آب مجازی

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude of Non-medical Students about Virtual Water Recognize with the Approach of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development
Omid Tabiee

Introduction: Despite the climatic changes and the recent droughts in Iran, as well as, the rising trend of development of industrial and agricultural activities, Iran are exposed to the severe water crisis. Thus, in order to tackle this problem, and management of water More

Introduction: Despite the climatic changes and the recent droughts in Iran, as well as, the rising trend of development of industrial and agricultural activities, Iran are exposed to the severe water crisis. Thus, in order to tackle this problem, and management of water supplies at risk, virtual water and water footprint Culture Assessment an acceptable method for achieving sustainable development and environmental protection goals. To reduce and prevent water crisis as well as protection of environment the current study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the level of knowledge and attitudes of non-medical students on virtual water principles in environmental protection goals. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical study and samples include 384 non-medical students from Islamic Azad universities in Fars province who were selected by convenient sampling method. The self-administrated questionnaire included a demographic questionnaire and as well as their knowledge on virtual water and practice regarding willingness to conservation of environment was completed for all the study population through interviews. Subsequently, descriptive statistics, x2, and Mann-Whitney test and kruscal-wallis test were employed for analysis using SPSS Software (version 21). Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that, 98.2 percent of the people had poor awareness about virtual water recognize and role of virtual water in environmental protection and 83.8% of people were interested in increasing knowledge and attitudes on virtual water. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between knowledge and sex, awareness and levels of education and knowledge and age (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, 98.2 percent of the people had poor awareness about virtual water recognize and role of virtual water in environmental protection and 83.8% of people were interested in increasing knowledge and attitudes on virtual water. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between knowledge and sex, awareness and levels of education and knowledge and age (P< 0.05). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Using of Virtual Water Footprint Concept in Livestock Productions for Water Resources Conservation
Ehsan Movahednejad Hadi Ramezani Etedali Alireza Shokoohi

Agricultural water footprint is more than 90 percent of fresh water resources in Iran. About 30 percent of it is used as feed for livestock. The livestock industry is one of the world's most water-based industries, especially in Iran. In this study, the mean livestock f More

Agricultural water footprint is more than 90 percent of fresh water resources in Iran. About 30 percent of it is used as feed for livestock. The livestock industry is one of the world's most water-based industries, especially in Iran. In this study, the mean livestock feed in the three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin were estimated and then, using the Mekonnen and Hokkstra method, the water footprint was calculated. Then these values compared to the average water footprint in other countries (Netherlands, USA, Russia, Mexico, India and the world average). The values of virtual water footprint for producing beef were estimated 44.49, 45.18 and 45.51 m3/kg in milk production were estimated 2.24, 2.25 and 2.43 m3/Lit in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces respectively. The global average water footprints of beef and milk are 14.4 m3/kg and 1 m3/Lit. This comparision shows that the virtual water footprint in cattle production in Iran is higher than the global average. Based on the results of this study, the high water footprint in animal feed production and poor management of livestock farms are the main reseans of the high water footprint in Animal Production. Reducing water footprint in domestic forage production or forage imports is suggested due to the high contribution of nutrition to the high water footprint of beef and milk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Investigating the impacts of latitude on virtual water content of major crops in the eastern provinces of Iran
Ali Arefinia Khaled Ahmadaali

Temperature is a key factor in yield, crop water requirement, and then virtual water of various agricultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of latitude as one of the most effective factors on the variation of virtual water of agricultural More

Temperature is a key factor in yield, crop water requirement, and then virtual water of various agricultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of latitude as one of the most effective factors on the variation of virtual water of agricultural products. In this research, the virtual water content of nine major plants including wheat, barley, alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, watermelon, tomato, onion and potato in four eastern provinces (including 56 cities) of Iran was calculated based on 20-year statistical data. Then, the average virtual water of each plant was calculated in different latitudes from 〖25〗^° to 〖38〗^°N at 1^° intervals using ArcGIS software. The regression between the average virtual water with crop water requirement and yield of the products revealed a positive correlation between virtual water and crop water requirement (r=0.65) and a negative correlation between virtual water and yield (r= 0.74). The average virtual water from the lowest to the highest was 0.19, 0.38, 0.45, 0.46, 0.53, 0.57, 1.59, 1.69, and 1.80 thousand cubic meters per ton for corn, sugar beet, onion, watermelon, tomato, potato, alfalfa, barley, and wheat, respectively. The results showed that the variation pattern of virtual water of the studied products across different latitude was Gaussian. Despite the different maximum values of virtual water, they occurred in the latitude range of 〖30〗^° to 〖33〗^° N and by moving away from the mentioned range to higher or lower latitude, the virtual water content of all products decreases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - بررسی مبادله آب مجازی و تأثیر آن بر بهره وری آب در اراضی تحت پوشش شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب شوشتر
افشان فارغ زاده اصلان اگدرنژاد

