Using agricultural wastes and food residues for algal cultivation
Subject Areas : Chemyasamin fayaz 1 , Masoud Honarvar 2
1 - Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Heterotrophic culture, Algae, agricultural and food waste,
Abstract :
Introduction: In recent years, algae have been considered as a rich source of valuable nutrients and diverse bioactive compounds in different studies and have got noticed by many researchers. Providing a suitable carbon source for algae cultivation with the aim of nutritional and medicinal uses, has made the production process expensive.Materials and methods: Recently, various studies have been carried out on cultivation techniques of different types of algae based on the use of new and inexpensive carbon sources. Agricultural and food waste are rich sources of carbon. Annually, 1.3 percent of the total volume of food in the world is turned into waste. Therefore, many studies have investigated the use of food waste as a substrate for algae cultivation. For example the use of various wastes and by-products of food factories, surplus products and agricultural products and even food industry wastewater for algae cultivation. This article discusses some of the research conducted in this field.Results: Due to the significant sugar and carbon content in agricultural and food waste, they can be regarded as a great substrate for algae cultivation for using them toward various food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Independence of light in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation has significantly reduced costs and space compared to autotrophic culture.Conclusion: According to the results of various studies, it can be expected that the heterotrophic method for cultivating algae by use of agricultural wastes and food residues will play an important role in meeting future nutritional needs.
Airanthi, M. K., Hosokawa, M. & Miyashita, K. (2011). Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Edible Japanese Brown Seaweeds. Journal of Food Science, 76 (1), 104-111.
Alves, A., Sousa, R. A. & Reis, R. L. (2013). A practical perspective on ulvan extracted from green algae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 407–424.
Dominguez, H. (2013). Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, pp. 1-86.
Ende, S. & Noke, A. (2018). Heterotrophic microalgae production on food waste and by-products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 1565–1571.
El-Sheekh, M. M., Bedaiwy, M. Y., Osman, M. E. & Ismail, M. M. (2014). Influence of molasses on growth, biochemical composition and ethanol production of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Biotechnology, 2, 20–28.
El-Kassas, H. Y., Heneash, A. & R. Hussein, N. (2015). Cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis using confectionary wastes for aquaculture feeding. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 145-155.
Espinosa-Gonzalez, I., Parashar, A. & Bressler, D. C. (2014). Heterotrophic growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella protothecoides in whey permeate, a dairy by-product stream, for biofuel production. Bioresource Technology, 155, 170–176.
Farahani, F., Permeh, P., Mokhlesi, A., Nasiri, S., Gohari Kakhki, A., Qaranchik, B. & Sohrabipour, J. (2014). Investigation of biological properties of brown algae Colpomenia sinousa and Iyengaria stellata on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Zanko Journal of Medical Sciences, pp. 65-59 [In Persian].
Saad, M., Dosoky, N., Zoromba, N. & Shafik, H. (2019). Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges. Energies, 1-22.
Gami, B., Patel, J. P. & Kothari, I. L. (2014). Cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides (ISIBES -101) under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions for biofuel production. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 5, 20–29.
Guerrero, A. B., Aguado, P. L., Sánchez, J. & Curt, M. D. (2016). GIS-based assessment of banana residual biomass potential for ethanol production and power generation: a case study. Waste Biomass Valori, 7, 405–415.
Gupta, S. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011). Recent developments in the application of seaweeds or seaweed extracts as a means for enhancing the safety and quality attributes of foods. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 12 (4), 600-609.
Harel, M. & Clayton, D. (2004). Feed formulation for terrestrial and aquatic animals. WO patent application WO/2004/080196 (23/09/2004).
Hayes, R. J. (2014). Cost of quality (CoQ) - an analysis of the cost of maintaining a state of compliance. International Pharmaceutical Industry, 6, 74–76.
Heritage, J., Evans, E. G. V. & Killington, R. A. (1997). Introductory microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Karsten, U., Karsten, U., Lembcke, S. & Schumann, R. (2007). The effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performance growth and sunscreen compounds in aeroterrestrial biofilm algae isolated from building facades. Planta, 225, 991-1000.
Kim, S. & Chojnacka, K. (2015). Marine Algae Extracts Processes Products and Applications. Wiley-VCH, pp. 1.
