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  2 - Halab, Capital of Hamdanids in Syria; Effective Factors on Locating
  Davood Yahyaei Armindokht Amin
  Designation of a certain place as the capital has always been related to the numerous political and geographical factors. In fourth century AH in Islamic world, there were many capitals belonged to various dynasties had selected their capitals due to specific reasons. A More

  Designation of a certain place as the capital has always been related to the numerous political and geographical factors. In fourth century AH in Islamic world, there were many capitals belonged to various dynasties had selected their capitals due to specific reasons. After the conquest of Syria by Sayf al-dawlah Hamdani in 333 AH (912), Halab was selected as the capital. The results of this study have indicated that the factors such as the history of settlement of Bani Taghleb the ancestor of Hamdanids in Halab, the importance of Halab as the ethnic origins and cultural mainstay for Sayf al-dawlah, the ecological and geographical situations such as the access to domestic and international transport ways, the strategic and defensive location of Halab and especially the strategies of Naser al-dawlah  Hamadani -the governor of the branch of Hamdanids in Mosul- to protect his government and possessions in Jazireh have been effective in locating the Halab as a capital. The total allocations and facilities in this city, as the capital, led to flourish the sciences and literature at the time of Hamdanids especially in Sayf al-dawlah reign. References Abū ʿAlī Ibn Miskawayh, Tadjārib al- Umam, Vol. 1, Trans. Abolghasem Emami, Tehran, Surūsh, 1369/ 1990, Vol. 5 & 6: Ali Naghi Monzavi, Tehran, Tūs, 1376/ 1997. Ahmadi Por, Zahra & Gholi Zadeh, Ali Vali, Mabānī-i Djughrāfiyyā’ ī _ Siyāsī-i- Makān Guzīnī-i Pāyitakht- hā Dar Iran, Mashhad, Papulī, 1390/ 2011. Ashraf Ahmad, wīzhigī- Hāy-i-Tarīkhī-i- Shahr Nishīnī dar Iran dar Dawrih-i- Islāmī, Nāma-i ʿUlūm Idjtimāʿī, No. 4, Summer 1353/ 1974. al- Anṭākī, Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, Tarīkh-i Yaḥyā b. Saīd al- Anṭākī, Beirut, Ābāʾ al- Yasūʿayn (Print),1909/ 1287. Balādhūrī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Futūḥ al- Buldān, Trans. Mohammad Tavakol, Tehran, Nashr-i Nuḳra(1st ed.), 1337/ 1958. Balʿamī, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad, Tarīkh-i Balamī, Revised by Mohammad-Taqi Bahar & mohammad parvin Gonabadi, Tehran, Idarih Kul-i-Nigārish-i Wizārat-i Farhang, 1341/ 1962. Burūsawī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Awḍaḥ al- Masālik Alā Marifa al- Buldān wa al- Mamālik, Revised by Mahdī ʿAbd al- Rawāḍiyya, Beirut, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, 1427 AH/ 2006 AD. Chelongar, MohammadAli, Tarīkh-i Fāṭimiyyān wa Ḥamdāniyyān, Tehran, Samt, 1390/ 2010. Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad, Akhbār al- Ṭiwāl, Trans. Mahmood Mahdavi Damghanī, Tehran, Nashr- i-Niy(4th ed.), 1371/ 1992. Freund, Julien, Djamia Shināsī-yi Weber Max( Weber Max de Sociologie), Trans. Abdolhossein Nikgohar, Nashr-i Nīkān (1st ed.), 1362/ 1983. Habibi, Mohsen, Az Shār Tā Shahr: Taḥlīlī Tarīkh-i Az Mafāhīm-i Shahr wa Sīmāy-i-Kālbudī ān Tafakkur wa Taththur, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1392/ 2012. Ḥafiẓ Ābrū, ʿAbdallah b. luṭfallāh, Djughrāfiyyāy-i Ḥāfiẓ Ābrū, Revised by Sadegh Sajadi, Tehran, Mīrāth Maktūb, 1375/ 1996. Hafez Nia, Mohammad Reza, Uṣūl wa Mafāhīm Zhiupulītīk, Mashhad, Paplī(4nd ed.), 1393/ 2014. Ḥalabī Ghazzī, Kāmil b. Ḥusayn, Nahr al- Dhahab fī Tarīkh-i Ḥalab, Revised by Shaʿth, Shawḳī, & Fākhūrī, Maḥmūd, Ḥalab, Dār al- Ḳalam,  1419 AH/ 1998 AD. Ḥudūd al- Ālam min al- Mashriḳ ilal-, Maghrib Revised by Yūsuf al- Ḥādī, Cairo, Dār al- Thaḳafiyya lil- Nashr, 1423 AH/ 2002 AD. Ḥusaynī Ḥanbalī, ʿAbd al- Raḥman b. Ibrāhīm, Ḳalāid al- Adjyād fī-mā Ittafaḳ fī al- Tasmiyya min al- Biḳā  wa al- Bilād, Revised by Walīd ʿAbdallāh Manīs, Kuwait, Markaz al- Buḥūth wa al- Dirāsāt al- Kuwaytiya, 1430 AH/ 2009 AD. Ibn ʿAdīm, al- Ṣāḥib Kamāl al- Dīn ʿUmar b. Aḥmad b. Abī Djarāda,  Bughyat al- Ṭalab fī Tarīkh Ḥalab, Revised by Suhayl Zakkār, Beirut, Dār al- Fikr(2nd ed.), ( Und.). Ibid, Zubdat al- Ḥalab Fī Tarīkh Ḥalab, Revised by Suhayl Zakkār, Damascus, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1425 AH/ 2004 AD. Ibn Athīr, al- Kāmil,( Kāmil) Tarīkh- i Buzurg- i Islām wa Iran), Trans. Abolghasem-e-Halat & Abbas Khalili, Tehran, Muʾassisa Maṭbūʿātī ʿIlmī, 1371/ 1992. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Safar-nāma-i Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, trans. Muhammad Ali Movahed, Markaz Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī( ed.), 1361/ 1982. Ibn Ḥawḳal, Muḥammad, Ṣurat al- Arḍ, Beirut, Dār al- Ṣādir( 2nd ed.), 1938/ 1316. Ibn Ḥidjar ʿAsḳalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Aṣāba fī Tamyīz al- Ṣaḥāba, Revised by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al- Mawdjūd & ʿAlī Muḥammad Mʿawwaḍ, Beirut, Dār al- Kutub al- ʿIlmiyya(1st ed.) 1995 AD/ 1415 AH. Ibn Khaldūn, al-Ibar, Tarīkh-i Ibn Khaldūn, Abd al_ Muhammad Ayati(trans.), Muassisa Muṭāliʾāt wa Taḥḳīḳāt-i Farhangī, (1st ed.), 1363/ 1984. Ibid, Muḳaddama-i Ibn Khaldūn, Trans. Mohammad Parvin-Gonabadi, Tehran, Intishārāt-i th ed.), 1375/ 1996. Ibn Khurdādhbih, al- Masālik wa al- Mamālik, Trans. Saeed Khakrand Beirut, Dār al- Ṣādir, 1889 AD/ 1306 AH(Offset Printing). Idrīsī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, Nuzhat al- mushtāḳ fī khtirāḳ al- āfāḳ, Beirut, ʿĀlam al- kutub(1st ed.), 1989 AD/ 1409 AH. Iṣṭakhrī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad, al- Masālik wa al- Mamālik, Revised by Abūzayd & Aḥmad b. Sahl, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1927/ 1305. Javedani Moghaddam, Mahdi, "Hilāl