Determining the residue of 198 different pesticides in various types of dates available in the Iranian market with the modified QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Subject Areas : Journal of Quality and Durability of Agricultural Products and Food Stuffs
Azimeh Khezri
1
,
Mehdi Ansari
2
,
Maryam Kazemipour
3
,
Maryam Amirahmadi
4
,
Mehdi Shahidi
5
1 - PhD Student, Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
2 - Professor, Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
4 - Assistant Professors ,Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Tehran, Iran
5 - Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ker-man, Iran
Keywords: tandem mass spectrometry, Pesticides Residues, QuEChERS method, Pesticides, date palm,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to develop a convenient, fast, effective and safe analytical method (QuEChERS) to determine 198 pesticide residues in date palm using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Extraction was performed with acetonitrile as the extracting solvent, magnesium sulfate in the presence of sodium chloride as the dehydration reagent, and PSA as purification phase to remove non-polar interfering substances such as lipids For this purpose, the effect of two affecting variables including extraction time and the volume of added water to the sample was investigated. To solve the effect of the matrix, the calibration curve was plotted using the analysis of spiked samples by dividing the peak area of the pesticides to the the peak area of the internal standard. The calibration curves for most pesticides were linear in the range of 15–150 μg/kg, with r2 values higher than 0.9934 and the relative standard deviation for all pesticides was ≤20%. The mean recovery rate of pesticides was 70-120% and limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 5–14 μg/kg and 14–40 μg/kg, respectively. The validated procedure was used to monitor pesticide residues in 30 fresh date samples. It can be concluded that the modified QuEChERS extraction method was efficient in analyzing pesticide residues in dates palm and none of the samples contained residues above the( Maximum Residue Limit) MRLs.
1-Heydari A, Tabrizian M, Ramezani K, Mahdavi M, Heydari V, Alizadeh B, Farvardeh L. Introduction, registration, formulation, application techniques of chemical pesticides, production of pheromones, research in the field of pesticide residues and determ-ination of their permissible limits (MRLs) in agricultural products, Botanical Research Institute Iran, Agricultural Research, Edu-cation and Promotion Organization. 2014; 51-94. [Persian]
2-Pyrzynska K. Use of nanomaterials in sample preparation. TrAC Trends in Analy-tical Chemistry. 2013; 1(43):8-100.
3-Mitra S. Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New Jearsy. 2003.
4-Qin Z. Thin film microextraction, PhD Thesis, University of Waterloo, Canada, 2010.
5-Santana-Mayor Á, Socas-Rodríguez B, Herrera-Herrera AV, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Current trends in QuEChERS method. A versatile procedure for food, environme-ntal and biological analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2019; 1(116):35-214.
6-Pihlström T, Valverde A, Reynolds S, Masselter S, de Kok A, Fernández-Alba A, et al. Method validation and quality control procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. Document n. SANCO/12495 /2011. EU Reference Laboratories for Resi-dues of Pesticides European Commission 2011.
7-European Commission. 2019. SANTE/ 12682/2019: Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. p. 48. [accessed 2019]. https://www. Eurlpestic-ides. eu /userfiles/file
8-Halim N, Kuntom A, Shinde R, Banerjee K. High throughput residue analysis of indaziflam and its metabolites in palm oil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass sp-ectrometry. Journal of AOAC Internatio-nal. 2020; 103(5):42-1237.
9-Li G, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water using dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spe-ctrumetry. Journal of chromatography A. 2008; 12;1204(1):22-119.
10-Khezri A, Ansari M, Amirahmadi M, Shahidi M, Mohamadi N, Kazemipour M. Pesticide residues in dates using a modified QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 2022:1-9.
11-M Abd El-Mageed N, I Abu-Abdoun I, AH Kayaf K, S Janaan A. Monitoring of pesticide residues in imported datepalm fruits in United Arab Emirates. 2021.
12-Attia S, Zougari S, Sahraoui H, Aloui R, Nsir S, Hached W, et al. Pesticide residues surveillance of date palm (Phoenix dactyl-lifera) in the south of Tunisia. 2019.
13-Li S, Yu P, Zhou C, Tong L, Li D, Yu Z, et al. Analysis of pesticide residues in commercially available chenpi using a modified QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS determination. Journal of Pharm-aceutical Analysis. 2019.
14-Jiang Z, Li H, Cao X, Du P, Shao H, Jin F, et al. Determination of hymexazol in 26 foods of plant origin by modified QuE-ChERS method and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Food Chemi-stry. 2017;228:9-411.
15-Pano-Farias NS, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Muñiz-Valencia R, Gonzalez J. Validation and assessment of matrix effect and uncertainty of a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry method for pesticides in papaya and avocado samples. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2017;25(3): 9-501.
16-Machado I, Gérez N, Pistón M, Heinzen H, Cesio MV. Determination of pesticide residues in globe artichoke leaves and fruits by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS using the same QuEChERS procedure. Food Chemistry. 2017;227:36-227.
17-Ferreira JA, Ferreira JMS, Talamini V, Facco JdF, Rizzetti TM, Prestes OD, et al. Determination of pesticides in coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) water and pulp using modified QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS. Food Chemistry. 2016;213:24-616.
18-Golge O, Kabak B. Evaluation of QuE-ChERS sample preparation and liquid chro-matography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrumetry method for the determination of 109 pesticide residues in tomatoes. Food Chemistry. 2015;176:32-319.
19-Paz M, Correia-Sá L, Becker H, Lon-ghinotti E, Domingues VF, Delerue-Matos C. Validation of QuEChERS method for organochlorine pesticides analysis in tamarind (Tamarindus indica) products: Pe-el, fruit and commercial pulp. Food Control. 2015;54:82-374.
20-Omar N, Bakar J, Muhammad K. Dete-rmination of organochlorine pesticides in shrimp by gas chromatography-mass spec-tro metry using a modified QuEChERS approach. Food Control. 2013;34(2):22-318.
21-Sinha SN, Bhatnagar VK, Doctor P, Toteja GS, Agnihotri NP, Kalra RL. A novel method for pesticide analysis in refined sugar samples using a gas chrom-atography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) and simple solvent extraction method. Food Chemistry. 2011;126(1):86-379.
_||_