List of Articles

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  1 - Fathali Shah Qajar's religious policy towards the Sunnis in Iran
  Amir Akbari Mohammad Kaviani Yeganeh
  The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunn More

  The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunnis of great importance which is the goal of this research. Historical sources show that the strategic policy of the Qajar kings including Fathali Shah towards the Sunnis is based on minimal confrontation, religious tolerance and attempting to realize Islamic unity which can be called "an interactive policy". Examples such as religious freedom, social security, the absence of narratives about military conflict with the Sunnis, trying to incline the Sunnis of marginal regions to the central government, the penetration of Sunni Sufi scholars into the royal court and the relations of the Sunnis with Shia statesmen and scholars support this idea. Possible influence of the Infallible Imams’ narrations urging the Shiites to coexist with the non-Shiites, absence of political or religious challenges from the Sunnis, the subsidence of radical anti-Sunnism among the Shiites, the prevail of the school of Mujtahidin and the gradual disappearance of Akhbari school among Shia scholars, the threat of Western colonialism and the necessity of Islamic alliance and preventing the Sunnis of marginal regions from immigrating or joining the rival Sunni neighbors of the Qajar government are the most important reasons of adopting such a policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering method is a desk study. Manuscript profile
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  2 - The impact of Safavid sultans' policies on the migration of Iranian scientists to India
  احمدرضا بهنیافر
  Migration, as an influential social phenomenon in the communities of origin and destination, has several contexts and factors. This phenomenon, which existed in pre- and post-Islamic Iran, intensified during the Safavid period due to the wrong policies of some kings in More

  Migration, as an influential social phenomenon in the communities of origin and destination, has several contexts and factors. This phenomenon, which existed in pre- and post-Islamic Iran, intensified during the Safavid period due to the wrong policies of some kings in various political, religious, cultural and social dimensions, and along with the attractions in India, led to migration. Many Iranian scientists came to this land. The purpose of this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method and using new resources and new research, is to answer the question of what effect the actions and policies applied by Safavid sultans had on the migration of Iranian scientists to India? The main findings of the article show that the repulsive factors that resulted from the policies and actions of some Safavid sultans led to the migration of the country's great scholars to India, and the growth and development of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization in that land. The main source of many dissatisfactions was the religious policy of the Safavid kings, which had an impact on other areas and led to the emigration of a number of Iranian scholars and thinkers to India. Attractive factors in India also played an important role in guiding the migration of Iranian scientific, literary and political greats to this land. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Historical Understanding of the Position of Women in the Timurid Court according to Clavijo's Itinerary
  leila mohammadi
  Identifying developments, changes, and continuities of women's status is an important indicator for understanding the social status of women in a society and representing and disseminating their values and social status throughout history.Itineraries are important sourc More

  Identifying developments, changes, and continuities of women's status is an important indicator for understanding the social status of women in a society and representing and disseminating their values and social status throughout history.Itineraries are important sources of understanding one society’s political, social, economic, and cultural history. The evaluation of social relations in a society is one of the most important issues for itinerary writers; this, apart from gender bias, provides a clear picture of daily lives of women and their experiences that are neglected in most sources and texts. The itineraries from Timurid period provide important information about social history especially about women of harem.The purpose of this study is to assess social status of women of Timurid dynasty according to Clavijo itinerary. The preset study, thus, seeks to understand and visualize the social status, considerations, and conditions of women in the Timurid court. The main question of the present study is: how was the social status of women of Tmurid dynasty? This study is a descriptive-analytical one and the data are collected from library sources. Manuscript profile
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  4 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Qajar Society
  Fatemeh Mahbob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadi
  10.30495/hstr.2023.1975830.1816
  During the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West rela More

  During the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method. Manuscript profile
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  5 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Society (Qajar )
  Fatemeh Mahboob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadi
  10.30495/hstr.2023.1980867.1837
  During the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectu More

  During the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectual and progressive women to think of asserting women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. For this purpose, women started to establish educational and civic institutions such as girls' schools, associations and women's publications in order to inform women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The current research has proposed the hypothesis that these associations improved the social and political status of women through the development of awareness, change of attitude and giving identity to women. The results of the research show that these associations, by establishing several girls' schools, creating meetings and gatherings, and establishing a publication, have increased the number of literates, increased awareness, changed the attitude and demands of a large number of women, and have provided the prerequisites and conditions for their entry into society. Manuscript profile
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  6 - survey of ceremony and food habit of Mongol
  parisa ghorbannejad Maryam Talebi
  Food has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in More

  Food has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in the context of culture, which reflects the way of thinking and cultural and social traditions of these nations. The purpose of this study is to examine the food and how it is prepared among the Mongol people, and to do so, a descriptive-analytical research method has been used. The results show that there is a significant variation in indigenous food components, food sources and nutritional rituals of the Mongol people, and has been an important source for the sustainability and coherence of the Mogul community. Their main feed was in adaptation to the environment, and with the prosperity of livestock, meat and dairy products, and in beverages, milk was especially fermented. The Moguls avoided eating heavy food, hospitable and hungry. After arriving in Iran, they influenced Iran's food habits and came to eating other than meat and dairy products. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Locating the Last squares battle of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah with the Mongol
  حسن رضا رفیعی
  The Final days of the King Mohammed Khwarazmshah were one of the bitterest ends of human life that are hollow and empty shadow power to have happy life. Such was the scope of his rule from southern Siberia and Turkestan and China's border and close to the center of the More

  The Final days of the King Mohammed Khwarazmshah were one of the bitterest ends of human life that are hollow and empty shadow power to have happy life. Such was the scope of his rule from southern Siberia and Turkestan and China's border and close to the center of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad continued. Since his last serious battle with the Mongols in the plains or meadows of Dolatabad Malayer occurred. As the owner of this paper, we investigate the causes of the Mongols and locate the last stages of the life of King Mohammed Khwarazmshah including last battle he was in the plains of Malayer. Compiled using descriptive paper based library resources and results analysis method is content analysis. The main research question that this article seeks to answer is the issue is: What is the cause of Mongol invasion to Iran and Where have you been the last battle squares of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah with the armies of the Mongol? Key words: Mongolian, Kharazmshahian, Iran, Castle Farzin, Zea, King Mohammed Khwarazmshah Manuscript profile
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  8 - Aspects of cultural identity in decorate clothing changes in Qajar period
  maryam mounesi sorkheh
  Iranian culture and set of traditions, rituals, religion and language among ethnic groups that could in principle be relatively units. Identity is among cultural attitudes and the place of man in the universe shows. Clothing as a human identity is an expression of cultu More