Shīʿī Bāzyābī -i Huwiyyat Yā Tawṭiʾa- -i Tawahhūm" ,Dar Rahyāft-i Inḳilāb-i Islāmī, Spring 1387/ 2007, No. 4. Kaḥāla, ʿUmar Rezā, Mudjam Ḳabāil al- Arab al- Ḳadīma wa al- Ḥadītha, Muassisa al- Risāla (6th ed.), 1414 AH/ 1994 AD. Khāndjī, Muḥammad Amīn, Mundjam al- Imrān fī al- Mustadrak Alā Mudjam al- Buldān, Cairo, Maṭbaʿa Saʿāda(1st ed.), 1325 AH/ 1907 AD. Ḳudāma b. Djaʿfar, al- Kharādj, Trans. Hosein Gharachanlu, Tehran, Nashr-i Alburz (1st ed.), 1370/ 1991. Kurdalī, Muḥammad, Khiṭaṭ al- Shām, Beirut, Maktaba al- Nawrī(3rd  ed.) 1403 AH/ 1982 AD. M.Lecke,"Taghlib B. Waii",El2(2000),Vol.x. Maḳrīzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Kitāb al- Mawāiẓ wa al-Itibār Fī Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa l- Āthār, Revised by Sayyid, Aīman Fawād, London, Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1422 AH/ 2001 AD. al- Māwardī al- Baṣrī, Abū al- Ḥasan, Āyīn-i Ḥukmrānī, Revised by Hosein Saberi, Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, (Und.). Moezzi, Maryam, Pīshgāmān-i Ḥukūmat- hāy-i Shīī Tarīkh-i Ḥamdānīyān wa Fāṭimīyān, Tehran, Samt (1st  ed.), 1390/ 2011. Maḳdisī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Aḥsan al- Taḳāsīm fī Marifat al- Aḳālīm, Trans. Ali Naghi Monzavi, Tehran, Shirkat-i Mūʾalifān wa Mutardjimān (1st  ed.) 1361/ 1990. Nāṣir Khusraw Ḳubādiyānī( Ḳubādhiyānī) Marwazī, Safarnāma- i Nāsir Khusraw, Revised by Mohammad Siaghi Dabir, Tehran, Zawwār (10th ed.), 1389/ 2010. Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Piykār-i  Ṣiffīn, Trans. Parviz Atabaki, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Inḳilāb-i Islāmī, 1370/ 1999. al- Nuwayrī, Shāb al- Dīn Aḥmad, Nihāyat al- Arab fī Funūn al-Adab, Cairo, Dār al- Kutub ,(1st ed.), 1423 AH/ 2002 AD. Sāmir, Fayṣal, Dawlat-i Ḥamdānīyān, Trans. Alireza Zekavati Gharagozloo, Qom, University Research Institute, 1388/ 2009. Sayf al- Dawla Sulṭān Muḥammad, Safarnāma-i Sayf al- Dawla Marūf Bih Safarnāma-i Makka, Revised by Ali- Akbar Khoda Parast, Tehran, Nashr-i Niy(1st ed.) 1364/ 1985. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārikh- i Ṭabarī, Trans. Abolghasem Payandeh, Tehran, Asāṭīr(5th ed.), 1375/ 1996. Ṭabbakh, Muḥammad Rāghib, Alām al- Nubalā bi- Tarīkh Ḥalabal-Shahbā, Dār al- Ḳalam al- Arabī(2nd ed.), 1408 AH/ 1987 AD. al- Tanūkhī, Abū ʿAlī al- Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Abī al- Fahm, Kitāb Djāmi al- Tawārīkh al- musammā Nishwar al- Muḥāḍara wa- Akhbār al- Mudhākara, Amīn( Print),Hind_ Egypt, 1921/ 1299. Tatawī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Ḳazwīnī, Āṣif Khan, Tārīkh-i Alfī, Revised by Gholamreza Tabatabai Majd,Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1382/ 2002. Yaʿḳūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāḳ, al- Buldān, Beirut, Dār al- Kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH/ 2002 AD. Ibid, Tārīkh-i Yaūbī, Trans. Mohammad Ebrahim Ayati,Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī(6th ed.), 1371/ 1992. Yāḳūt Hamawī, Mudjam al- buldān, Trans. Mohammad Taghi Monzavi, Tehran, Cultural Heritage Organization(1st  ed.), 1380/ 2009.   Manuscript profile
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  3 - Rational Sciences in Seljuk’s Era: A Statistical Analysis and Study on the Community of Scholars
  Nayereh Dalir Atefeh Kazemi Mojarad
    This article studies the community of scholars in the field of rational sciences throughout the Seljuk’s era. The authors seek to answer questions regarding with the statistical development of the society of scholars in the Seljuk’s era, and the meani More

    This article studies the community of scholars in the field of rational sciences throughout the Seljuk’s era. The authors seek to answer questions regarding with the statistical development of the society of scholars in the Seljuk’s era, and the meaning and reasoning behind such historical trend. In order to respond those questions, the Seljuk’s era has been divided into three periods. The statistical society of each period taking into consideration and has been exhibited in different tables and charts. Analyzing the data of those tables and charts, it is concluded that the percentage of the scholars of rational sciences in the Seljuk’s era not only had not been diminished, but also considerably increased throughout the second period despite the weaknesses of the central Government and also in the third period, despite having a destabilized and scattered governing system. Indeed, the overall numerical analysis shows an increasing historical development of the scholars and academics of rational sciences in Seljuk’s era. References Abū Zahra, Muḥammad, al- Shāfiī Ḥayāta wa Aṣra, Intishārāt- i Dār al- Fikr al- ʿArabī, 1948/ 1327. Bundārī Iṣfahānī, Fatḥ b. ʿAlī, Tarīkh- i Silsila- yi Saldjūḳī, Trans. Mohammad Hossien Jalili, Nashr- i Bunyad- i Farhang- i Iran, 1356. Bayhaḳī, ʿAlī b. Zayd, Tarīkh- i al- Ḥukamā al- Islām, Maṭbaʿa al-Taraḳḳī, ( Und.). Idem, Li- Bāb al- Ansāb, Revised by Mahdi Rejaei, Qom, The Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library, ( Und.). Corbin, Henry, Tarīkh- i Falsafa- yi Islāmī(Histoire de La Philosophie IsLamique), Vol. 1, Trans. Assadollah Mobashery, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1361/ 1982. Dhahabī, Shams al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tarikh al- Islām wa wafayāt (ṭabaḳāt) al- mashāhīr wal- alām, Vol. 52, Revised by ʿUmar ʿAbd al- Salām Tadmūrī, Beirut, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1413 AH/ 1413 AD. Djurdjānī, Abūrūḥ, Nūr al- Uyūn, Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran  Parliament (Manuscript), 1269 AH/ 1852 AD. Fārābī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, Iḥṣā al-Ulūm, Revised by Alī Bū-Mulḥim, Beirut, Dar wa Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1375/ 1996. Fārsī, ʿAbd al- Ghāfir, al- Muntakhab Min Kitāb al- Siyāḳ li- Tarīkh al- Nayshābūr¸ Summarization: Abū Isḥāḳ Sarīfīnī, ( Und.). Idem, al- Muntakhab Min Kitāb al- Siyāḳ li- Tarīkh al- Nayshābūr, Revised by Mohammad Kazem Mahmodi, Tehran, Markaz Pazhūhish- i Mīrāth- i Maktūb, 1384/ 2005. Fazaee, Yusuf, Taḥḳīḳ dar Tarīkh wa Aḳāyid- i Madhāhib- i Ahl- i Sunnat, Tehran, Nashr- i Āshiyyāna- yi Kitāb, 1360/ 1981. Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad, IḥyāUlūm al- Dīn, Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1386/ 2007. Ghaylānī, ʿUmar b. ʿAlī, Ḥudūth al- Ālam, Tehran, University of Tehran(IISTMU), 1377/ 1988. Ibn Abī Uṣaybia, Uyūn al- Anba fī Ṭabaḳāt al- Aṭibbā, Vol. 1 & 2, Cairo, August Müller, 1995 AD/ 1299 AH. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzza al- dīn Abū al- Ḥasan, al-Kāmil fī al- Tārikh, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965 AD/1385 AH. Ibn Da(u)baythī, Muḥammad b. Saʿīd, Dhayl- i Tarīkh- i Madīnat al- Salām, Vol. 5, Revised by Bashār ʿAdad Maʿrūf, Beirut, Dār al- ʿArab al- Islāmī, ( Und.). Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al- Raḥmān Muḥammad, Muḳaddama- yi Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Tehran, Nashr- i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1996/ 1375. Ibid, Tārīkh-i Ibn Khaldūn, Trans. Abdolhamid Ayati, Mūʾassisa Muṭāliʿāt- wa Taḥḳīḳāt-i Farhangī, 1984/ 1363. Ḥādjī Khalīfa, Kashf al- Ẓunūn An Asāmī l- Kutub wal- Funūn, Vol. 1 & 2, Beirut, Dār al- Aḥyāʾ al- Turāth al- ʿArabī, ( Und.). Ḥāsib, Abū Djaʾfar Muḥammad b. Ayyūb, Miftāḥ al- Muāmilāt, Tehran, Cultural foundation of Iran, 1349/ 1970. Ḥusaynī, Ṣadr al- Dīn, Zubdat al- Tawārīkh, Trans. Ramezan- Ali Roh Allahi, Revised by Muḥammad Nūr al- Dīn, ( Und.). Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al- Ayān, Vol. 3, Trans. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Sandjarī, Revised by Fatemeh Modarresi, Urmia, University of Urmia, 1380/ 2001. Ibn Ḳifṭī, Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Yūsuf, Tarīkh- i al- Ḥukamā, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1371/ 1992. Ibn Nadjdjār, Lil- ḥāfiẓ Muḥibb al- Dīn, Dhayl- i Tarīkh- i Baghdād, Vol. 5, ( Und.), ( Und.), ( Und.). Ibn Sīnā, Manṭiḳ al- Mashriḳiyyīn, Qom, The Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library, 1364/ 1985. Kassai, Noorollah, Madāris- i Niẓāmiyya wa Tathīrāt- i Ilmī wa Idjtimāī- yi Ān, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1358/ 1979. Khwārazmī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Mafātīḥ al- Ulūm, Revised by ʿAbd al- Amīr Aʿsam, Beirut, Dār al- Manāhil, 1425 AH/ 2005 AD. Lambton, Ann¸Tadāwum wa Taḥawwūl dar Tarīkh- i Miyyana- yi Iran (11th to 14th century,history social and ,economic ,administrative of aspects :Persia medieval in change and Continuity), Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, Tehran, Nashr- i Niy, 1372/ 1993. Mūsawī Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Baḳir, Rawḍat al- Djannāt fī Aḥwal al- Ulamā  wa al- Sādāt, Vol. 6, Qom, Esmailiyan, (Und.). Nasr, Hossein, Ilm wa Tamaddun dar Islām, Trans. Ahmad Aram, Tehran, Nashr- i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1386/ 2007. Idem, Djāwidān Khirad, Vol. 1, Tehran, Surūsh, 1382/ 2003. Niẓām al- Mulk, Tūsī, Siyar al- Mulūk  yā (or) Siyāsat- Nāma, Revised by Hubert Darke, Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1383/ 2004. Niẓāmī ʿArūḍī, Çahār Maḳāla, Tehran, Ishrāḳ, 1364/ 1985. Omīd, Ṣafī, Siyāsat/ Dānish Dar Djahān- i Islām: Hamsūyī Marifat wa Ideology Dar Dawra- yi Saldjūḳī, Trans. Mudjtabā Fāḍilī, Institute for Social and Cultural Studies, 1389/ 2010. Rāwandī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Sulaymān, Rāḥat al- Ṣudūr wa- Āyat al- Surūr, Revised by Mohammad Eghbal, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1364/ 1985. Rāzī, Fakhr al- Dīn, Djāmi al- Ulūm, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1382/ 2003. Ronan, Colin A., Tarīkh- i Ilm- i Cambridge(The Cambridge illustrated history of the world's science), Trans. Hasan Afshar, Tehran, Nashr- i Markaz, 1371/ 1992. Safa, Zabihollah, Tarīkh- i Ulūm- i Aḳlī dar Tamaddun- i Islāmī, Vol. 1, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1331/ 1952. Ṣafadī, Khalīl b, Aybak, al- Wāfī bil- Wafayāt, Vol. 29, Hellmut Ritter, Beirut, Franz Steiner, 1401 AH/ 1980 AD. Samʿānī, Abū Saʿd ʿAbd al- Karīm b. Muḥammad, al- Taḥbīr fī l- Mudjam, Mawḳiʿ al- Warrāḳ, (Und.). Sarton, George, Muḳaddama-ay bar Tarīkh- i Ilm(Introduction to the History of Science), Trans. Golamhossein Sadri Afshar, Tehran, Agricultural Research Center, ( Und.). Shahmardān Ibn Abī al- Khayr, Rawḍat al- Munadjdjimīn, Revised by Jalil Akhavan Zanjani, The Institute of Islamic Encyclopedia (Manuscript), 1368/ 1989. Idem, Nuzhat- Nāma- yi Alāī, Tehran, institute for humanities cultural studies, 1362/ 1983 Sharḳāwī, ʿAbd al- Raḥman, ʾAimma Fiḳh al- Tisa, Beirut, Intishārat- i Dār Iḳrāʾ, (Und.). Shahrzūrī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd, Nuzhat al- Arwāḥ wa Rawḍat al- Afrāḥ: Kanz al- Ḥikma, Trans. Ziaeddin Dorri, Tehran, (RICM), 1390/ 2011. Subkī, ʿAbd al- Wahhab b. ʿAlī, Tabaḳāt al- shāfiiyya, Vol. 2, Revised by Muṣṭafa ʿAbs al- Ḳādir, Beirut, Dār iḥyāʾ al- kutub al- ʿArabiyya, 1999/ 1377. Yāḳūt Himawī, Mudjam al- buldān, Vol. 2, Trans. Ali-Naghi Monzavi, Tehran,  Sāzmān- i Mīrāth Farhangī- yi Kishwar, 1383/ 2004. Papers Akrami, Ayyub, "Barrisī- yi Taṭbīḳī- yi Ṭabaḳa- Bandī- Hā- yi ʿUlūm Dar Tamaddun- i Islāmī", Marifat, No. 151,  Tīr 1389/ June 2010. Compagnoni, Albert Napoleon, "Ḥakīm Abū Ḥātam Muẓaffar Isfizārī", Department of Literature and Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2, Mihr wa Diy 1336/ September & December 1957. Fani, Kamran, "Fihrist- i Āthār- i Çāpī- yi Imām Fakhr- i Rāzī", Madjala- yi Maārif, No. 7, 1365/ 1986. Jafari mazhab, Mohsen, "Bayān al- Nudjūm Abul- Faḍl Hubaysh b. Ibrāhīm Tiflīsī", Āyīna Mīrāth, No. 2 & 3, 1385/ 2006. Naser, Sedghi, "Djaryān- Hā- yi Tafakkur wa Andīsha- yi ʿIrfānī dar Iran- i ʿAṣr- i Saldjūḳī", Cultural History Studies, 1390/ 2011. Idem, "Taʾamulī dar Waḍʿiyyat Pazhuhish- hā- yi Saldjūḳī dar Iran", Madjala- yi Kitāb Māh Tarīkh wa Djughrāfiyyā, No.169, Khurdād 1391/ May 2012. Ojabi, Ali, "Ẓuhayr al- Dīn Biyhaḳī Mūʾallif Tatimmat Ṣiwān al- Ḥikma", Kitāb Mah Falsafa, No. 15, Ādhar/ 1385/ November 2006. Tajbakhsh, Hasan, "Sayyid Ismāʿīl- i Djurdjānī Bunyāngudhār- i Pizishkī- yi Parsī", Āyina Mīrāth, No. 47, Fall & Winter 90- 89/ 2010- 2011. Yousefi, Safari, "ʿIlal- i Rukūd- i ʿUlūm- i ʿAḳlī dar ʿAṣr- i Saldjūḳiyyān", The Quarterly Jurisprudence & History of Civilization, No. 20, 1388/ 2009.   Manuscript profile
