Pattern of Structural equations of Social competence with Cyber Bullying Based on Difficulty in Emotion Regulation in male high school Students
Subject Areas : Psychologyوحید فلاحی 1 , محمد نریمانی 2 , akbar atadokht 3
1 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Keywords: cyber bullying, social competence, emotion regulation, male high school student’s student,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the Pattern of Structural equations of social competence with Cyber Bullying Based on Difficulty in Emotion Regulation in Students. The method of this study was correlation and its statistical population was all male students of the second year of high school in Ardabil province during the academic year of 2019-2020 (N= 21756). A total of 409 people were randomly selected for cluster sampling and answered the questions of the Experience of bullying-cyber victim (Antoniadou, Kokkinos & Markos, 2016), Social competence (Parandian, 2006) and Difficulty in regulating emotion (Bjureberg et al, 2015). For data analysis, Pattern of structural equations method was used with the help of SPSS 25 and 8.8 Lisrel software. The results showed that the direct effect of social competence on cyber bullying, the direct effect of social competence on difficulty in emotion regulation and the direct effect of difficulty in emotion regulation on cyber bullying were significant (p <0.05). Also in this study, the indirect effect of social competence on cyber bullying with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation was also significant (p <0.05).
Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V. & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57, 10-18.
Abolghasemi, A., Jamaloui, H. R., Narimani, M., Zahed, A. (2011). Comparison of social competence and its components in students with learning disabilities and students with low, medium and high academic achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1 (3), 71-55. [persian].
Abdullahi, R. (2017). Investigation of individual (mental health, temperament) and social correlations (social competence, interaction with school in cyber bullying of ninth grade girls. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tabriz, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. [persian].
Akcil, S. (2018). Cyberbullying-Victimization, Acculturative Stress, and Depression Among International College Students. Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University.
Amanda, S., Morris, M. M., Criss, J. S., Silk, B. J. Houltberg.(2017). The Impact of Parenting on Emotion Regulation During Childhood and Adolescence. Child Development Perspectives.
Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C. M., Markos, A. (2016). Development, construct validation and measurement invariance of the Greek cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire(CBVEQ-G). Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 380-390.
Bani Asadi, H. & Bagheri, M. (2011). Non-verbal communication and social competence. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 5(20): 43-50. [persian].
Barnocelli, A. & Ciucci, E. (2014). Unique effects of different components of trait emotional intelligence in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 807–815.
Bashirpour, S., Molavi, P., Sheikhi, S., Khanjani, S., Rajabi, M., Mousavi, S. A. (2013). Investigating the relationship between emotion regulation and expression styles with bullying behaviors in adolescent students. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Fall 2013, 13 (3): 275-264. [persian].
Bjureberg J, et al.(2015). Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Psychopathol Behav Assess, 2015.
Bjureberg J, L. B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.G., Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2016; 38: 284–296.
Beyrami, M., Hashemi, T., Fathi Azar, E., Alaei, P. (2012). Traditional and cyber bullying in middle school girls: The role of teacher-student communication quality. Journal of Educational Psychology, Volume 8, Number 26, pp. 175-152. [persian].
Brewer, G., Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior. 48 (2015) 255–260.
Busch, V., Laninga-Wijnen, L., van Yperen, T. A., Schrijvers, A. J. P. & De Leeuw, J. R. J. (2015). Bidirectional longitudinal associations of perpetration and victimization of peer bullying with psychosocial problems in adolescents: A crosslagged panel study. School Psychology International, 36(5), 532-549.
Broll, R., Dunlop, C. & Crooks, C. V. (2018). Cyberbullying and internalizing difficulties among indigenous adolescents in canada: Beyond the effect of traditional bullying. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 11(1), 71–79.
Casale, S., Caplan, S.E., Fioravanti, G. (2016). Positive metacognitions about Internet use: The mediating role in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and problematic use. Addict Behav, 59, 84-88.
Cook, C.R., Williams, K.R., Guerra, N.G., Kim, T.E. & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence, ameta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterl, 25(2), 65-83.
Deniz, M. E., Ersoy, E. (2016). Examining the Relationship of Social Skills, Problem Solving and Bullying in Adolescents. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences. Mar2016, Vol 8, Issue 1, pp 1-77.
Dokaneheei, F. & Ghaemmaghami, G. (2015). The correlation between the emotional with social competence in female students at high schools of Damavand city. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 5 (S2), 2055-2060.
Estevez, A., Jauregui, P., Sanchez-Marcos, I., Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addi ctions and behavioral addictions. Journal Behav Addict. 6, 534-544.
Etim, E. T. & Egodi, A.U. (2013). Family socio- economic status and delinquency among senior secondary school students in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. American Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(4), 83-88.
Erum, I., Mohsin, A. (2013). Social Competence as Predictor of Bullying among Children and Adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, January 2013, Vol 39, No1, 35-42.
Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J. & Hall, B. J. (2018). Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 21-28.