Kotrbáček, V., Doubek, J. & Doucha, J. (2015). The chlorococcalean alga Chlorella in animal nutrition: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27, 2173– 2180.
Kumar Panda, S. C., Ray, R., Sakambari Mishra, S. & Kayitesi, E. (2017). Microbial processing of fruit and vegetable wastes into potential biocommodities: a review. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 1– 16.
Leesing, R. & Kookkhunthod, S. (2011). Heterotrophic growth of Chlorella sp. KKU-S2 for lipid production using molasses as a carbon substrate. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp 87–91.
Liu, J., Sun, Z., Zhong, Y., Gerken, H., Huang, J. & Chen, F. (2013). Utilization of cane molasses towards cost-saving astaxanthin production by a Chlorella zofingiensis mutant. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 1447–1456.
Mandalam, R. K. &Palsson, B.Ø. (1998). Elemental balancing of biomass and medium composition enhances growth capacity in high-density Chlorella vulgaris cultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 5, 605-611.
McHugh, D.)1987(. Production and utilization of product from commercial seaweeds. FAO fish. Tech. Pub. 189 pp.
Mirzaie, M. A., Kalbasi, M., Mousavi, S. M. & Ghobadian, B. (2015), Statistical Evaluation and Modeling of Cheap Substrate-Based Cultivation Medium of Chlorella vulgaris to Enhance Microalgae Lipid as New Potential Feedstock for Biolubricant. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1–35.
Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S. & Sutar, N. (2010), Banana and its by-product utilization: An overview. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 69, 323–329.
Perez-Garcia, O., Escalante, FM., de-Bashan, L. E. & Bashan, Y. (2011). Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: metabolism and potential products. Water Res, 45, 11–36.
Phang, S. M., Miah, M. S., Yeoh, B. G. & Hashim, M. A. (2000). Spirulina cultivation in digested sago starch factory wastewater. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 395-400.
Pleissner, D. & Ki Lin, C. (2013). Valorisation of food waste in biotechnological processes. Sustainable Chemical Processes, 1 (21), 1-6.
Pleissner, D., Lam, W. C., Sun, Z. & Ki Lin, C. (2013). Food waste as nutrient source in heterotrophic microalgae cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 139-146.
Pleissner, D. & Rumpold, B. A. (2018) Utilization of organic residues using heterotrophic microalgae and insects. International Journal of Integrated Waste Management, 72, 227–239.
Pleissner, D. & Venus, J. (2014) Agricultural residues as feedstocks for lactic acid fermentation. In: Green technologies for the environment. American Chemical Society, 1186, 247–263
Pulz, O. & Gross, W. (2004). Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae Mini-Review. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65 (6), 635–648.
Ende, S. & Noke, A. (2018). Heterotrophic microalgae production on food waste and by-products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 1565–1571.
Sadeghin, B. & Sarrafzadeh, M. (2013). Comparison between autotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae in biofuel production, 4th National Bioenergy Conference of Iran [In Persian].
Sharma, Y. C., Singh, B. & Korstad, J. (2011). A critical review on recent methods used for economically viable and eco-friendly development of microalgae as a potential feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Green Chemistry, 13, 2993–3006.
Shanab, S. M. M., Mostafa, S. S. M., Shalaby, E. A. & Mahmoud, G. I. (2012). Aqueous extracts of microalgae exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2 (8), 608–615.
Sloth, J. K., Jensen, H. C., Pleissner, D. & Eriksen, N. T. (2017). Growth and phycocyanin synthesis in the heterotrophic microalga Galdieria sulphuraria on substrates made of food waste from restaurants and bakeries. Bioresource Technology, 139-146.
Sohrabipour, J. & Rabiee, R. (1396). Algal coastal habitats in southern Iran. Nature in Iran, 2 (1), 62-68 [In Persian].
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. & Isambert, A. (2006). Commercial Applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101 (2), 87-96.
Stolz, P. & Obermayer, B. (2005). Manufacturing microalgae for skin care. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 120 (3), 99-106.
USDA. (2016). Statistics report 09040, bananas, raw. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, USDA Food Composition Databases.
Vidotti, D. S. A., Coelho, R., Franco, M. L. & Franco, T. (2014). Miniaturized culture for heterotrophic microalgae using low cost carbon sources as a tool to isolate fast and economical strains. Chemical Engineering Journal, 38, 325–330.