  Iranian culture and set of traditions, rituals, religion and language among ethnic groups that could in principle be relatively units. Identity is among cultural attitudes and the place of man in the universe shows. Clothing as a human identity is an expression of cultural identity. Thus, the relationship between identity and dress up in parts of its fixed and variable relationship is cross the clothing line with fashion. Dressed as a product of material culture, according tasteful fashion persons and to the individual and social identity is formed and expressed. The ways to understand the style of coverage is recognition in the society. The authors aim is analyzing changes in the material culture as text notation, it means, consider this: collective behavior. Because sometimes change clothes in humanizing change in thinking, so changes in Qajar Iranian as clothing change the cultural identity of Iranian society is discussed. The basic questions of this research are: How is Qajar clothing decoration changes? What are the dimensions of cultural identity? In general, changes in the sense of clothing, cause changes in the appearance of the dress. The research method is descriptive and analytical method of data collection is research of library. Manuscript profile
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  9 - Yeynash and the method of Hamdollah Mostofi Ghazvini in the history
  parvin ranjbar
  Hamd ... Mostofi Ghazvini was one of the historians and Mughal era reign of the cemetery, which influenced the society of his time and influenced his predecessors to write works in the fields of history, poetry and economics. The intellectual system of this archaic hist More

  Hamd ... Mostofi Ghazvini was one of the historians and Mughal era reign of the cemetery, which influenced the society of his time and influenced his predecessors to write works in the fields of history, poetry and economics. The intellectual system of this archaic historian has been based on two approaches to narrative and critical thinking, and the persistence of religious beliefs. The defense of Iranian Ilkhans has provided a wealth of information in the political, social, economic, geographic and cultural areas of the Mongols. Key words: Hamda ... Mostofi, Ilkhanan, Historiography, Providence Hamd ... Mostofi Ghazvini was one of the historians and Mughal era reign of the cemetery, which influenced the society of his time and influenced his predecessors to write works in the fields of history, poetry and economics. The intellectual system of this archaic historian has been based on two approaches to narrative and critical thinking, and the persistence of religious beliefs. The defense of Iranian Ilkhans has provided a wealth of information in the political, social, economic, geographic and cultural areas of the Mongols. Key words: Hamda ... Mostofi, Ilkhanan, Historiography, Providence Manuscript profile
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  10 - In the name of god Reanalysis of Ghalandaran insurgency in Mohammadkhodabandeh dominion Period
  hamid asadpor hossien eskandari
  Long period of shahTahmasbmajesty , considered as long stabilization and peace era of safavids especially after Amasieh peace.  after death of shahTahmasb , conflictions over succession between different groups Ghezelbash , resolted in second shah Esmaeil majesty. More

  Long period of shahTahmasbmajesty , considered as long stabilization and peace era of safavids especially after Amasieh peace.  after death of shahTahmasb , conflictions over succession between different groups Ghezelbash , resolted in second shah Esmaeil majesty. Although the short reign of second Shah Ismail ،but, accompanied with many events. To the throne Mohammed Khodabandeh    (995-985 ) vision weakness and isolation of the king , along with internal disputes between Ghezelbash and Iran bureaucrats, Was causing political instability. Despite the establishment of Sultan Muhammad Khodabandeh on the throne of the Safavidand  Control of the situation by Ghezelbash but because dissatisfaction in the lower layers of society , Qalandar succeeded of riots under second Shah Ismail with his impersonation form. These revolts were suppressed , though by the Safavid. However, examples of grievances Changes made ​​in the reign of Shah Abbas represent is an understanding of the insurgency. This study is an affort to investigate reasons of start and  defeat of these uprisings in different aspects.   Keyword : Manuscript profile
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  11 - The role of secret treaties in world war 1 in dissolution and breakup Ottoman Empire
  saeid najafinezhad
  During world war 1, the Allied signed some secret treaties regarding to weakening and partition of the Ottoman Empire. To make a good comprehension of how the Ottoman Empire partition happened, and which reasons and settings led to it, we'd better know the essence of th More

  During world war 1, the Allied signed some secret treaties regarding to weakening and partition of the Ottoman Empire. To make a good comprehension of how the Ottoman Empire partition happened, and which reasons and settings led to it, we'd better know the essence of these treaties and their effects on the Ottoman Empire annihilation. The question that what additional short term aims the Allied pursued via these treaties, except their main purpose, i.e., the partition of the Ottoman Empire is another thing arises regarding this subject. Totally, it seems signing the secret treaties of association between some European countries, also between these countries and the leading secessionists of Arabic areas of the Ottoman Empire and separating that territory into some imaginary parts before they were supposed to do so had affected very much the annihilation of Ottoman Caliphate process. Therefore, by analyzing sources date back to last years of Ottoman Empire era, also worthwhile and available sources about world war 1 events and its subsequences, we can develop correct perception of these secret treaties and their role in dissolution of the Ottoman Caliphate. Keywords: the Ottoman Empire partition, secret world war1 treaties, treaty of Sevres, treaty of Lausanne Manuscript profile
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  12 - investigation of shipping in qajar periods and impact on trade،based on content of the newspaper"kolkata hablal-matin
  shirin sharifi gholamhossein zargarinejad sina foroozesh
  Investigation of Shipping in Qajar Periods and its Impact on Trade, Based on Content of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Abstract Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor More

  Investigation of Shipping in Qajar Periods and its Impact on Trade, Based on Content of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Abstract Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of the most important and effective component in the backwardness of Iran's trade was the unsuitable situation of the transportation during Qajar period. The findings of this study have showed, according to the witnesses, there were few main roads in Iran not comparable with countries dealing them. The attack to the caravans by the tribes, lawbreakers and thefts was the very important concerns for businessmen. Sometimes the relative security had been made by the compassionate and worthy rulers but it was not sustainable. Communications equipment, such as post and telegraph was incompatible and the businessmen were in trouble in many cases. The competitive activities of some states such as Great Britain and Russia, in this regard especially the railway, should not be ignored. The aim of the present study is to explain the inhibiting factors of the transportation in the roads and their impacts on the trade during Qajar period using the descriptive/ analytic method based on the contents of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”. Keywords: transportation, trade, Qajar period, the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Manuscript profile
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  13 - The role of the Shiite doctrine (Taziyeh and mourning) The Constitutional Movement
  mohsen aghahasani امیر تیمور رفیعی
  Abstract Constitutional Movement, one of the major socio-political developments in the history of Iran the Qajar period and within the years 1905 - 1911 occurred. This movement by different groups of people with different ideologies and ideas emerged the result of multi More

