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Open Access Article
1 - Study on the occurrence of some important viral pathogens infecting pepper in varamin area
Azin Aghazadeh Mojdeh Maleki Ali Reza GolnaraghiSurveys were conducted to determine viral diseases of pepper plants (Capsicum annum) in different regions of Varamin county during the growing seasons of 2012-2014. A total of 110 pepper leaf samples and 11 weed leaf samples were collected from plants showing virus-like MoreSurveys were conducted to determine viral diseases of pepper plants (Capsicum annum) in different regions of Varamin county during the growing seasons of 2012-2014. A total of 110 pepper leaf samples and 11 weed leaf samples were collected from plants showing virus-like symptoms. The samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies produced against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and the broad-spectrum antibodies reacting potyviruses. According to the ELISA results, virus infections were related to TMV (26.7%), followed by potyviruses (24.3%), TYLCV (23.8%), CMV (13.3%), ToMV (13.3%) and PVX (1.9%). Nearly, 64.1% of the pepper leaf samples were infected with vector-transmitted viruses and 34.5% with viruses having no known vectors for their transmission. The results also indicated that 21.0% and 77% of the samples had single and mixed virus infections. respectively The tobamovirus and potyvirus infections of the samples were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using previously described universal primer pairs Tob-Uni1/Tob-Uni2 and NIb2F/NIb3R, which resulted in the amplification of DNA fragments with the expected sizes of 800 bp and 350 bp, respectively. Moreover, the presence of TYLCV was confirmed by the amplification of DNA fragments with the expected size of ca. 670 bp by PCR using virus-specific primers TYLCV-Sar and TYLCV-Isr. This study showed a widespread occurrence of different viruses especially tobamoviruses and potyviruses in pepper fields of Varamin area. In the present work, the potyvirus infection of morning glory plant (Ipomoea purpurea) was also confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Response of wheat advanced and elite lines to Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight in field condition
Maryam Kheirkhani Mohammad Torabi Mohammad Ali DehghanTo evaluate resistance of wheat advanced and elite lines to fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum), 61 genotypes obtinedfrom Cereal Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute were grown at agricultural research field of Agricultural and Natural Res MoreTo evaluate resistance of wheat advanced and elite lines to fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum), 61 genotypes obtinedfrom Cereal Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute were grown at agricultural research field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Reserch Center of Gorgan in 2012 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Inoculums of the pathogen was increased on wheat straw in laboratory and a mixture suspension of spores of five isolates were sprayed on plants at two growth stages of heading and anthesis.After development of disease in field, disease incidence, disease severity and disease index were assessed for each line. Based on the results, none of the lines were immune or resistant, but lines ARWYT-N-90-2, ERWYT-N-90-20 and ERWYT-N-90-4 with lower disease index exhibited an acceptable level of resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of Mildew cure fungicide in controlling the cucumber powdery mildew disease
Hossain Azimi Dariush ShahriariPowdery mildew is a common and serious disease of cucurbit crops. For registering new environmentally friendly fungicides and with the aim to diversify the available fungicides, the efficacy of Mildew cure (a natural botanical fungicide) was evaluated by trials in compl MorePowdery mildew is a common and serious disease of cucurbit crops. For registering new environmentally friendly fungicides and with the aim to diversify the available fungicides, the efficacy of Mildew cure (a natural botanical fungicide) was evaluated by trials in completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications in field and glasshouse conditions in Karaj during 2012-13. Treatments were 7.5, 10, and 15 mll-1 of Mildew cure L. 83% alongside with 0.2 gl-1 of Trifloxystrobin (Flint WG 50%) as standard fungicide and untreated control (without any spraying). Foliar applications of fungicides were made at 7 day intervals, started after early symptoms appearance and followed up until symptom expressed in untreated plants in a maximum disease severity index due to Horsfal and Barrat scale. The results were expressed as the foliage protection percentage (FPP) of each presumed area bypowdery mildew based on Horsfal and Barrat scale, then midpoint of presumed areas was calculated for each plot. Analysis of variance of trials data revealed that there are significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 and P<0.01. Mean comparison of the treatment showed that Mildew cure 10 mll-1 decreased disease by 76.2% compared to untreated control plants in field and Mildew cure 7.5 mll-1 decreased disease incidence by 90% compared to non-sprayed check in glasshouse. Based on the results of this study, these treatments recommended for cucumber powdery mildew disease management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Study of pathogenicity and determination of mating type of Fusarium proliferatum isolates
