Seyed Sadjad Seyed Sabouriهدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر روش های آموزشی و ترویجی بر بکارگیری انرژی های تجدیدپذیر توسط کشاورزان استان سمنان بود. این تحقیق بر اساس روش کاربردی و از طریق توصیفی-همبستگی انجام شده است. جامعه اماری این تحقیق مرغداران استان سمنان بودند که به هر روشی از انرزی های ت Moreهدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر روش های آموزشی و ترویجی بر بکارگیری انرژی های تجدیدپذیر توسط کشاورزان استان سمنان بود. این تحقیق بر اساس روش کاربردی و از طریق توصیفی-همبستگی انجام شده است. جامعه اماری این تحقیق مرغداران استان سمنان بودند که به هر روشی از انرزی های تجدیدپذیر استفاده می نمودند که در نهایت 89 نفر مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه بود(29 سئوال اصلی و 108 سئوال مرتبط در طیف لیکرت). همچنین جهت دستیابی به اطلاعات از مصاحبه با کارشناسان و اساتید دانشگاه نیز استفاده شد. روایی پرسشنامه از طریق سنجش محتوی و پایایی آن از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (از 0.801 تا 0.925) مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده رابطه معنی دار و قوی بین آموزش و ترویج و بکارگیری انرژی های تجدیدپذیر توسط کشاورزان وجود دارد. همچنین مهمترین منبع کسب اطلاعات و دانش از دیدگاه کشاورزان شرکت در دوره های آموزشی و ترویجی بود. همچنین بر اساس نتایج حاصله از معادله رگرسیون گام به گام عواملی شامل بازدید از مزارع نمونه، شرکت در دوره های آموزشی و ترویجی، تهیه و توزیع نشریات، برگزاری کارگاه های کشاورزی در مراکز ترویج و مراجعه کارشناسان به مرغداری ها، 78.5% واریانس متغیر وابسته تحقیق را تبیین می نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - عوامل موثر بر میزان استفاده از انرژی زیست توده توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک در ایران
سیده مرضیه رازقی حسین شعبانعلی فمی روح اله رضاییهدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی تولید و استفاده از زیست­توده به عنوان منبع انرژی توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش واقع در استان مرکزی ایران است. به لحاظ شیوه گردآوری داده­ها، این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را تمامی کشاورزان خرده مال Moreهدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی تولید و استفاده از زیست­توده به عنوان منبع انرژی توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش واقع در استان مرکزی ایران است. به لحاظ شیوه گردآوری داده­ها، این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را تمامی کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش تشکیل می­دهند (2470N=) که براساس نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای تصادفی، تعداد 300 نفر از آنان انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری دادهها از پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. روایی پرسشنامه با نظر گروهی از کارشناسان و متخصصان مورد تایید قرار گرفت. برای تعیین پایایی ابزار تحقیق پیشآزمون انجام گرفت که مقدار آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شده برای مقیاس­های اصلی پرسشنامه بیشتر از 75/0 بود. نتایج نشان داد بقایای گیاهان و حیوانات به عنوان منبع بالقوه انرژی تجدید پذیر شناخته می­شوند، اما هیچ سیاست و دستورالعمل خاصی برای استفاده بهینه از آنها، به ویژه در سازمان­هایی مانند جهاد کشاورز وجود ندارد. به همین دلیل بسیاری از کشاورزان مقدار قابل توجهی هیزم را می­سوزانند بدون اینکه از کاربرد بالقوه آن آگاه باشند. یافته­ها نشان داد که "تنوع فعالیت­های تولیدی" بیشترین تأثیر را در استفاده از انرژی زیست­توده داشته و متغیر "هزینه سالانه گاز منزل" و "سابقه کار دامداری" به ترتیب مهمترین عوامل به ترتیب تأثیرگذار بر متغیر وابسته بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - مصرف انرژی در مزارع (مورد مطالعه:دهستان دیره، استان کرمانشاه)
نشمیل افشارزاده عبدالحمید پاپ زدن سهراب دل انگیزان مهدی اشجعیاین پژوهش بر میزان مصرف گازوئیل به عنوان یکی از انرژی های تجدیدناپذیر توسط ماشین آلات و پمپ آب کشاورزی در مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره دراستان کرمانشاه تمرکزکرده است. حجم نمونه در این مطالعه با استفاده از جدول بارتلت تعیین شد. برای انتخاب پاسخ دهندگان، ازروش­های نمو Moreاین پژوهش بر میزان مصرف گازوئیل به عنوان یکی از انرژی های تجدیدناپذیر توسط ماشین آلات و پمپ آب کشاورزی در مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره دراستان کرمانشاه تمرکزکرده است. حجم نمونه در این مطالعه با استفاده از جدول بارتلت تعیین شد. برای انتخاب پاسخ دهندگان، ازروش­های نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی و سرشماری استفاده شد. نمونه­ها مشتمل بر247 کشاورز گندمکار، 235 ذرت­کار و 57 راننده تراکتور بودند که بر مبنای جدول بارتلت انتخاب شدند. رانندگان کمباین و صاحبان پمپ­های دیزلی آبیاری سرشماری شدند (N = 15، N = 48). ابزار گردآوری داده­ها پرسشنامه بود و تحلیل داده­ها توسط نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. این یافته­ها نشان داد هم در مزارع گندم و هم مزارع ذرت، آماده­سازی خاک بالاترین مصرف گازوئیل را به ترتیب با 49٪ و 37٪ دارا بود. افزون بر این، مقدار گازوئیل مصرف شده در 3600 هکتار مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره معادل 6/403852 لیتر/سال معادل MJ 399،346،15 بود. سوزاندن این مقدار از گازوئیل سالانه حدود 094 ,058,1 کیلوگرم CO2 تولید می­کند. به طور کلی، ماشین آلات کشاورزی، پمپاژ آب و آبیاری برای دو محصول عمده­ی دهستان به نحو گسترده ای وابسته به سوخت­های فسیلی و تجدید ناپذیر است که نتیجه­ی آن انتشار مقدار زیادی CO2 می­باشد. این رو، به نظر می­رسد یک سیاست تهاجمی و نوآورانه برای بازسازی و طراحی مجدد سیستم انرژی در بخش کشاورزی در سطح ملی و محلی مورد نیاز جدی کشوربوده و تغییر پارادایم به کشاورزی پایدار و توسعه انرژی پاک و تجدید پذیر در بخش کشاورزی ایران اجتناب ناپذیر است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Modeling and evaluating an investment without any delay in renewable resources based on real option approach (Case study: Optimal feed-in tariff for solar renewable resource in Iran)