  Abstract Constitutional Movement, one of the major socio-political developments in the history of Iran the Qajar period and within the years 1905 - 1911 occurred. This movement by different groups of people with different ideologies and ideas emerged the result of multiple factors, socio-political--economic,domestic and foreign factors that between them the role of Islamic forces in particular, the Shiite scholars as religious leaders, community and consequently the culture and the teachings of the Shia the researchers and experts are taken into consideration. Among the Shiite culture taziyeh and mourning in memory of Sayed Master of Martyrs in the course of the court and people has enjoyed a special place. Dramatic Art The role of Taziyeh which express a sense of history shiite Islamic thought and culture and is formed under the influence of Iranian culture and civilization and dialogue as Shiite media discussion and study the social upheavals of the period. We want this article to examine historical documents what is Taziyeh mourning ceremony as part of the culture and the teachings of Shi'ism has played a role in the formation of the Constitutional Movement and make offer them. Which is taken into consideration. Manuscript profile
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  14 - A historical examination of the appearance of Jews in the age of Imam Reza
  محسن رجبی قدسی
  Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn mu More

  Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza’s period, was his debate with leaders and Greats of religions of Zorostriaism, Judaism, Christianity and Sabian. Judaism with its historical background and With a history of several thousand years is one of the religions that came to Iran and then to Khurasan in various historical periods. The appearance of Jews in Khurasan in the age of Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza has been considered as certain in the surviving Islamic traditions. This article seeks to examine through a historical analytical approach, the authenticity of the appearance of jews in this region together with the residence places of jews and their notables. Manuscript profile
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  15 - Analysing Giving and Receiving Gifts from Imam Ali's Viewpoint
  ali akbar abbasi
  Giving and receiving gifts in Imam Ali' era has involved the researcher for a while. Therefore, a study has been done to observe what the conditions of giving and receiving conditions are. Analysing literal, historical and document from the first centuries of Islamic er More

  Giving and receiving gifts in Imam Ali' era has involved the researcher for a while. Therefore, a study has been done to observe what the conditions of giving and receiving conditions are. Analysing literal, historical and document from the first centuries of Islamic era and the Nahj (written by Imam Ali), we aimed to find an answer to the question. The results showed that Imam Ali had criteria for giving and receiving gifts. One of these criteria was that the gift must not be from the public treasury. The gift must be simple and ingenuous. It must not be given in anticipation of getting a position. He was eager to receive gifts from the secluded poor or ex-wealthy societies. He was willing to give and receive gifts from neighbours. He severely criticized and responded to the brokers who provided gifts from the public treasury. Keywords: gifts, Imam Ali (peace be upon him), public treasury, simplicity Manuscript profile
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  16 - truth tellingin Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
  hossein asghary
  historians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical w More

  historians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research , these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation Manuscript profile
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  17 - Haqshbandiyya studies in the West and Russia
  Ali Aramjoo
  طریقت صوفی نقشبندیه که به سبب ماهیت و عملکرد خاص اعتقادی و سیاسی اش، در چند سده اخیر مورد توجه شرق شناسان بوده است در حال حاضر نیز به عنوان پدیده ای زنده و تأثیرگذار، موضوع ویژه ای برای پژوهش در محافل علمی و سیاسی غرب به شمار می آید. روند مطالعات غرب در این باب در دوره More

  طریقت صوفی نقشبندیه که به سبب ماهیت و عملکرد خاص اعتقادی و سیاسی اش، در چند سده اخیر مورد توجه شرق شناسان بوده است در حال حاضر نیز به عنوان پدیده ای زنده و تأثیرگذار، موضوع ویژه ای برای پژوهش در محافل علمی و سیاسی غرب به شمار می آید. روند مطالعات غرب در این باب در دوره های مختلف تغییر و تحولاتی را از سر گذرانده است. اگرچه تا نیمه نخست قرن نوزده اطلاعات غرب در باب طریقت صوفی نقشبندیه بسیار کلی و آشفته بود اما در پی شکل گیری و توسعه علایق و منافع کشورهای غربی در شرق و نمودار شدن نقشبندیه به عنوان سردمدار برخی مقاومت های محلی، وضع تغییر کرد. چالشی که نقشبندیه آسیای مرکزی، برای قدرت روزافزون روسیه در آن منطقه ایجاد می کرد، موجب شد تا در آثار نویسندگان روسی، با نوعی تعصّب و یکجانبه نگری به آنها پرداخته شود. در قرن بیست و به دنبال شکل گیری شوروی این وضع ادامه یافت. اواخر قرن نقطه عطفی در تاریخ مطالعات نقشبندیه به شمار می آید. از یکسو چالش هویتی در دولت-ملت های تازه تاسیس، توجه به پیشینه تاریخی و فرهنگی – که نقشبندیه جزو جدایی ناپذیر آن به شمار می آمد- را ضرورت می بخشید و از طرف دیگر غرب برای فهم دقیق چگونگی تعامل با این دولت ها به پژوهش هایی گسترده در این زمینه اقدام کرد ضمن اینکه خود نیز در نتیجه توسعه روزافزون نقشبندیه و حضور قابل توجه آنها در جهان غرب به نوعی مبتلا به آن محسوب می شد. Manuscript profile
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  18 - The Role of History in Political Science
  seyed mohsen sadeghi
  Historians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision mak More

  Historians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision making by politicians for the present and the future. On the other hand, political science can be viewed as dealing with the present history, and political scientists by focusing on theories, practice the solutions to the current issues of the present and this can be viewed as a policy process for the future and making history. The role of history in this process is not a simple matter and in policy making and political science historical elements of a society cannot be ignored and this has been elaborated in various schools of thoughts and social mechanisms, i.e. path dependency. Historians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision making by politicians for the present and the future. Manuscript profile
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  19 - Bashganloo family (ladies) captivation and the significant role of Moazaz Shadlo general
  alireza mohajeri
  Shadloo s dynasty's territory were ruling over the north Khorasan and this duration was associated with various events and happenings.one of the most prominent and the final chamber (khan)of this dynasty , was Moazaz Shadloo general. His rolling time, is considered very More