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  4 - Waterfronts in Andalusia Belvedere Gardens; from Al-Zahra to Al-Hamra
  Afife Khadangi Abdolrahim Ghanavat
  Using water in architecture, along with providing the facility, had a great impact on the architectural design and beauty. In belvedere gardens of Andalus water used in different shapes such as pools, fountains and rivers with exquisite designs. During 10th to 15th cent More

  Using water in architecture, along with providing the facility, had a great impact on the architectural design and beauty. In belvedere gardens of Andalus water used in different shapes such as pools, fountains and rivers with exquisite designs. During 10th to 15th century particular styles of fountains are used that were operational as well as decorative. This research studies and compares the aesthetics changes of the patterns and elements of  belvedere gardens that were constructed during the period. References Barrucand, Marianne & Bednorz, Achim, Mimārī- yi Islāmī dar Andalus(Moorish Architecture in Andalusia (Big Series: Architecture and Design), Trans. Faezeh dini, Tehran, Iranian Academy of the Arts, 1386/ 2007. Blair, Sheila & Bloom, Jonathan, Hunar wa Mimārī- yi Islāmī(2)(The art and architecture of Islam), Trans. Azhand Yaghoub, SAMT, Iranian Academy of the Arts, 1381/ 2002. Būtshīsh, Ibrāhīm al- Ḳādirī, “al- Djāmāliyya Fī al- Munshaʾāt al- Miʿmāriyya al- Māʾiyya bi- Madīnat Gharnāta”, International Scientific Conference Entitled: "al- Fann fī al- Fikr al- Islāmī", Saʿīd b. Ḥamāda, Oman, Jordan, International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1433 AH/ 2012 AD. Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar& Moin, Mohammad, Lughat-nāma, University of Tehran Press (UTP), Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute & International Center for Persian Studies, 1337/ 1958. Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tarikh al- Islām wa wafayāt (ṭabaḳāt) al- mashāhīr wa l- alām, Revised by ʿUmar ʿAbd al- Salām Tadmurī, Vol. 2, Beirut, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1993 AH/ 1413 AD. al- Djamal, Muḥammad, “Munshaʾāt Salāṭīn Banī Naṣr fī Ḳuṣūr al- Ḥamrāʾ”, Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, No. 28, 1996/ 1374. Donis A., Dondis, Mabādī- yi Sawad Baṣrī (A Primer of Visual Literacy), Trans. Masoud Sepehr, Surūsh, Tehran, 1390/ 2011. Fatḥ b. Khāḳān, Ḳalāid al- Iḳyān, (Und), (Und.). Golomberk, Lisa, “From Timur to TivoliI: reflections on Il Giadino All Italiana”, Muqarnas, Necipoglu, Gulru, V.15, Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, copyright 1001. Ibn Zaydūn, Dīwān- i Ibn Zaydūn wa Rasāla, Revised by ʿAlī ʿAbd al- ʿAẓīm, Dar Misr For Printing, 1957/ 1335. Jafari, Bahram, "al- Ḥamrāʾ čashm- Andāzī az Tamaddunī ʿAẓīm", Kiyhān- i Farhangī, No.111, Vol.11, Tehran, Tīr/ June 1373/ 1993.   Lehrman, Jonas, Eaethly Paradise(Garden and Courtyard in Islam), Berkeley and Los Angeless,University of California Press, 2910. al- Maḳḳarī al- Tilimsānī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Nafḥ al- Ṭīb Min Ghuṣn al- Andalus al- Raṭīb, Dār al- Fikr, Beirut, 1419 AD. Moore, Charles Willard, Āb wa Mimārī (Water and Architecture), Trans. Hoda Alamolhoda, Sāzmān- i Mīrāth Farhangī- yi Kishwar, Muʿāwinat- i Farhangī wa Āmūzish, 1381/ 2002. Pries, Christine, Tarīkh- i Hunar- i Islāmī (The story of Moslem Art), Trans. Masoud Rajab Nia, Vol. 2, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 2535 Shāhanshāhī. Tabbaa, Yasser, “The Medieval Islamic Garden: Typology and Hydraulics”, Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods, John Dixon Hunt, Washington, Harvard University, 1992. Zakī, Yaʿḳūb, (Dickie, James), "Bāgh- i Ispāniyyāyi ʿArabī: Tawḍīḥātī Darbāra- yi Gūna- Shināsī", Trans. MohammadTaghi Akbari, Mīrāth- i Ispāniyyā- yi Musalmān(The legacy of muslim spain- Salma khadra jayyusi), Salma Khadra Jayyusi(as Supervisor), Translations of European languages,  Vol. 1, Islamic Research Foundation of Astane Quds Razavi, 1380/ 2001.   Referencing Visuals: Images & Maps http://www.alhambradegranada.org/en/info/placesandspots/courtofthemyrtles.asp.(2013/2/26) http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/MADINAT-AL-ZAHRA/Medina-Azahara-Cordoba-Archeological-site-pool-house.html. (2011/1/24) http://www.essential-architecture.com/SP-GR/GR-006.htm (2016/12/01)  http://gardenin.ru/islamic_gardens.html. (2011/7/12) http://www.martingracephotography.com/?search=Nasrid+dynasty. (2013/3/17)  http://www.photaki.es/foto-jardin-del-crucero-casa-de-la-contratacion-sevilla_303803.htm https://www.pinterest.com/anachelista/al-andalus-las-invasiones-almor%C3%A1vides-almohades-y (2016/12/01) http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do.(2011/22/9)  http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/Islam-Web/Chapter3103.htm. (2011/21/23) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions                                                                   Manuscript profile