Sepideh Karimi Zanjani Asl Vahid Rahjoo Majid ZamaniFusarium proliferatum is the dominant agent of maize fusarium ear rot in many areas of the world especially in Iran. Among several Fusarium isolates recovered from infected maize ears, 12 isolates were identified as F. proliferatum according to morphological and physiol MoreFusarium proliferatum is the dominant agent of maize fusarium ear rot in many areas of the world especially in Iran. Among several Fusarium isolates recovered from infected maize ears, 12 isolates were identified as F. proliferatum according to morphological and physiological characteristics. In order to determine mating population and mating type of isolates, all 12 isolates were crossed with standard tester isolates of F. proliferatum on Carrot Agar (CA) media and were incubated under the mixture of cool-white and near-UV lights for three to four weeks. This test was repeated twice with three replications. Morphological identification of all isolates was confirmed by mating population test so that all 12 isolates of F. proliferatum belonged to mating population D of Gibberella fujikuroi complex. The results of mating type test showed that seven isolates were MAT-1 (58.3% frequency) and five isolates were MAT-2 (47.7% frequency). Pathogenicity test on stems of susceptible maize line (MO17) was done using toothpicks method in field, greenhouse and laboratory (Detached stem). The Pathogenicity of isolates was evaluated by measuring the necrosis length on inoculated stem. The results of variance analysis of pathogenicity tests showed significant differences among isolates in all mentioned methods. In field, greenhouse and laboratory trials, isolates SK27, SK32 and SK24 had the highest diseases severity (length necrosis), respectively. Significant and positive correlations were observed between field and greenhouse tests (r = 0.86**), field and laboratory tests (r = 0.75**), and greenhouse and laboratory tests (r = 0.75**). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Inhibitory effects of non-chemical agents on Penicillium expansum and other decay fungi in apple
Tahmineh Naeem Abadi Mansoureh Keshavarzi Majid Hashemi Hossain MirdehghanBlue mold caused by Peniciliium expansum Link. is a major postharvest decay agent in apple fruit. In this research, the efficacy of two non-chemical compounds including chitosan and carnoba coating wax and Imazalil in inhibiting blue mold in apple cvs. Golden deli MoreBlue mold caused by Peniciliium expansum Link. is a major postharvest decay agent in apple fruit. In this research, the efficacy of two non-chemical compounds including chitosan and carnoba coating wax and Imazalil in inhibiting blue mold in apple cvs. Golden delicious and Red delicious and their association with polyphenol content was studied in laboratory condition. Additionally, the effect of two antagonistis (Trichoderma atroviride and T. haziamum) on a number of decaying fungi including Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, P. expansum, Ulocladium sp., Aspergilus sp., Cladosporium fulvum and Monilia sp. was determined. Fungicide Imazalil and distilled water were used as controls. Based on the results, Golden delicious was more susceptible to P. expansum than Red delicious. In both cultivars, chitosan treatment reduced P. expansum decay in fruit and its growth in culture medium. The least to the most decay severities were observed in Imazalil, chitosan+Imizalil, chitosan, chitosan+wax and wax treatments and chitosan treatment reduced it up to 97% Polyphenol concentration was higher in Red delicious than Golden delicious and the most to the least polyphenol concentration were detected in chitosan, chitosan+Imizalil, chitosan+wax, Imizalil, wax and control (distilled water) treatments, respectively. Negative correlations were found between polyphenol concentration and P. expansum susceptibility and treatment (R=-0.989and -0.68, respectively). Accordingly, inducible and constitutive polyphenols might contribute in apple resistance to blue mold and in chitosan-induced protection. Both Trichoderma species in particulr T. atroviride inhibited all decaying agents. Based on these results, chitosan can be recommended as an effective nonchemical agent for apple protection against blue mold but carnoba wax has no protective effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Phylogenetic study of the bacterium causing orchid soft rot disease in Pakdasht region
Tayyibah Yousefieh Abul Qasem Ghasemi Ali Alizadeh AliabadiOrchids which are considered as one of the most worthy plants, is affected mostly by soft rot disease. Samples of orchid plants that showed soft rot symptoms were collected frequently from greenhouses in Pakdasht region of Iran during the spring of 2013. The pathogenic MoreOrchids which are considered as one of the most worthy plants, is affected mostly by soft rot disease. Samples of orchid plants that showed soft rot symptoms were collected frequently from greenhouses in Pakdasht region of Iran during the spring of 2013. The pathogenic agent was isolated from infected samples through culturing them on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) and Nutrient Agar (NA) media. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested and proved through inoculation on orchid leaves. Based on the results of phenotypic characteristics comparison (oxidative-fermentation, gram stain, facultative aerobic growth, indol production, nitrate reduction, Erythromycin sensitivity, and phosphatase activity) and other standard methods, the bacterial isolates were determined to be belonged to Dickeya sp. This determination was confirmed by pectate lyase gene amplified by ADE primer vs. EXPECC and Y1/Y2. Sequence analysis of the Recombinase A and RNA polymerase beta sub­unit genes showed the 99 to 100% similarity with deposited Dickeya sp. and distinct differences with other identified species existing in NCBI. Manuscript profile
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