  Shadloo s dynasty's territory were ruling over the north Khorasan and this duration was associated with various events and happenings.one of the most prominent and the final chamber (khan)of this dynasty , was Moazaz Shadloo general. His rolling time, is considered very noticeable and significant due to the within country events and political challenges and revolutions .the main attention capturing event was the Bashganloo ladies captivation by Turkmens. Due to this awkward event and because of Bashganloo s territory complain to the parliament (congress), general Moazaz is also condemned as one of the culprits. (Blameful). The current research has been developed based on documentary writing style as well as other articles. This research provides a reply to the follow question; what is the role of general Moazaz in Bashganloo ladies captivation that has been done by Turkmens? The obtained research result shows that Turkmens tribe, usually attack (rush) to the north era of Khorasan. Therefor general Moazaz decided to re-direct these attacks toward other places .his main goal was to obstacle Turkmens attack to hid ruling territory. However, as an IL khan headmaster and as a governmental factor, he didn’t do the necessary protection acts during the Turkmens attack to Bashganloo living place and their ladies captivation. Manuscript profile
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  20 - Baluch people and Collapse of Isfahan
  رزیتا ناظری حسن حضرتی حمید کرمی پور
  Abstract Baluch people were displeased Sunni people who were living at the eastern borders of Safavid. Supported by Ghalzaee Afghans, they paved the way for collapse of Isfahan in 1135 AH. The collapse of Afghans with the name of Afghans took place by warlike power of More

  Abstract Baluch people were displeased Sunni people who were living at the eastern borders of Safavid. Supported by Ghalzaee Afghans, they paved the way for collapse of Isfahan in 1135 AH. The collapse of Afghans with the name of Afghans took place by warlike power of Baluch people. The reason that encouraged Baluch people to join Afghans to attack Isfahan, in addition to their common religion, was the oppression of Shi'a government of Safavid on these disgraced people. Therefore, Baluch people decided to attack Isfahan to take revenge of several years rancor, and they gave positive response to request of Afghans and they caused the collapse of Isfahan. The present study aims to investigate the factors led to Baluch people move toward Isfahan and cause the collapse of Isfahan. It also aims to respond the question that which factors and incentives caused that Afghans and Baluch people cooperate and why this cooperation and alliance collapsed. This study aims to solve the complexities and provide right and appropriate response to these questions relying on resources and studies, and studying factors caused attack of Baluch people to Isfahan and its impact on collapse of this city. Manuscript profile
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  21 - The induction of death of Cambyses and Bardia and its impact on how the arrival of Darius the Great
  parviz hosseintalaee seyed mohamad tayebi
  Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of h More

  Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of historical events, this time limit should be according to the original sources, Then to analyze data and historical sources of information about the mystery death of Cambyses and Bardia also be addressed murder. As a result of what has been presented in the final section, refers to this issue which is not only based Bardia conspiracy led by Darius seven family is exhausted, But according to the information available resources, can not be considered accidental death of Cambyses's because Cambyses and Bardia policy was based on consolidating his power against the aristocracy. So great nobility and the family did not want to, loss of privileges, so it reacted to the murder of Cyrus king of the branches were. Manuscript profile
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  22 - Analysis of Timurid legitimacy on the basis of Iranian political thoughts.
  Zahra Alami zavare Fereydoon Allahyari
  In political discourse, Legitimacy means peoples acceptance of and submission to the current government, a choice of knowledge and will. All political systems need legitimacy to prove on the one hand, that they have true and irreplaceable authority and on the other hand More

  In political discourse, Legitimacy means peoples acceptance of and submission to the current government, a choice of knowledge and will. All political systems need legitimacy to prove on the one hand, that they have true and irreplaceable authority and on the other hand, lead the subordinates towards obedience. Each government considers variant elements as the basis of its legitimacy, depending on the social conditions, culture, ethics and history. What matters is distinguishing these elements from different situations. One way of legitimizing has been using Iranian political thoughts about the supremacy of government and the necessity to follow it. This is what Timurid have shrewdly observed. This article, after an introduction, tries to analyze Timurid legitimacy on the basis of Iranian thoughts and in the form of categories such as divine rights, divine approval and influences of the government polices of Iranian kings. The article uses a descriptive- analytical method on the basis of library information. Manuscript profile
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  23 - The Review reports incident of Efk
  فاطمه جعفرنیا
  Login Prophet to Medina with the phenomenon called faction and the Islamic community were in a band called hypocrites. The group created abarrier to the spread of Islam began to conspire. Efk dangerous conspiracy was underway by the hypocrites. Hypocrites succeed in thi More

  Login Prophet to Medina with the phenomenon called faction and the Islamic community were in a band called hypocrites. The group created abarrier to the spread of Islam began to conspire. Efk dangerous conspiracy was underway by the hypocrites. Hypocrites succeed in this adventure, escapism Social Prophet was followed. In this case, one of his wives was accused of adultery. Sunni Efk the story of Aisha and the revelation virtue for him to know. On the other hand, the Shiia affair with Marie will know. The author has no relation or connection with this matter Aisha and Marie show. It is also famous for being centered Aisha narrated Efk, some relate to the adventure with Aisha rejected Although the hypothesis A third party can also be raised in this affair. This time, the alleged relationship with Aisha Ali Despite the difficulties and ambiguities in the text of the report is of most interest. Efk in Mjv accident, regardless of the details and quarrel beyond the family, the most basic plotting was a prophet against the inner revelation. Efk hypocrites, and hypocrites plot was foiled. Manuscript profile
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  24 - The Study of the Causes and the backgrounds of the Gorgiarevolts in the Shah Safiperiod and it’s outcome in Iran and Ottoman’s Relationships
  سیدولی اله موسوی محمد کریم یوسف جمالی احمد کامرانی فر
  One of the outcomes of the Shah Safi’s policy and the signs of his weakness in his reign period is the occurrence of the interior revolts including the revolts of the Gorgia state. The Gorgiarevolts(Mouravi revolt in 1039.A.H)and the Timouraz revolt(Tahmoreth)in10 More