Reyhaneh Sayyadinejad Ali Mohammad KimiagariInvestors are faced with a wide range of investment options. Considering the growing demand for energy and the limitations of non-renewable resources (RES) , the importance of modeling and evaluating investment in RES has become significant for both investors and policy MoreInvestors are faced with a wide range of investment options. Considering the growing demand for energy and the limitations of non-renewable resources (RES) , the importance of modeling and evaluating investment in RES has become significant for both investors and policymaker. The purpose of this study is to model and evaluate investment in RES with the aim of attracting investors without delay by determining the optimal level of the RE tariff by applying the Real Option approach (ROA). For modeling, a five-factor set of uncertainty, delay option, climatic differences has been considered and for implementation, a combination of backward dynamic programming algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation and geometric Brownian motion has been used. The results show investing in RES without considering the subsidy is not attractive for investors to investment without delay and then investors and policymakers need to apply ROA to evaluate and invest. The optimal tariff is estimated at an average of 503,000 Rials and the tariff should be adjusted according to the climatic conditions. By technology advancement, Implementation of CO2 trading scheme, the investment value increases and the optimal subsidy is reduced. The optimal subsidy is directly related to tax rate, capacity, exchange rate, discount rate and volatility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Downtown Tehran as an Eco-park: The Implementation of Urban Ecological Design in Historic Contexts Based on Glocal Values
SAMANEH MOHSENI Mahmud RezaeiMegacities are highly responsible for the emissions of environmental pollution, energy overconsumption, and the threat of non-renewable natural resources. Therefore, it is vital to develop the ecological design indicators with an energy approach, especially for the hist MoreMegacities are highly responsible for the emissions of environmental pollution, energy overconsumption, and the threat of non-renewable natural resources. Therefore, it is vital to develop the ecological design indicators with an energy approach, especially for the historical urban fabrics, which in addition to environmental issues, have witnessed the migration of indigenous people as a result of physical and cultural degradation. Therefore, this article seeks ways to implement urban design with a renewable energy approach in urban historic contexts, which can be noticeable at the level of the world’s heritage. The research aims to encourage young and active people to live in the neighborhood with a green and sustainable lifestyle respecting energy sources, reducing pollution, and improving local identities at a global level. It thus studies the plausible futures with a series of techniques including Delphi, design solutions, and visioning with a case study method. The case of research is Downtown Tehran focusing on Sangelaj Neighborhood, somewhere between Tahmasebi’s and Naseri’s fortifications. After going through the three stages of design solutions, including context appraisal, vision, and action plans, a Delphi technique evaluates solutions in three consecutive rounds. Panelists including professional urban and architectural designers, as well as experts in urban energy, restoration, environment, traffic, and geology reached a consensus. Findings show that participatory visioning techniques, which mean engaging urban actors such as people and organizations, will improve the implementation of an urban eco-park, with energy, ecological and historical approaches. It thus provides a circular economy and circular neighborhood. The article then proposes strategies such as the complete street, and the use of renewable energies including recycling wastewater, using solar energies, and wind power. These suggestions will highlight the rich historical and natural background of the neighborhood such as Iranian gardens and aqueducts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Assessment of physical and chemical characteristics of Camelina Methyl Ester (CME) as biodiesel
H. Bakhoda M. Almassi S. Minaee H. Mashhadi Meighani In order to study the suitability of using vegetable oils as fuels (biodiesel), Camelina Sativa because of its low production costs rather than other oil seeds was chosen as a based oil. Camelina Sativa oil was extracted with integrated me More In order to study the suitability of using vegetable oils as fuels (biodiesel), Camelina Sativa because of its low production costs rather than other oil seeds was chosen as a based oil. Camelina Sativa oil was extracted with integrated mechanical and chemical methods and biodiesel was made by transesterification process. Different blends of Camelina methyl ester (CME) and common diesel fuel were made with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in volume basis and compare with net diesel fuel as control. Fuel blends named B00, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 respectively. The fuel tests results showed increase in density, specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, cetane index from B00 to B100 as 4.3, 4.3, 14.7, 36.5, 29 and 12.28 percent respectively and an increase in distillation range. The result of tests on cloud point and pour point showed the increase in B00 to B100 with 66.6 and 57.14 percent respectively. Based on Sulphur content test the ratio of amount sulphur content between B00 and B100 was 1:20. Heating value of B100 was 11.55% less than B00. By increasing the percentage of CME it is possible to increase the fuel efficiency, combustion quality and also to decrease the pollution especially sulfur components. The limiting factors such as density, specific gravity and viscosity increase but decrease in heating value of combustion and fuel cost are some of the barriers in using high percentage of CME in compound fuel. Manuscript profile
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