آب اولین و اساسی ترین عامل محدود کننده تولید محصولات کشاورزی است و بدون شک، بحران آب به عنوان یکی از چالش های بین المللی مورد توجه دولت ها و جوامع بشری می باشد. با توجه به اینکه آب مجازی برای اولین بار به عنوان راهی برای مقابله با کمبود آب در کشورهای دارای منابع آب محدو More

آب اولین و اساسی ترین عامل محدود کننده تولید محصولات کشاورزی است و بدون شک، بحران آب به عنوان یکی از چالش های بین المللی مورد توجه دولت ها و جوامع بشری می باشد. با توجه به اینکه آب مجازی برای اولین بار به عنوان راهی برای مقابله با کمبود آب در کشورهای دارای منابع آب محدود مورد استفاده قرار گرفت، لذا کشورهای با آب کم باید به واردات مواد غذایی از کشورهای دارای آب فراوان به منظور صرفه جویی در منابع محدود آب بپردازند. بنابراین آب مجازی می تواند در کشورهای کم آب مانند ایران به عنوان راهکاری برای کاهش فشار بر منابع آب در نظر گرفت. لذا توجه به مقوله آب مجازی به عنوان راهکاری جهت مدیریت مصرف آب در شرایط بحرانی کم آبی می تواند ضروری به نظر برسد. هدف از این پژوهش، محاسبه آب مجازی محصولات کشاورزی بوده و پس از شناسایی جریان آب مجازی و برآورد میزان آن، شاخص های میزان صادرات، واردات و خالص مبادله آب مجازی، بهره وری، شدت مصرف آب در منطقه و وابستگی یا خودکفایی منطقه به آب مورد نیاز بررسی شده است. محصولات مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش، صیفی جات شامل خیار و گوجه فرنگی بوده که اطلاعات مورد نیاز از سال 1390 الی 1396 جمع آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد، صیفی جات جزء محصولات کم مصرف با بهره وری آب بالا قرار دارند و صادرات آب مجازی در مقایسه با واردات آب مجازی بیشتر بوده و خالص آب مبادله آب مجازی 32/7838- مترمکعب در هکتار است. همچنین شدت وابستگی به آب در منطقه پژوهش در طول دوره افزایشی بوده و در کل از نظر تأمین آب مورد نیاز برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی (خیار و گوجه فرنگی) خودکفا می باشد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Application of Goal Programming to Determination of Optimum Cropping Pattern Emphasizing on Virtual Water in Kurdistan Province
mostafa baghbanyan Hamed Ghaderzadeh Ghodratollah Emamverdi Marjan Damankeshideh Narciss Amin Rashti,

Nowadays, production of economic production is one of the most important of policymaker’s tensions. Address to this. It is necessary to merge the farmer’s aims along policy makers as well as their necessities. Therefore, the current study attempted to invest More

Nowadays, production of economic production is one of the most important of policymaker’s tensions. Address to this. It is necessary to merge the farmer’s aims along policy makers as well as their necessities. Therefore, the current study attempted to investigate on optimum cropping pattern of agricultural crops in Kurdistan province respect to each county emphasizing on minimize virtual water. To follow research aim the necessary data were collected for the agricultural year 2015-6 using goal programming. The results showed that, the current cropping pattern does not has no comparative advantage and it has to experience significant change. In other words, the current cropping pattern willing must to change from mixed form to specialized one according to comparative advantage according to resource possibilities of each district. The range of change showed that, there are significant decrease and increase in some crops compare to current situation. The results showed that, irrigated wheat did not get permission to enter optimum model. In addition, the most of current crop due to low return as well as disadvantage of study area omitted in recommended pattern. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Changes in Virtual Water Trade Balance in Iran: A Structural Decomposition Analysis
Nooraddin Sharify Hossein Esmaeili