  One of the outcomes of the Shah Safi’s policy and the signs of his weakness in his reign period is the occurrence of the interior revolts including the revolts of the Gorgia state. The Gorgiarevolts(Mouravi revolt in 1039.A.H)and the Timouraz revolt(Tahmoreth)in1042.A.H)were occurred by means of the historical, political and social backgrounds as well as the dominant circumstance in Gorgia in the priod after the Shah AbbasI and against the Safavidgovernment.The elements of the revolt(Mouravi and Timoraz(Tahmoreth),due to the death of the Shah AbbasI and the weak authority of the young and inexperienced king, considered his grandson as a suitable opportunity for independence,separation and the achievement of their demands and desires. Therefore, by means of the stimulation of people’s sensations in Gorgia and giving the promise of independence to them as well as the request of support of Ottoman misled a considerable part of Shah Safi’s military efforts and Safavid’s army to themselves and provide a basis for the interference of the Ottoman government in internal developments in Iran and Gorgia, causing their relationships to become strained which concluded a ten-year argument between the two countries during Shah Safi period.In this article,considering the reasons of the importance of Gorgia during Safavid period,the causes of the Gorgia’s revolt(Mouravi1039.A.H and the Timouraz(Tahmoreth)1042.AH), the rebels’s efforts, the nature and the basis of these revolts and the destiny of the revolters have been concentrated according to historical, descriptive-analytic procedures relying on the reports of formal historians of Safavid and the recent studies and the researches. Manuscript profile
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  25 - Components of Iranian identity in cultural soft power in the context of cultural globalization
  farzaneh dashti mohammadrahim eivazi
  The globalization of all aspects of human life, whether economic, political, cultural, social and surround And hence the number of countries with serious problems. World geographical boundaries role in decisions made and actions political, economic and cultural rights a More

  The globalization of all aspects of human life, whether economic, political, cultural, social and surround And hence the number of countries with serious problems. World geographical boundaries role in decisions made and actions political, economic and cultural rights and interests of individuals and countries have reduced human beings, More in line with the common interests of all peoples and nations of the world is. The process of globalization had led to any change in Iranian society and has been effective. Therefore, the role of Iranian influence and political elite of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the country's macro-management system depends. In this regard has always been prowling the custodians of the country's macroeconomic policy convergence between global culture on the one hand, And preserving the rich Iranian-Islamic culture on the one hand, to the point of equilibrium and balance. With the belief that the rich and powerful identity and culture, including the culture that shaped the continuity and durability of different ethnic groups and to peacefully throughout history in different cultures has been dealing with, Easily in the face of globalization as project and process not only not assimilated but become more prosperous and flourishing. So should assume integration of culture with world culture consider and further knowledge of the capacities and capabilities of the Islamic Iranian culture and civilization in the present day and will have a significant role in dealing with it, Otherwise, to remove opportunities and will become a serious threat to national identity and security Manuscript profile
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  26 - Historical Perspective renovation and development of Khuzestan (Based on declaration of free shipping in the Karun River and oil exploration/production)
  محمدرضا علم علی لجم اورک مرادی
  Historical Perspective renovation and development of Khuzestan (Based on declaration of free shipping in the Karun River and oil exploration/production) Modernization and development are of the most important issues for historical, economic and sociological study in the More

  Historical Perspective renovation and development of Khuzestan (Based on declaration of free shipping in the Karun River and oil exploration/production) Modernization and development are of the most important issues for historical, economic and sociological study in the special area. Modernization and development process in the Khuzestan have vital effect in the inhabitant’s life and even whole country for example political life, social, economic and cultural aspects. The reasons for this development started In 1306 AH / 1888 AC, during the Naser Aldine Shah Qajar time and the Karun free shipping, and then continued with exploration and extraction of oil in 1907 in the Masjed Soleiman. This study aim is investigation about reasons for Khuzestan development based on free shipping in the Karun River and oil exploration/production. In this study was used from describe and analyzes method on original historical information. Keyword: Keyword: Khuzestan, Modernization and development, Karun, oil exploration&production, Company-city Manuscript profile
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  27 - The historical geography of Zarang (seestan) in the epochs of history
  mehdi keykhaei mohamad taqi fazeli
  There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-east More

  There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-eastern part of Iran, in Seistan (later, after the division of Seistan, Nad-i-Ali stayed in the Afghani part of the region). What the evidences show is that this name, Zarang or Zaranj, is still used to name an obscure geographical place, the one that has been either a borough or a region, or sometimes a town or a province. Therefore, it seems that the same obscurity has been about the exact location of Zarang, even in historical epochs. The research in hand tries to define the exact south-eastern Satrapi position of Achaemenid era according to the written documents and archeological evidences, and by means of which to show the transitions of Seistan name in the old geographical and written historical texts. qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq Manuscript profile
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  28 - Investigating the structure of the family institution in the Sassanid period based on the book of Ardavirafnameh
  ALI RABIZADEH Mirzamohamad Hasani
  Ardavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the Sassanid period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later More

  Ardavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the Sassanid period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later and told his story about what he seen. His name was Ardafiraf and his story written in the book that’s name is Ardavirafnameh. Ardavirafnameh is one of the famous books in Zoroaster religion. . Ardavirafnameh has 101 parts and 26 parts of them is about the family In this article' we study about The family’s character in Ardavirafnameh And we found The gravity of family in Ardavirafnameh and the best place of women’s in this book ,according this research family’s character in Ardavirafnameh is match with family’s character in sasanian period . ‘for this research we used straps and library re searching . Manuscript profile
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  29 - Examining Three Historical Documents regarding the Trade of Women During the Qajar
  BIZHAN Parvan maghsoodali Sadeghi
  Abstract: In the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to More

  Abstract: In the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to pay off taxes, extreme poverty, and the lack of immunity for the Iranian society. At times, this took place while the authorities being indifferent and while at others, it was done with their aid and assistance. There were many causes that led to this situation or exacerbated it. In my opinion, the growing role of the government was arguably the most important of all, because governmental authorities and officials more and more took part in this type of trade. My focus in this paper will be examining three historical documents regarding the trading of women in the northern region of Khurasan. The following documents are considered official documents preserved by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of our country regarding the Qajar period, and this is the first time that they are being observed and examined publicly. The lack of social justice and rights of citizens of Iran during this period will become clear as we examine these documents. Manuscript profile
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  30 - Investigation of history HarsininEra Ancient
  pourya esmaeili
  Abstract Harsincity of the Province of Kermanshah.Based on archaeological evidence, especially Ganjdareh hill proves that this ancient line of The first human settlements on the plateau are gone And over the centuries, especially in ancient times Due to the specific cli More