Foody, M., Samara, M. & Carlbring, P. (2015). A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy. Internet Interventions, 2, 235-242.
Festl, R., Scharkow, M. & Quandt, T. (2014). The individual or the group: A multilevel analysis of cyberbullying in school classes. Human Communication Research, 41, 535-556.
García-Fernández, C.M., Romera, E.M. & Ortega, R. (2015). Explicative Factors of Face-to-face Harassment and Cyberbullying in a Sample of Primary Students. Psicothema, 27, 347-353.
Gross, J. J. & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401.
Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2016). Effectiveness and sustainability of the ViSC Social Competence Program to prevent cyberbullying and cyber-victimization: Class and individual level moderators. Aggressive Behavior, 42, 181-193.
Hamidi, S. (2016). The mediating role of emotion regulation, self-compassion, and narcissistic characteristics in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression level. M.Sc., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch. [persian].
Hymel, S. & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70, 293-299.
Hesna, G., Sümeyra, F., Mehmet, S., Ahmet, J., Yusuf, G., Birim, G.K. (2019). Cyberbullying among a clinical adolescent sample in Turkey: effects ofproblematic smartphone use, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties. Psychiatryand Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019; 29(4),PP 547-557.
Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B. & Timko, C. A. (2014). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079-2088.
HosseinZii, E. (2017). The role of narcissism and difficulty in emotion regulation in adolescent aggression in Iranian-Islamic culture. First International Conference on Culture, Psychopathology and Education, Tehran, Al-Zahra University 2017. [persian].
Izabela, Z., Maria, B. C., Rosario, O.R., Vicente, J. L. (2018). Social and Emotional Competencies in Adolescents Involved in Different Bullying and Cyberbullying Roles. Revista de Psicodidctica, 2018, 23 (2), 86–93.
John, A., Glendenning, A. C., Marchant, A., Montgomery, P., Stewart, A., Wood, S., Hawton, K. (2018). Self-harm, suicidal behaviours, and cyberbullying in children and young people: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4).
Kazan, H. (2020). Cyber Bullying and Violence Literacy in the Context of Digitalization. Handbook of Research on Multidisciplinary Approaches to Literacy in the Digital Age, IGI Global, pp. 262-285.
Karami, A.A., Maleki, H. & Babamoradi, A. (2014). Comparison of the effectiveness of participatory teaching methods and brainstorming in social competence. Educational Psychology, 10(32): 55-79. [persian].
Karaer, Y., Akdemir, D. (2019). Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive psychiatry .2019.
Koob, G. F. (2017). Antireward, compulsivity, and addiction: seminal contributions of Dr. Athina Markou to motivational dysregulation in addiction. Psychopharmacology, 2017, 1-18.
Kay, B., Aileen, L., Sally, F., Kimberley, A. (2020). Defending victims of cyberbullying: The role of self-efficacy and moral disengagement. Journal of School Psychology, 78 (2020) 1–12.
Karin, H., Laura, L.R. (2019). Cyberbullying and PsychologicalWell-being in Young Adolescence: The Potential Protective Mediation E_ects of Social Support from Family, Friends, and Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020, 17, 45.
Kemp, S. (2018). We are social special report. Retrieved from We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018, Accessed date: 2 July 2018.
Fu, L., Wang, P., Zhao, M., Xie, X., Ye, C., Jia, N., Lei, L. (2019). Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smart phone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Children and Youth Services Review. 2019.
Lopes, P., Nezlek, J., Extremera, N., Hertel, J., Fernández-Berrocal, P., Schütz, A., Salovey, P. (2011). Emotion Regulation and the Quality of Social Interaction: Does the Ability to Evaluate Emotional Situations and Identify Effective Responses Matter. Journal of Personality, 79(2): 429-467.
Matthew, W.S., Robert, S.T. (2017). Moving toward a theory: Testing an integrated model of cyberbullying perpetration, aggression, social skills, and Internet self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 71 (2017) 353-361.
Mo, P.K., Chan, V. W., Chan, S.W., Lau, J.T. (2018). The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model. Addict. Behav, 82, 86-93.
Mogtader, L., Akbari, B. (2019). The effect of effective communication skills training on emotional regulation, resilience and marital satisfaction of mothers of deaf children. Scientific Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 26 (3): 258-249. [persian].
Mehrpoor Sadehi, F., Khosrojavid, M., Boland, H. (2015). The Relationship between Alexithymia and Self-Efficacy with Addiction Vulnerability of Students. Journal of saussurea, 5(6):111-119.
Mascheroni, G. & Cuman, A. (2014). Net Children GoMobile: Final Report (with country fact sheets). Deliverables D6.4 and D5.2. Milano.
María, C. M., Beatriz, D., Cándido, J. I., José. M. G. (2018). Cyberbullying in the university setting. Relationship with family environment and emotional intelligenc. Computers in Human Behavior, (2018).