10.30495/eco.2023.1968378.2696

This paper investigates the situation of foreign trade to compensate for water shortage problems in Iran. Using input-output tables of 2011 and 2016 tables, the changes in virtual water trade balance in this period were investigated. Results indicate that in spite of th More

This paper investigates the situation of foreign trade to compensate for water shortage problems in Iran. Using input-output tables of 2011 and 2016 tables, the changes in virtual water trade balance in this period were investigated. Results indicate that in spite of the positive trade balance in these years, international trade caused virtual water to enter the country. However, both the value of the trade balance of products and the trade balance of virtual water in 2016 decreased compared to 2011. Overall, despite the increase in the import of virtual water due to the decrease in the total backward linkage of final products and the change in the share of exports and imports in the foreign trade balance; changes in the trade balance, the intensity of direct water consumption, the structure of production, and the structure of traded goods, respectively, contributed the most to the reduction of virtual water imports. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Evaluation of Agricultural Situation in Shoosh Danial City from Virtual Water Perspective
Mohammad Aghapour Sabbaghi Fysal Fazle

Due to lack of water resources in the country, the use of new concepts such as virtual water in the resource management process has a significant role. In this study, the city of Susa Daniel agriculture from the perspective of virtual water has been studied. The results More

Due to lack of water resources in the country, the use of new concepts such as virtual water in the resource management process has a significant role. In this study, the city of Susa Daniel agriculture from the perspective of virtual water has been studied. The results of the study showed that the virtual water level of this city equals 135,362 million cubic meters per year. This number show that exports of virtual water is the city more than importing . One of the most important reasons for the export of virtual water in the city of Susa water based products such as sugar cane, rice, corn and tomato. The main source for importing virtual water caused by citrus, date, barely and potato. The results also showed that the city of Susa has little potential in the use of green water. Sothat only about 5.5 percent of province production garden produced by green water. Therefore, it is suggested cropping pattern Susa city change to greater use of green water andavoid of planting summer crops such as corn and vegetables . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - شبیه سازی و مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب تحت سناریوی آب مجازی مطالعه موردی: حوضه هیرمند ایران
علی سردار شهرکی جواد شهرکی سید آرمان هاشمی منفرد

حوضه هیرمند به دلیل وجود خشکسالی، همچنین رشد روز افزون مصارف آب و رقابت بخشهای مختلف، وارد مرحله بحرانی آب شده است، این خطر در سالهای آتی تشدیدتر خواهد شد. بنابراین برای مقابله با آن می بایست نسبت به انواع مصرف آب با حساسیت بیشتری برخورد کرد. از جمله این More

حوضه هیرمند به دلیل وجود خشکسالی، همچنین رشد روز افزون مصارف آب و رقابت بخشهای مختلف، وارد مرحله بحرانی آب شده است، این خطر در سالهای آتی تشدیدتر خواهد شد. بنابراین برای مقابله با آن می بایست نسبت به انواع مصرف آب با حساسیت بیشتری برخورد کرد. از جمله این مصارف، آب مجازی میباشد. در پژوهش حاضر، تقاضای آب مجازی محصولات کشاورزی منطقه سیستان در سال زراعی 93-1392 محاسبه و با استفاده از مدل WEAP  اثرات اجرای این سناریو از سال 2015 تا 2030 بر منابع و مصارف آب پیشبینی گردید. طبق نتایج محصولات گوجهفرنگی و یونجه با اینکه نیازآبی بالایی داشتند، اما به سبب عملکرد بالای تولید، تقاضای آب مجازی کمتری داشتهاند، همچنین بیشترین نیاز آب مجازی برای دو محصول گندم و جو بدست آمد. نتایج مدل WEAP نشان داد که در سناریوی آب مجازی، سالیانه به طور میانگین مقدار تقاضای آب 61 درصد برای کارایی خالص و 17 درصد برای کارایی به حالت فعلی کمتر شده است. تقاضای تأمین نشده حدود 383 میلیون متر مکعب کاهش خواهد یافت. بنابراین با توجه به شرایط خشکسالی حاکم بر منطقه، اجرای این سناریو در جهت حفظ منابع آب بسیار مناسب خواهد بود، از اینرو پیشنهاد می شود که طرحهای توسعه کشاورزی در منطقه سیستان با توجه به این مفهوم آب مجازی، برنامهریزی و سرمایهگذاری شوند. Manuscript profile

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