  Abstract Harsincity of the Province of Kermanshah.Based on archaeological evidence, especially Ganjdareh hill proves that this ancient line of The first human settlements on the plateau are gone And over the centuries, especially in ancient times Due to the specific climatic conditions and the quality of agricultural soils,Plentiful water and vast plains considered by various nations Including people of different dynasties and rulers have been Lak,Achaemenids and Sassanian were aware of the importance of this area. The purpose of this study is that using Historical method based on the description and analysis of city history Harsin in ancient times to be introducing sanitized. The main findings of the study showed that apart from the status Harsin Climate appropriate, in terms of religion as an important center of worship of the religion Mithraism On the Zoroastrian religion that GeomatMagus action to close the temples followers It has to prove such an issue. There is also an inscription on the outskirts of the city political action Darius(first) in the beginning Monarchy explains, the high significance reveals Harsin. Manuscript profile
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  31 - Analyzing peoples' role in Islamic Revolution of Iran in Chahrmahal and Bakhtiari province
  mashaallah izadz Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh alireza abtahi
  The main aim in the present article is studying the engagement role of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari revolutionary centers in forming of people's combats by focusing on the religious leaders' role in the success of Islamic Revolution of Iran. It is a historical research whi More

  The main aim in the present article is studying the engagement role of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari revolutionary centers in forming of people's combats by focusing on the religious leaders' role in the success of Islamic Revolution of Iran. It is a historical research which uses library and field method in collecting relevant data. The current study introduces revolutionary centers and forums of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari in the combat years while explains the ways of forming peoples' movements and the function of fighting peoples by emphasizing religious leaders' role as the provice pioneers in revolutionary movements. The results indicates that the most important revolutionary centers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari have been mosques, schools, universities, religious groups and house-held parties and meetings which acted to promote revolutionary ideas. Active revolutionary peoples such as religious leaders, teachers, sellers and women in these centers embarked upon promoting religious ideas and organizing fighters’ activities. They performed an effective roll in fulfillment of Islamic revolution by participating in protests, demonstrations and other combat actions. Religious leaders were the primary cores that promoted revolution values and caused unity among people. Manuscript profile
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  32 - An investigation into Purchasing, Selling-Renting and loaning economic documents in ancient Elam
  زهرا میراشه kamal aldin niknami بهمن فیروزمندی
  Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper per More

  Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper performance, starvation, violence and wars emerged in this area. Susiana plain was suitable for agricultural activities. Farm lands belonged either to the royal family and ruling class, temples or free farmers. Elam rulers had complicated and overwhelming responsibilities to maintain and improve agricultural products, or other matters such as observing irrigation systems, creating water canals and passing laws in this regard. Discovered documents from this period are relatively indicating the complicated social and economic relationships among different classes of the society which can shed light on the socio-economic structures in Elam society. Our current knowledge concerning the ancient economy of Elam as one of the main corner stones of the Elam culture formation comes from the written documents and limited archaeological evidences from Susiana excavations and Mesopotamian documents which are not sufficient enough to recreate the economical pattern of this era. In the present paper, we first analyze the role of agriculture in the economy of the Susiana plain as well as selling, purchasing and renting contracts of agricultural lands. Finally, the common system of collateral concerning agricultural lands will be discussed. Manuscript profile
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  33 - ROLE OF GERMAN INDUSTRIES IN RENOVATION OF IRAN INDUSTRIES IN REZA SHAH PAHLAVI’S REIGEN
  Ali Vashmeh
  The Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market. Iranian government that wanted to renovate More

  The Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market. Iranian government that wanted to renovate its traditional industry, welcomed the relations. The Germans were eager in selling their different products, including industrial factories, and Iran was also interested in that. Along with these industries, technical schools started work with German instructors, who had the duty for instructing technical forces. This style of political-economic relations were experienced a little by the Iranians. In conducting descriptive/analytical method and using archive documentations, publications and books. the present research deals with analyzing the activities of German industries in Iran during Reza Shah era. The aim of this study is investigating the importation and deploying light and heavy German industries and their effects on Iran’s industrial renovation during the first Pahlavid dynasty king. We are trying to find the answer to the question regarding transformations in renovating Iranian traditional industries, by importation of German industries in Reza Shah Pahlavi era. To find the answer to the question, Iran and Germany situations before holding these relations are explained briefly. After considering the studying period for the importation of different German industries, the concluded contracts, motivations and hindrances for these activities shall be investigated. Manuscript profile
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  34 - The Historical and Theorical of US foreign policy
  ناصر خورشیدی محمد یوسفی جویباری
  The United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di More

  The United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile
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  35 - An Analysis of Islamiyah, Experience of Resistance Economics in Iran during the Qajar Period (1278-1289
  مریم حایک
  Resistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh‌ to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period More

  Resistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh‌ to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period to culminate in "domestic production and consumption of goods" was effective? To answer this question important factors in strengthening the national production at the company's activity Islamiyah, based on "qualitative content analysis" is checked. According to local patterns of successful role in promoting social issues, the result of unity and cooperation of various factors affecting the company's success Islamiyah including merchant capital, the spiritual and intellectual pen, noting that in the current situation, creating a strong economy and based on be local, not out of reach. The results indicated the necessity of enjoying the backing of nationalist sentiment and religious beliefs to realize the current situation is the strength of the economy. Manuscript profile
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  36 - West and modernity in terms of Mirza Malkam Khan
  Amin Deilami Moezzi Habibollah Abolhasan Shirazi
  Malkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. More

  Malkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. Therefore, the condition of wisdom from his point of view is to accept the ritual of European civilization from heart and soul, and to develop our thinking for the evolution of history and the spirit of time. For this reason, he calls for fundamental reform in the apparatus of the Supreme Court, with the help of Western science and principles, which makes it a prerequisite for other developments. Against Islamists, there were Western-oriented intellectuals who were fascinated west and Western values, law and customary rule as well as separation of religion and politics, etc. This stream, which constituted a broad spectrum, suggested that Iran-Western prosperity is all about being Westernized by comparing and measuring Iran-West. People like Mirza Malkam Khan, who were directly incompatible with Islam, believed that people should be thoroughly westernized. Manuscript profile
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  37 - Historical study of assassination with emphasis on the views of Imam Khomeini
  ghasem valizadehbarimanloo hamid hoseini ali hosein ehteshami
  Assassination is one of the most important concepts in today's world. What has made the importance of assassination even more prominent is that the great powers are using it to achieve national interests, as well as to suppress right-wing struggles and tarnish Islam. To More