Wai, N. (1955). Effects of some antiseptics on the growth of Chlorella. Physiol Plant, 8, 71–73.
Wen, Z. Y. & Chen, F. (2003). Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 21, 273–294.
Zepka, L. Q., Jacob-Lopes, E., Goldbeck, R., Souza-Soares, L. A. & Queiroz, M. I. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli. Bioresource Technology, 101, 7107–7111.
Zhao, J. & Fleet, G. H. (2005.) Degradation of RNA during the autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces predominantly ribonucleotides. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32, 415–423.
_||_Airanthi, M. K., Hosokawa, M. & Miyashita, K. (2011). Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Edible Japanese Brown Seaweeds. Journal of Food Science, 76 (1), 104-111.
Alves, A., Sousa, R. A. & Reis, R. L. (2013). A practical perspective on ulvan extracted from green algae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 407–424.
Dominguez, H. (2013). Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, pp. 1-86.
Ende, S. & Noke, A. (2018). Heterotrophic microalgae production on food waste and by-products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 1565–1571.
El-Sheekh, M. M., Bedaiwy, M. Y., Osman, M. E. & Ismail, M. M. (2014). Influence of molasses on growth, biochemical composition and ethanol production of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Biotechnology, 2, 20–28.
El-Kassas, H. Y., Heneash, A. & R. Hussein, N. (2015). Cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis using confectionary wastes for aquaculture feeding. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 145-155.
Espinosa-Gonzalez, I., Parashar, A. & Bressler, D. C. (2014). Heterotrophic growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella protothecoides in whey permeate, a dairy by-product stream, for biofuel production. Bioresource Technology, 155, 170–176.
Farahani, F., Permeh, P., Mokhlesi, A., Nasiri, S., Gohari Kakhki, A., Qaranchik, B. & Sohrabipour, J. (2014). Investigation of biological properties of brown algae Colpomenia sinousa and Iyengaria stellata on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Zanko Journal of Medical Sciences, pp. 65-59 [In Persian].
Saad, M., Dosoky, N., Zoromba, N. & Shafik, H. (2019). Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges. Energies, 1-22.
Gami, B., Patel, J. P. & Kothari, I. L. (2014). Cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides (ISIBES -101) under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions for biofuel production. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 5, 20–29.
Guerrero, A. B., Aguado, P. L., Sánchez, J. & Curt, M. D. (2016). GIS-based assessment of banana residual biomass potential for ethanol production and power generation: a case study. Waste Biomass Valori, 7, 405–415.
Gupta, S. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011). Recent developments in the application of seaweeds or seaweed extracts as a means for enhancing the safety and quality attributes of foods. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 12 (4), 600-609.
Harel, M. & Clayton, D. (2004). Feed formulation for terrestrial and aquatic animals. WO patent application WO/2004/080196 (23/09/2004).
Hayes, R. J. (2014). Cost of quality (CoQ) - an analysis of the cost of maintaining a state of compliance. International Pharmaceutical Industry, 6, 74–76.
Heritage, J., Evans, E. G. V. & Killington, R. A. (1997). Introductory microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Karsten, U., Karsten, U., Lembcke, S. & Schumann, R. (2007). The effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performance growth and sunscreen compounds in aeroterrestrial biofilm algae isolated from building facades. Planta, 225, 991-1000.
Kim, S. & Chojnacka, K. (2015). Marine Algae Extracts Processes Products and Applications. Wiley-VCH, pp. 1.
Kotrbáček, V., Doubek, J. & Doucha, J. (2015). The chlorococcalean alga Chlorella in animal nutrition: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27, 2173– 2180.
Kumar Panda, S. C., Ray, R., Sakambari Mishra, S. & Kayitesi, E. (2017). Microbial processing of fruit and vegetable wastes into potential biocommodities: a review. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 1– 16.
Leesing, R. & Kookkhunthod, S. (2011). Heterotrophic growth of Chlorella sp. KKU-S2 for lipid production using molasses as a carbon substrate. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp 87–91.