Ortega-Barón, J., Buelga, S. & Cava, M.J. (2016). Influencia del clima escolar y familiar en adolescentes, víctimas de ciberacoso. [The Influence of School Climate and Family Climate among Adolescents Victims of Cyberbullying. Comunicar, 46, 57-65.
Raúl, N., Santiago, Y., Elisa, L., Veronica, M.(2012). Children’s Cyberbullying Victimization: Associations with Social Anxiety and Social Competence in a Spanish Sample. Child Ind Res, (2012) 5:281–295.
Romera, E. M., Cano, J. J., Garcia-Fernandez, C. M. & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Cyberbullying: Social competence, motivation and peer relationships. Comunicar, 48, 71-79.
Rodkin, P., Ryan, A., Jamison, R. & Wilson, T. (2013). Social goals, social behavior, and social status in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1139-1150.
Pabian, S. & Vandebosch, H. (2015). (Cyber)bullying perpetration as an impulsive angry reaction following (cyber)bullying victimization?. In M. Walrave, K. Ponnet, E.Vanderhoven, J. Haers, & B. Segaert (Eds.), Youth 2.0: Social media and adolescence: Connecting, sharing and empowering.
Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth, A test of general strain theory. Youth & Society, 43(2), 727-751.
Poulou, M. S. (2010). The role of Trait Emotional Intelligence and social and emotional skills in students’ emotional and behavioural strengths and difficulties: A study of Greek adolescents’ perceptions. The international journal of of Emotional education, 2(2), 30-47.
Kowalski, R., Susan, P., Limber, A.M. (2017). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. The address for the corresponding author was captured as affiliation for all authors. Avb doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009.
Resett, S. & Gamez-Guadix, M. (2017). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Differences in emotional problems, and personality. Are cyberbullies more Machiavellians?. Journal of Adolescence, 61, 113–116.
Rosenblatt, K. (2017). NBC news - US news. Retrieved from NBC News Web sithttps://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-jersey-family-sue-school-districtafter-12-year-old-n788506, Accessed date: 3 July 2018.
Salibi, J. & Modarresi, G. (2016). Investigating the relationship of general health with job burnout and social competence among female elementary school teachers in Tehran in the academic year 2013-2014. Women's Research Journal, 7(1): 127-157. [persian].
Sahin, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictimization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 834–837.
Sandhu, T. & Kapoor, S. (2013). Implications of personality types for emotional regulation in young women. Personality Types for Emotional Regulation, 1(4), 34-39.
Spence, S. & Courbasson, C. (2012). The role of emotional dysregulation in concurrent eating disorders and substance use disorders. Eating behaviors, 13(4), 382-385.
Shahabi, M., Hasani, J & Bjureberg, J. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the Brief Persian Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (The DERS-16). Assessment for Effective Intervention 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/153450841880021.
Spada, M. M. & Marino, C.(2017). Metacognitions and emotion regulation as predictors of problematic internet use in adolescents. Clin. Neuropsychiatry. 14, 59-63.
Seyedzadeh Sani, S. M., Abdollahi, A. R. (2019). Prevalence of traditional and cyber bullying among adolescents in Herat, Afghanistan. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research, Summer 2019, 17 (2): 211-197. [persian].
Schoffstall, C. L. & Cohen, R. (2011). Cyber aggression: The relation between online offenders and offline social competence. Social Development, 20(3), 587e604.
Segrin, C. (2000). Social skills deficits associated with depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 379–403.
Soleimani, I., Sheykhol-Islami, A., Mousavi, M. (2016). The effectiveness of emotional intelligence on social competence and emotional regulation of bullying (undisciplined) students. Quarterly Journal of Educational Psychology, Winter '2016,12(1);42. [persian].
Shahbazi, G., Bahami, G., Mami, S. (2016). Comparison of parenting styles, difficulty in emotion regulation and resilience in offender and non offender youth. Strategic Research in Security and Social Order, Summer 2016, 13 (2): 57 -68. [persian].
Stephen, N., Elliott, Y.S., Jin, W.g. (2019). Teachers' ratings of social skills and problem behaviors as concurrent predictors of students' bullying behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, January 2019, V 60, Pp 119-126.
Tamizi, Marzieh; Rezaei, Azarmidokht; Kazemi, Sultan Ali (2015). Relationship between Hardness Coefficient (AQ) and Emotional Regulation Difficulties with Social competence in Criminals: Shiraz Correctional Center. Quarterly Journal of Crime Prevention Studies, Volume 10, Number 36, Pages 9-30. [persian].
World Health Organization. (2012). Partners in Life Skills Training Conclusions from a United Nations Geneva. Department of Mental Health, 2012.
Yunus, S., Ali, Ç. (2019). The Relationship between Irrational Beliefs, Resilience, Psychological Needs, Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2019, 7(3), 700-706.
Zare, H., Abbaspour, P., Yousefi, F. (2015). The role of problem-solving skills training and cognitive reconstruction on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and family functioning in infertile women. Journal of Cognition Psychology and Psychiatry, Year 2, Issue 1, Spring 2015 PP: 93-81. [persian].