  Assassination is one of the most important concepts in today's world. What has made the importance of assassination even more prominent is that the great powers are using it to achieve national interests, as well as to suppress right-wing struggles and tarnish Islam. Today, these superpowers, who commit any crime to achieve their goals, accuse the holy religion of Islam and Muslims of assassination, and by distorting the facts, introduce Islam as a religion of terror and violence. In view of this, it is necessary to know the place of assassination from Imam Khomeini's point of view according to the verses and hadiths. The Qur'an and hadiths have ordered killing at the time of corruption on earth and war against God and His Messenger, but in none of the above cases, unlike assassination, is murder carried out in secret, without the permission of the Islamic ruler, and Unlike assassination, these actions restore public peace and security. Imam Khomeini's views on assassination are based on the Qur'an and hadiths. The results of the article show that in Imam Khomeini's thought, assassination (in the modern sense) is void according to the verses and hadiths that exist in this field. In his strategies, he denies any violence based on terror. Wherever Imam Khomeini has spoken about assassination, he has expressed his position with a completely negative view and with disgust and disgust Manuscript profile
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  38 - Review and analysis of the formal structure of a Tansar Narrated by Ebne Esfandiar Abstract
  آسیه ذبیح نیا عمران
  The reign of religion devoutness Platonic Tansar And leave the seclusion Was chosen. His narrative of the Pahlavi texts, Arabic and Farsi Those who had a significant role the throne Artaxerxes. He also yari nameh his admonished, his wisdom Ardashir Offered. The letter Z More

  The reign of religion devoutness Platonic Tansar And leave the seclusion Was chosen. His narrative of the Pahlavi texts, Arabic and Farsi Those who had a significant role the throne Artaxerxes. He also yari nameh his admonished, his wisdom Ardashir Offered. The letter Zahed in their forthright opinions and religious beliefs, political, social And ... Has raised her. The study of these letters can be religious Level knowledge and mastery of the issues this personality, social and ... Realize.Letters reflect the opinion of this character are unmistakable. Tansar letters of three parts:As a starter, main and end up being written, that each of these three parts take also such subsidiary organs.Tansar language in bold letters, and the audience, no doubt, hesitation and his impurity in Remarks he Can not find Whatever Tall Spirit him harassment Gives On the Psyche paper makes Without fear and had several issues with passion Were Proposed Addition to the mentioned, the text of this letter, clearly, can be found in the author's intellectual scholar with a rich cultural and religious backed with suffering writes. Overall, this study gives the audience the indescribable Hzy the letters Wil serverl that can help him through life, and also causing provide information. Manuscript profile
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  39 - Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period
  hashem aghajanei elizh
  Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani TahmoresMehrabi Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the wa More

  Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani TahmoresMehrabi Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries. Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role. The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period. Keywords: Ambassador, Embassy, Messenger, Achaemenid. Member of the academic staff Payame Noor University  MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Email: t.mehrabi91@gmail.com Manuscript profile
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  40 - Reflection and comparison the socio-political aspect of the Iranian lifestylein two books "Rahatosodor and chahamaghaleh
  فرهاد پروانه مجتبی گراوند رسول رستمی
  TheIranian social lifestylecan be studied from four aspeccts? Political, social, cultural and economical. This paper studies the socio-political aspect of the Iranian lifestylein two books "Rahatosodor and chahamaghaleh in a comparative way.to find an answer to the ques More

  TheIranian social lifestylecan be studied from four aspeccts? Political, social, cultural and economical. This paper studies the socio-political aspect of the Iranian lifestylein two books "Rahatosodor and chahamaghaleh in a comparative way.to find an answer to the question of how much the selected books reveal the socio –political aspect of the Iranian life style. The anther has tried to the political connotations of the two books. The paper has been dane using a descriptive and analytical method. The author has tried to study some texts which deal with different aspects of eranian lifestyle in the past and then stndy the collected political data in an orderly and organized way. We came to the conclusion that in both two books the political subjects has been dealt with, but the book rahatosodor has revealed the political aspect of the the Iranian social lifestyle far more than the other. The author has tried to study some texts which deal with different aspects of eranian lifestyle in the past and then stndy the collected political data in an orderly and organized way. We came to the conclusion that in both two books the political subjects has been dealt with, but the book rahatosodor has revealed the political aspect of the the Iranian social lifestyle far more than the other. Manuscript profile
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  41 - Factors influencing the formation of Historical Geography of Ardalan Emirate in Safavid era
  Nasrolah Poormohammadi Amlashi برومند سورنی
  Every government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal More

  Every government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal and external revolutions in their governments. In this regard, one can say that Ardalan Emirate changed from a passive position to a dynamic situation in Safavid era which place it at the heart of events occurred in this era, because it was at the intersection between the two great empires, Safavid and Ottoman Empire. Vigilance and formation of Ardalan borders and its involvement to events of this era, was to some extent, the effect of its geographic position and geopolitical weight which was influenced by contracting and expanding factors. With this specific position, political, military, religious, and linguistic factors contributed to the promotion of the position of this emirate in Safavid Era. These factors put the emirate on a very rough way to its development. Manuscript profile
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  42 - The Unity or Difference between Al-Hāwi Fi al-Tibb and Al-Jāmi': A Survey Based on Evidence.
  mohammad taqavi Mostafa Gohari Fakhrabad
  Mohammad ibn Zakariya Al- Razi is one of the most famous Physicians in Islamic Civilization, Who his opinions and works have an important place in History of Islam and west medicine. Among his medicine works, Al- Hawi is the most famous. Many of Authors have considered More