Liu, J., Sun, Z., Zhong, Y., Gerken, H., Huang, J. & Chen, F. (2013). Utilization of cane molasses towards cost-saving astaxanthin production by a Chlorella zofingiensis mutant. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 1447–1456.
Mandalam, R. K. &Palsson, B.Ø. (1998). Elemental balancing of biomass and medium composition enhances growth capacity in high-density Chlorella vulgaris cultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 5, 605-611.
McHugh, D.)1987(. Production and utilization of product from commercial seaweeds. FAO fish. Tech. Pub. 189 pp.
Mirzaie, M. A., Kalbasi, M., Mousavi, S. M. & Ghobadian, B. (2015), Statistical Evaluation and Modeling of Cheap Substrate-Based Cultivation Medium of Chlorella vulgaris to Enhance Microalgae Lipid as New Potential Feedstock for Biolubricant. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1–35.
Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S. & Sutar, N. (2010), Banana and its by-product utilization: An overview. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 69, 323–329.
Perez-Garcia, O., Escalante, FM., de-Bashan, L. E. & Bashan, Y. (2011). Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: metabolism and potential products. Water Res, 45, 11–36.
Phang, S. M., Miah, M. S., Yeoh, B. G. & Hashim, M. A. (2000). Spirulina cultivation in digested sago starch factory wastewater. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 395-400.
Pleissner, D. & Ki Lin, C. (2013). Valorisation of food waste in biotechnological processes. Sustainable Chemical Processes, 1 (21), 1-6.
Pleissner, D., Lam, W. C., Sun, Z. & Ki Lin, C. (2013). Food waste as nutrient source in heterotrophic microalgae cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 139-146.
Pleissner, D. & Rumpold, B. A. (2018) Utilization of organic residues using heterotrophic microalgae and insects. International Journal of Integrated Waste Management, 72, 227–239.
Pleissner, D. & Venus, J. (2014) Agricultural residues as feedstocks for lactic acid fermentation. In: Green technologies for the environment. American Chemical Society, 1186, 247–263
Pulz, O. & Gross, W. (2004). Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae Mini-Review. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65 (6), 635–648.
Ende, S. & Noke, A. (2018). Heterotrophic microalgae production on food waste and by-products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 1565–1571.
Sadeghin, B. & Sarrafzadeh, M. (2013). Comparison between autotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae in biofuel production, 4th National Bioenergy Conference of Iran [In Persian].
Sharma, Y. C., Singh, B. & Korstad, J. (2011). A critical review on recent methods used for economically viable and eco-friendly development of microalgae as a potential feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Green Chemistry, 13, 2993–3006.
Shanab, S. M. M., Mostafa, S. S. M., Shalaby, E. A. & Mahmoud, G. I. (2012). Aqueous extracts of microalgae exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2 (8), 608–615.
Sloth, J. K., Jensen, H. C., Pleissner, D. & Eriksen, N. T. (2017). Growth and phycocyanin synthesis in the heterotrophic microalga Galdieria sulphuraria on substrates made of food waste from restaurants and bakeries. Bioresource Technology, 139-146.
Sohrabipour, J. & Rabiee, R. (1396). Algal coastal habitats in southern Iran. Nature in Iran, 2 (1), 62-68 [In Persian].
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. & Isambert, A. (2006). Commercial Applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101 (2), 87-96.
Stolz, P. & Obermayer, B. (2005). Manufacturing microalgae for skin care. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 120 (3), 99-106.
USDA. (2016). Statistics report 09040, bananas, raw. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, USDA Food Composition Databases.
Vidotti, D. S. A., Coelho, R., Franco, M. L. & Franco, T. (2014). Miniaturized culture for heterotrophic microalgae using low cost carbon sources as a tool to isolate fast and economical strains. Chemical Engineering Journal, 38, 325–330.
Wai, N. (1955). Effects of some antiseptics on the growth of Chlorella. Physiol Plant, 8, 71–73.
Wen, Z. Y. & Chen, F. (2003). Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 21, 273–294.
Zepka, L. Q., Jacob-Lopes, E., Goldbeck, R., Souza-Soares, L. A. & Queiroz, M. I. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli. Bioresource Technology, 101, 7107–7111.
Zhao, J. & Fleet, G. H. (2005.) Degradation of RNA during the autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces predominantly ribonucleotides. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32, 415–423.