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  5 - Social Historical Facts in Miniatures of Ottoman’s Surnames (Ottoman Fest Books): A Study on Surname-i-Wahbi (1720) and Surname-i-Humayun (1582)
  Reza Abbasi Hossein Bayatlou
  During the Islamic medieval period many festivals were held in various occasions. In Ottoman Empire festivals were carriedout into the largest detail and then a literary sub-genre has been emerged as Surname (Fest book). Besides the texts, various miniatures in these wo More

  During the Islamic medieval period many festivals were held in various occasions. In Ottoman Empire festivals were carriedout into the largest detail and then a literary sub-genre has been emerged as Surname (Fest book). Besides the texts, various miniatures in these works contain ample information about the steps and procedures of the Ottoman court or popular celebrations. In fact the surnames could be considered as a rich source for studying the social, cultural and economic history of Ottoman Empire, along with their artistic importance. Two most famous surnames are Surname-i-Humayun and surname-i-wahbi, that the present paper will study their social historical facts as well as their information about performing arts such as scene performance and field performance. References Abbasi & Bayatlou, Reza, "Āyīn- hā- yi Namāyishī dar Djashn- hā- yi Darbār-i ʿUthmānī: Namāyish-i Awrtā-Awyūn wa Ḳara- Gūz", JHCIN, Vol. 21, Spring & Summer 1394/ 2015. Aḥsan, Muḥammad Manāẓir, Zindigī-yi Idjtimāī dar Ḥukūmat-i Abbāsiyyān, Trans. Masoud Rajab Nia, Tehran, Ilmī wa Farhangī, 1369/ 1990. Akday, M, Turkiye iktisadi ve ictimai trihe, Ankara, 1959. Ali bey, Travels of Ali bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyptus, Egypt, Arabia, Srria, and Turkey, Between the years 1803 and 1807, Reading, UK, 1993. And, Metin, "Karagöz", Tütkiye diyanet vakfı Islam ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 2001. And, Metin, "The Turkish folk theatre", Asian folklore studies, vol.38, vo.2 (1979). And, Metin, 40 Days 40 Nights Ottoman Wedding Festivites Phocessious, Istanbul, 2000. And, Metin, Minyatürlerle Osmanlı-İslam mitologyası, Istanbul, 2007. And, metin, Osmanlı tasvir sanatları: 1 Minyatür, Istanbul, 2004. Arsalan, Mehmet, Tütk edebiyatında manzum Surnameler (Osmanlı saray düğünleri ve şenlikleri), Ankara, 1999. shiḳ Pāshā- Zādih, Tawārīkh-i Āl-i Uthmān, Istanbul, 1332 AH/ 1913 AD. Atil, Esin, "The story of an eighteen-century Ottoman festival", Muqarnas, vol.10, essays in honor of Oleg Grabar (1993). Awliyā čalabī, Muḥammad Ẓillī B. Darwish, Awliyā čalabī Sīyāḥat- nāma-iy sī, Istanbul, 1314/1935. Aynur, Hatice, "Osmanlı saray düğünlerinin edebiyat yansıması", sözden yazıya:edebiyat incelemeleri, Haz: Selim Sirri ve Erol Köroğluö Istanbul, 1994.  Aynur, Hatice, ''Surname'', Türkiye diyanet vakfı İslam ansiklopedisi, İstanbul, 1988. Ayvazoglu, Beşir, Turkish coffee culture "A cup of coffee commits one to forty years of friendship", translated by: Melis Seyhun, Ankara, 2011. Bakhshal, Aslam ibn Sahlal-Razzāz al-Wāsiṭi, Tarīkh-i Wāsiṭ, Revised by Kūrkīs ʿAwwād, Beirut, ʿAlam al- Kutub, 1406 AH/ 1986 AD. Bayatlou, Hosein, Ḥiṣār- hā, Darwāzih- hā wa Ḳuhandaz- hā: Barrisī-yi Mawridī-yi Hasht Shahr-i Islāmī wa Islāmī Shudih, Master's degree Thesis, Jamal Mousavi as Supervisor, Tehran, University of Tehran, Fall 1390/ 2011. Baykal, Ebru, Osmanlılarda Törenler, Yüksek lisans tezi, Edirne, 2008. Bayram, Mikail, Ahi evren ve Ahi teşkilatının kuruluşu, Konya, 1991. Çelik, Bülent, "Osmanlı Lonca sistemi içinde Yamaklık olgusu" Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2004. Chardin, Jean, Safar Nāma (Journal du voyage du Chevalier Chardin en persea aux Indes Orientals), Trans. EghbalYaghmaei, Tehran, Tūs, 1370/ 1990. Cohen, Amnon, The guilds of Ottoman Jerusalem, Leiden, 2001. D. Garcias de Silva Figueroa, Safar Nāma, Trans. Gholamreza Samii, Tehran, Nashr-i Nū, 1363/ 1984. Dah Safar Nāma, Morier, James, Safarī dar Iran, Armenia wa Āsiyā-yi Ṣaghīr ,Mehrab Amiri(trans.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Waḥīd, 1369/ 1990. Djāmī, Maḥmūd al- Ḥusaynī b. Ibrāhīm, Tārīkh-i Aḥmad Shāhī, Mohammad Sarvar Moulaei, Tehran, ʿIrfān, 1386/ 2007. al- Djaysh wa al- Silaḥ, Nukhba Min Asātidha al- Taʾrīkh, Baghdad, 1988/ 1366. Drouville, Gaspard, Safar dar Iran(Voyage en Perse en), Trans. Manouchehr Etemad Far, Tehran, Shabāwīz, 1370/ 1990. Frajiha Qazwini, Nourmohammadi Najaf Abadi & Bayatlou, "Naḳsh-i Adawāt-i Partābī dar Djang- hā-yi ḳalʾa- iy dar Sarzamīn- hā- yi Islāmī Pīsh az Ibdāʿi Tūp", JHCIN, Vol. 9, No. 18, Fall & Winter 1392/ 2013 & 2014. Ghaffari, Mojgan & Ashtari Tafreshi, Alireza, “Khayāl al-zill”, Dānīshnāma Djahān-i Islām (The Encyclopedia of the Islamic World), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor), Tehran, 1390/2011. Hindī, Iḥsān, al- Aslaḥat wa Ālāt al- Ḳittāl ind al- Arab wa al- Muslimīn, Damascus, Markaz al- Dirāsat al- ʿAskariyya, 2004/ 1382. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Riḥla-yi Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Revised by  Muhammad ʿAbd al- Munʿim, Beirut, 1407 AH/ 1987 AD. Inalcik, Halil, Osmanli Imparatorlugu Klasik Cag (1300- 1600), Istanbul, 2009. Ḳalḳashandī, Ṣubḥ al- Asha fī Ṣināat al- Inshā, Cairo, 1383 AH/1963 AD. Kemaloğlu, Muhammet, "Anadoluda ilk Esnaf teşkilatı", Hikmet Yurdu, Yıl: 6, C: 6, Sayı: 12, Temmuz – Aralık 2013. keyvani, Mehdi, "Aṣnāf", Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī,Tehran, 1385/ 2006. Khwāndamīr, Ghiyāth al- Dīn b. Humām al- Dīn, Tārīkh-i Ḥabīb al- Siyar, Tehran, Khayyām, 1380/ 2001. Kömeçoglu, Ugur, "Homo ludens ve home sapiens arasında kamusallık ve toplumsallık: Osmanlı kahvehaneleri", in Osmanlı Kahvehanelerı mekan, sosyalleçme, iktidar, Istanbul, 2010. Konur, Tahsin, "Ortaoyunu", Tiyatro Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 12, 1995. KÖPRÜLÜ, F, “Anadolu'da İslâmiyet”, Dârulfünûn Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuası, Temmuz 1338/1922. Korkmaz, Gülsüm ezgi, Surnamrlerde 1582 şenligi, Türk edebiyat bölömü, Bilkent üniversitesiö Ankaraö 2004ç Kudret, Cevdet, Karagöz, Ankara, 1968. Lewis, Bernard , Istanbul, Trans. Mah Malek Bahar,Tehran, 1350/ 1971. Maḳrīzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Kitāb al- Mawāiẓ wa l-Itibār fī Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa l-Āthār al- Marūf bi al- Khiṭaṭ al- Maḳrīzī, Bulaq, 1270 AH/ 1853 AD. Mehrabani, Amin,  "Shadd wa Madjlis-i Shadd", JHCIN, Vol. 8, No. 16, Fall & Winter 1391/ 2012 & 2013. Mousapour Besheli, Ebrahim, "Djashn", Dānīsh-nāma- yi Djahān-i Islām(The Encyclopedia of the Islamic World), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor), Tehran,1385/ 2006. Myrsiades, Linda suny, (Legend in the theatre: Alexander the great and the Karaghiozis text), Educational theatre journal, vol.27, no. 3, popular theatre (oct., 1975). Navaei, Abdolhosseini, Asnād wa Mukātibāt-i Tārīkhī az Tiymūr tā Shāh Ismāīl, Tehran, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1356/ 1977. Nourmohammadi Najaf Abadi & Bayatlou, Mohammad, "Anwāʿ- i Mandjanīḳ- hā- yi Dawra- yi Islāmī Bar Asās-i Sāzūkār, Sākhtār wa Nawʿ- i Partāba- Hā- yi Djangī", Journal of Historical Studies of Islam, Vol. 6, No. 20, Spring 1393/ 2014. Idem, "Barrisī- yi Intiḳādī- yi Taḥawwulāt- i Kārburd- i Mandjanīḳ dar Djang- Hā- yi Dawra- yi Islāmī", Socio Economic History Studie, Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall & Winter 1391/ 2012 & 2013. Idem, "Tanawwuʿ wa Takāmūl Partāba- hā- yi Djangī Dar Dawra- yi Islāmī",JHCIN , Vol.8, No.16, Fall & Winter 1391/ 2012 & 2013. Ocak, Derya, XVI. Yüzyıl Osmanlı şenliklerinin siyasal boyutları ve gündelik hayata etkileri, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara, 2006.  Oral, ünver, Günümüzden Karagöz-Hacivat söyleşmeleri, Istanbul, 2002. Pakalin, Mehmet Zakı, Osmanli Tarih Deyimleri va Terimleri Sozlugu, Istanbul, 1993. Rouhani, Kazem, "Aṣnāf dar Impirāṭūrī-yi ʿUthmānī", Kiyhān-i Andīsha, No. 16, Winter 1366/ 1988. Shiykhlī, Ṣabāḥ Ibrāhīm Saʿīd, Al-aṣnāf fī aṣr Abbāsī: Nishāt-hā  Wa Taṭawūr-ha, Baghdad, Wizāra al-ʾAlām, 1396 AH/1976 AD. Ṣūlāḳ Zādih, Tārīkh-i Ṣūlāḳ Zādih, Istanbul, 1297 AH/ 1879 AD. Tatawī wa Ḳazwīnī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Tārīkh-i Alifī, Gholamreza Tabatabai Majd(ed.), Tehran,  ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1382/ 2002. TEKBAş, SERAP IRLAYICI, Surname-I Vehbi minyatürlerindeki eğlence sahnelerinin resim eğitimi açısından incelenmesi, yüksek lisans tezi, danışman: Tahsin Samur, KONYA, 2008. Tietze, A, "Djanbaz", The encyclopaedia of Islam, New edition, Brill, 1991. Waḥīd Ḳazwīnī, Mīrzā Muḥammad Ṭāhir, Tarīkh- i Djahān Ārā- yi  Abbāsī, Saeed Mir Mohammad Sadegh( ed.), Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies,1383/ 2005. Yazıcı, Ezgi, Theater in nineteeth century Istanbul: cases for the translation of an architectural typology,  A thesis submitted to the graduate school of social ciences of middle east technical university, September 2010.                                                      Manuscript profile
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  6 - Local Historiography in Syria: Tārīkh-i Dimashq (History of Damascus) by Ibn Qalānisī
  Ameneh Baqeri Masoumali Panjeh
  Writing and accomplishing Local histories in Syria, that was commenced since the third century AH, reached to a peak under the local states and so a number of local histories were provided particularly about two grand cities, Damascus and Aleppo. Tārīkh-i Dimashq(Histor More

  Writing and accomplishing Local histories in Syria, that was commenced since the third century AH, reached to a peak under the local states and so a number of local histories were provided particularly about two grand cities, Damascus and Aleppo. Tārīkh-i Dimashq(History of Damascus)by Ibn Qalānisī (d. 555 AH) is one of the prominent local history about Damascus which includes the events between 363 and 555 AH and focused primarily on Damascus and then Syria. Ibn Qalanisi described the developments inside and around Damascus as well as the relationships and conflicts of Muslim states such as Hamdanids, Fatimids and Seljuks together and also with Byzantium and the Crusaders.This book is one of the few sources about Damascus in the Fatimid, the Seljuks and the Crusaders era, and so significant for the study of Damascus and Syria in the fifth and sixth centuries AH. Ibn Qalānisī method in historiography is traditional and official, based on a fatalistic attitude and  elitist insight without any kind of critical approach.   References Abu Shama, Kitab al-Rawdatayn fiAkhbdr al-Dawlatayn, ed. Ibrahim Shamsuddin, Beirut, dar al kutub al ilmiyah, 1422 AD. Bahramian, Ali, “Ibn Qalānisī”, Great Islamic Encyclopedia, v.4, Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1370 sh. Christie, Niall, “Ibn al-Qalānisī”, Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks in the Levant, Edited by Alex Mallett, Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2014. al-Dahhān, Sāmī,“Origin and Development of the Local Histories of Syria”, Historians of the Middle East, ed. by Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt, Oxford University Press, 1962. al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams ad-Din,  Tarikh al-Islam, Beirut. Ibid, Siyara`lam al-nubala',Beirut, Mu'assasat al-Risalah, 1414 AH. Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, Ta'rikh al-dawla al-Fatimiyya, Cairo, 1964. Ibn al-Athir, Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad, Al-Kāmilfī al-tārīkh, Beirut, Dar sader, 1965. Ibn ʿAsākir, Alī ibn al-Ḥasan, TarīkhmadīnatDimashq, ed. ʿU.Gh. al-ʿAmrawī, 80 vols (Beirut,1995–2000), vol.XV, p.191 (no. 1749). Ibn al-Dawadarī, Die Chronik des Ibn ad-Dawdddri, AchterTeil, Der Berichtiiber die fruhenMamluken, ed. Ulrich Haarmann, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Kairo Quellenzur Geschichte des islamischenAgyptensih (Freiburg, 1971). Ibn al-Fuwati, Madjma' al-adab fi mu'djam al-alqab, Edited by Muhammad Kazim, Tehran. Ibn ImadHanbali, Shadharat al-Dhahab fi Akhbar min Dhahab, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-'Ilmiya, 1998. Ibn Rajab, Abu al-Faraj 'Abdar-Rahman ibn Ahmad, Dhayl ‘aláṬabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah, Beirut, Dar Al Maarifah. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Jamal al-Din Yusuf, Al-Nujum al-Zāhira fi MulukMisrwa’l-Qahira. Edited by Mu˙ammadOusayn Shams al-Din. Vols. 1–16. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1992. Ibn Kathir, Ismail ibn Umar, Al-Bidāya wa al- Nihāya, Beirut, Maktabah Al- Maaref, 1990. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-RaḥmānMuḥammad, al-Ibarwa al-dīwan al-mubtadiwa al-Khabarfītarikh al-Arabwa al-Adjamwa al-Barbarwa-min āṣarāhum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-akbar, Revised by KhalīlShiḥāda, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1988 AD/1408 AH. Ibn Khallikān, Shams al-DīnAbū Al-ʿAbbāsAḥmad Ibn Muḥammad, Wafayāt al-ayānwa-anbāabnā al-zamān, ed. Ihsan Abbas, 8 vols. (Beirut, 1972). Ibn al-Qalānisī,TarīkhDimashq: 360–555, ed. S. Zakkār (Damascus, 1983). Ibn QadiShuhba,al-Kawakib al-durriyya fi al-siraal-nūriyya, Beirut, 2014. Ibn ShakirKutbi, Uyūn al-tawārīkh, Edited by Ihsan 'Abbas, Beirut, Ibn Shahna, Abi al-Fadl Muhammad, al-Dur al-Muntakkhab fi Tarikh mamlaka Halab, ed. A. M. Darwish, Damascus, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1984. Gibb,H.A.R.  The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of  Ibn al-Qalanisi, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002). al-Jīlāwī, N.R.M., Ibn al-Qalānisī: Sīratuhuwa-manhajuhufīkitābihi (DhayltarīkhDimashq)(Baghdad, 2008). Haji Khalifa, Kashf al-ẓunūn ‘an asāmī al-kutubwa-al-funūn, Beirut, Dar al-Ihya al – Turath al-Arabi, Al-Qifti, Ta'rikh al-hukama,ed.Julius Lippert,Leipzig, 1903. Al-Qirmani, Ahmad Ibn Yusuf. Akhbar al-Duwalwa-Athar al-awal fi al-Tarikh. Edited by Ahmad Ou†ay† and FahmiSa'd. Beirut: 'Alam al-Kutub, 1992. al-Ṣafadī, Khalīl Ibn Aybak, al-wafi bi al-wafayat, 30 vols., eds. Hellmut Ritter, et al., Wiesbaden, Beirut 1962 – 2010. Al Samir, Faisal, Al-Dawla al Hamdaniya fi Mosul waHalab, Baghdad, 1970. Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Yusuf ibn Abdullah, Mir’at al-zaman, Hyderabad, 1951. Stanford, Michael, A Companion to the Study of History, Blackwell, 1994. Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, Al-Mawāiẓwa al-itibārfī dhikr al-khiṭaṭwa’l-āthār, ed. A.F. Sayyid, 5 vols, London, 2002–2004. Al-Munajjed, Salahuddin, Mu'jam al-Muwarrikhin al Dimashqiyin, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Jadida, 1978. Mustafa, Shakir, Tarikhal Arabi WalMuwarrikhun, Beirut, Dar El-IlmLilmalayin, 1978. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī, Mu'jam al-udabā, Tehran, Sorush, 1381sh. Al-Yunini, DhaylMirat al-Zaman fial-Ta'rikh al-A'yan, Hyderabad, 1954-61.                     Manuscript profile
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  7 - A Study on the Lighting Equipment in Qajar Era and the Impact of Modernity on its Development
  Khatereh Fahimi Mahtab Mobini
  The process of designing and producing the lighting devices continues, almost uniform, from Ancient Persia to the Islamic era and the artists tried to take advantage of the earlier generations experience, in terms of creating more improvement equipment in design and dec More

  The process of designing and producing the lighting devices continues, almost uniform, from Ancient Persia to the Islamic era and the artists tried to take advantage of the earlier generations experience, in terms of creating more improvement equipment in design and decoration. Qajar era was the last period of using the traditional lighting equipment before the development of modern technologies and also a turning point in the evolution and development of these devices as a result of encountering Iranian traditional society to the industrial aspect of the West. Eventually, with the arrival of gas and electricity in the late thirteenth century AH, most of these items were either supplanted or were transformed into decorative tool. Based on the primary sources, the present paper studies the types of lighting equipment since ancient time and their survival and development during the Qajar period as well as the customs and crafts associated with them, by exploring the Astan-i-Quds and Astan-i-Qum treasuries   References Safar Nāma- yi Aḍud al- Mulk bih Atabāt, Revised by Hasan Morsalvand, Tehran, Mawʾassisa- yi Pazhūhish wa Muṭāliʿāt-i Farhangī, 1370/ 1991. Bakhtiar, Amir Hooshang, "Manṣab-i čirāgh- čī- Bāshī Dar Atabāt-i Āliyyāt", Tarīkh-i Islām, No. 15, Fall 1382/ 2003. Brugsch, Heinrich , Safarī bih Darbār-i Sulṭān-i Ṣāḥibiḳarān, trans. HoseinKordbacheh, Tehran, Ettelaat Publication, 1368/ 1989. Fehervari, Geza, Ceramics of Islamic World in the Tareq Rajab Museum, New York, I.B. Tauris & co Ltd, 2000/ 1379. Floor, Willem, Ṣanāyi- i Kuhan dar Dawra- yi Ḳādjār, Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925), trans. Ali- Reza Baharlou, Tehran, Piykara, 1393/ 2014. Guzārish- hā- yi Naẓmiyya az Maḥallāt-i Ṭihrān (Tehran), Rāpūrt-i WaḳāyiMukhtalifa Maḥallat- i Dār al- Khilāfat (1305- 1303 AH), Revised by Ensiyeh Sheykh Rezaee & Shahla Azari, Vol. 1, Tehran, National Library of Iran, 1377/ 1998. Khurāsān Dar Asnād Amīn al- Ḍarb (Sāl- hā- yi 1351- 1282 AH), Under Guidanse of Iraj Afshar, Revised by Narges Pedram & Mozhdeh Mahdavi, Tehran, Thurayyā, 1390/ 2011. Mūnis al- Dawla, Khāṭirāt- i Mūnis al- Dawla Nadīma- yi Ḥaram Sarā- yi Nāṣir al - Dīn Shāh, Revised by Sirus Sedvendiyan, Tehran, Zarrīn, 1380/ 2001. Mustawfī, ʿAbdallāh, Sharḥ-i Zindigānī- yi Man, Tarīkh- i Idjtimāī wa Idārī- yi Dawra - yi Ḳādjāriyya, Vol.1, Tehran, Zawwār, 1377/ 1998. Nadjmī, Nāṣir, Ṭihrān- i(Tehran) Aṣr- i Nāṣirī, Tehran, ʿAttār, 1364/ 1985. Shahri, Jafar, Tarīkh-i Idjtimāī- yi Tehran dar Ḳarn- i Sīzdah- hum: Zindigī, Kasb wa Kār, Tehran, Rasā, 1368/ 1989. Shishegar, Arman, "Bārfatan", Dānish-nāma-yi Djahān-i Islām, Mostafa Mir-Salim (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1375/ 1996. Wills ,Charles James, Tarīkh- i Idjtimāī Iran Dar Ahd- i Ḳadjāriyya (Persia as it is : being sketches of modern Persian life and character), Revised by Jamshid Dodange & Mehrdad Niknam, Tehran, Zarrīn, 1363/ 1984. Manuscript profile
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  8 - A Study on the Structure of Rab’i Rashidi in Ilkhanids Era
  Amir Dehghan Nejad Abdolrasoul Emadi Mohsen Rahmati
  Rab’-i- Rashidi” was the largest medical center with a great religious endowment in Ilkhanids era. It was a hospital, for admitting and treating patients and a place for teaching medicine as well as preparing various drugs. The present paper investigates the More

  Rab’-i- Rashidi” was the largest medical center with a great religious endowment in Ilkhanids era. It was a hospital, for admitting and treating patients and a place for teaching medicine as well as preparing various drugs. The present paper investigates the Rab’-i-Rashidi’s management structure, financial system, medical and scholarly functions via an analytic-descriptive study. The results show that, with the financial backing Rab’-i-Rashidi has had many functions as the modern hospitals. Using theoretical and clinical teaching methods simultaneously and also connecting to the educational centers worldwide, particularly China and India, Rab’-i- Rashidi tried to transform the scientific accomplishments to Iran. References Awḥadī Marāghiʾī, Rukn al- Dīn, Kulliyyāt- i Ashār- i Awḥadī Marāghiī (Manṭiḳ al- ʿUshshāḳ, Djām- i Djam), Revised by Saeed Nafisi, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Sanāyī, 1391/ 2012. 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Irwin professional pub,2010. Jafari, Gholam- Ali & Others, Istāndārd- Hā- yi Itibār Bakhshī- yi Bīmāristān dar Iran, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Markaz- i Nashr- i Ṣidā, 1391. Khwāndmīr, Ghiyāth al- Dīn b. Hamām al- Dīn Ḥusaynī,Ḥabīb al- Siyar fī Akhbār-i Afrād al- Bashar, Vol. 4, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Kitāb Furūshi- yi Khayyām, 2nd ed., 1380/ 2001. Koontz, Harold & Others, Uṣūl- i Mudīriyyat(Essentials of management), Trans. Mohammad Ali Toosi & Others, Vol. 2, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Markaz Āmūzish- i Mudīriyyat- i Dawlatī, 1374/ 1995. Mīrkhwānd, Muḥammad b. Khwānshāh b. Maḥmūd, Rawḍat al- Ṣafā fī Sīrat al- Anbiyā wa l Mulūk wa l Khulafā, Revised by Jamshid Kian Far,Vol. 15, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Asāṭīr,1380/ 2001. Mojtahedi, Karim, Madāris wa Dānishgāh-hā- yi Islāmī wa Gharbī dar Ḳurūn- i Wusṭā, Tehran, IHCS, 1379/ 2000. Mustawfī, Ḥamdullāh, Nuzhat al- Ḳulūb, Revised by Mohammad Dabirsiaghi, Tahouri Bookstore, 1336/ 1957. Nahas VL and Others, Jordanian undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of effec  clinical teachers, Nurse Educ Today 1999; 19(8): 639-48.  Nasr, Hossein, Maḳām- i Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh dar Tarīkh- i Falsafa wa Ulūm-i Islāmī, Madjmūa- yi Khaṭaba- Hā- yi Taḥḳīḳī Darbara- yi Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh Hamdānī, University of Tehran, 1350/ 1971. Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich & John Masson Smith, Tarīkh-i Idjtimāī- Iḳtiṣādī-yi Iran Dar Dawra- yi Mughūl,Trans. yaghoub Azhand, Tehran, Intishārāt- i  Iṭilāʿāt, 1366/ 1987. Rahnima, Majid, "Rashīd al- Dīn wa Rabʿ al- Rashīdī", Madjmūa- yi Khaṭaba- Hā- yi Taḥḳīḳī Darbara- yi Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh Hamdānī, Tehran, Tehran University Press, 1350/ 1971. Rezaeian, Ali, Mabānī- yi Mudīriyyat- i Raftār- i Sāzmānī, Tehran, Samt, 1382/ 2003. Samarḳandī, Dawlatshāh, Tadhkirat  al- Shuarā, Revised by Edward Browne, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1382/ 2003. Samarḳandī, Kamāl al- dīn ʿAbd al- Razzāḳ, Maṭla al- Sadayn wa-Madj ma-i al- Baḥrayn, Revised by Abdolhossein Navaei, Vol. 4, Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1383/ 2004. Sarton, George, Muḳaddamih’ ī  bar Tarīkh- i Ilm(Introduction to the History of Science), Trans. Golamhossein Sadri Afshar, Vol.3, Tehran, Intishārāt- i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1383/ 2004. Shanghi Ranking consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Tabrizi, Hossein Abdoh, Nahād- i Mālī- yi Ṣandūḳ- hā- yi Waḳfī wa Uṣūl- i Islāmī- yi Faāliyyat- i Ān dar Iran, Nashriyya Markaz- i Taḥḳīḳāt- i Dānishgāh Imām Ṣādiḳ, No.25, 1384/ 2005. Ṭūsī, Khwadja Naṣīr al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Madjmūa Rasāil Khwadja Naṣīr al- Dīn Ṭūsī, Revised byMohammad Taqi Modarres Razavi, Tehran, University of Tehran, 2nd ed., 1390/ 2011. Waṣṣāf, Faḍl Allāh b. ʿAbdullāh, Tarīkh- i Waṣṣāf al- Ḥaḍrat, Revised by Mohammad Mahdi Esfahani, Tehran, Ebne Sina & Allama Jafari Library, 1338/ 1959. Yidan, Wang, Khadamāt- i Khwādja Rashīd al- Dīn Hamdānī Dar Gustarish- i chīn Shināsī, Madjmūa- yi Maḳālāt Darbāra- yi Khwādja Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍlullāh wa Rabl- Rashīdī Tabrīzī, Revised by Reza Rahmani, Vol.2, Tehran, (Und.), 1388/ 2009.               Manuscript profile