  Mohammad ibn Zakariya Al- Razi is one of the most famous Physicians in Islamic Civilization, Who his opinions and works have an important place in History of Islam and west medicine. Among his medicine works, Al- Hawi is the most famous. Many of Authors have considered Al- Hawi as equivalent to Al-Jami that destroyed today. However, the study of other Al- Razi's works, other works of Islamic medicine and the Islamic Bibliographic books shows that we can't demonstrate exactly that Al- Hawi and Al- Jami are one work, although our evidence for their unity is more. This Article attempts to show there are some differences and similarities between these two works based on evidence. Mohammad ibn Zakariya Al- Razi is one of the most famous Physicians in Islamic Civilization, Who his opinions and works have an important place in History of Islam and west medicine. Among his medicine works, Al- Hawi is the most famous. Many of Authors have considered Al- Hawi as equivalent to Al-Jami that destroyed today. However, the study of other Al- Razi's works, other works of Islamic medicine and the Islamic Bibliographic books shows that we can't demonstrate exactly that Al- Hawi and Al- Jami are one work, although our evidence for their unity is more. This Article attempts to show there are some differences and similarities between these two works based on evidence. Manuscript profile
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  43 - The Historical and Theoretical Principles of US foreign policy
  Nasser Khorshidi Mohammad yousefi joybari
  The United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di More

  The United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile
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  44 - Christian interactions with the Muslim rulers In the era of the Umayyad and early Abbasid era
  سید محمد علی میرصانعی سیى محمد علی ایازی
  Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasid ages was including many Christian areas of the eastern Church. The People of this territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, m More

  Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasid ages was including many Christian areas of the eastern Church. The People of this territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, many court physicians were Christians who had ancient legacy of medical knowledge. As well as, some of the poets, translators, astronomers and Christian patriarch were able to connect with caliphs and their relatives, and they were even as adviser to the Muslim rulers. In the meantime, some of the caliphs were not tend to associated with the Christians, and tried to differentiate Christians from the Muslim community by imposition of harsh sentences against them, and limited their devotional ceremonies and social activities. But we can see, by review of historical reports, that the governments not forced Christians to converted and entered to Islam in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. Manuscript profile
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  فرزانه دشتی محمد رحیم عیوضی
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  46 - Metropolis of Athens and an outlook on its intellectual, political and economic development (800-500 BC)
  بهرام دلپاک کریم سلیمانی
  Metropolis of Athens and an outlook on its intellectual, political and economic development (800-500 BC) Abstract: Metropolis of Athens and an outlook on its intellectual, political and economic development (800-500 BC) Abstract Without a doubt, the formation of metr More

  Metropolis of Athens and an outlook on its intellectual, political and economic development (800-500 BC) Abstract: Metropolis of Athens and an outlook on its intellectual, political and economic development (800-500 BC) Abstract Without a doubt, the formation of metropolises is one of the characteristics of Greece Civilization. In fact, it can be the beginning of the formation of political and cultural relations and a connecting point between semi historical-legendary events of Homer era and Greek history in Cleistens era. Athens, as an example among these metropolises had a significant role in intellectual, social and political development in Greece. Geographical factors, tolerance in religious beliefs, immigration and communication with other civilizations, and changes in the political foundations of the government were factors that caused Athens to reach the most perfect form of government in its intellectual, political and economic aspects. This article aims to analyze the role of these factors, and to achieve some results based on them. Keywords: metropolis, Athens, Agora, Cleistens, immigration, reforms Manuscript profile
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  47 - Safavid decline pathology: the collapse of the
  monireh kazemirashed
  abstract appearance of the Safavid dynasty at the beginning of the 10 th century AH / 16th century AD. Is undoubetly 0ne of the important and inpressive events of persian history. each one of the developments and changes in the Safavid era is unique and consists of all More

  abstract appearance of the Safavid dynasty at the beginning of the 10 th century AH / 16th century AD. Is undoubetly 0ne of the important and inpressive events of persian history. each one of the developments and changes in the Safavid era is unique and consists of all the religious political. social and cultural spheres. The quality of the development 0f the Safavid government, sparked much debate among hi development of the Safavid government in iran ower to the is so religious, political, storians, to the extent that some historians formed the national government in Iran, Safavid dynasty owes know that after the rule of the Turks and the Mongols in Iran, the Iranian government and at the same We have created a single political center. . In analyzing the root causes of the fall of the Safavids, including policies of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid army reshuffle in the field and the Snow Ghezelbash, a country estate, education and the weakness of his successors successor temples in the country are taken into consideration Purpose: The purpose Manuscript profile
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  48 - Safavid decline pathology: the collapse of the
  monireh kazemirashed monireh kazemirashed
  abstract appearance of the Safavid dynasty at the beginning of the 10 th century AH / 16th century AD. Is undoubetly 0ne of the important and inpressive events of persian history. each one of the developments and changes in the Safavid era is unique and consists of all More

  abstract appearance of the Safavid dynasty at the beginning of the 10 th century AH / 16th century AD. Is undoubetly 0ne of the important and inpressive events of persian history. each one of the developments and changes in the Safavid era is unique and consists of all the religious political. social and cultural spheres. The quality of the development 0f the Safavid government, sparked much debate among hi development of the Safavid government in iran ower to the is so religious, political, storians, to the extent that some historians formed the national government in Iran, Safavid dynasty owes know that after the rule of the Turks and the Mongols in Iran, the Iranian government and at the same We have created a single political center. . In analyzing the root causes of the fall of the Safavids, including policies of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid army reshuffle in the field and the Snow Ghezelbash, a country estate, education and the weakness of his successors successor temples in the country are taken into consideration Purpose: The purpose Manuscript profile
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  49 - Agriculture and landholding System during the Umayyad priod
  حمید رضا مطهری
  Agriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing More

  Agriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing their rule, Umayyad caliphs made efforts to improve the conditions of agriculture and farming. The present paper will answer the raised question here: What were the policies of Umayyads in the aspect of agriculture and land-holding system? In order to answer the question, different types of land-holding system of Umayyads and their actions on expansion of agriculture in Iraq and Sham are analyzed in this paper. The finding represent Umayyads earn huge income through taxes on land-holding and agricultural products and they exercised different types of land-holding systems. These actions led to preparation of situations for expansion and improvement of agriculture, damns, streams, qanats as well as lands measuring and land tenancy Manuscript profile
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  50 - ambassadorand embassy the achaemenid period
  hashem aghajanei elizh
  Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani, (academic staff Payame Noor University Manjil) TahmoresMehrabi, (MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University Mashhad) Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, part More

  Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani, (academic staff Payame Noor University Manjil) TahmoresMehrabi, (MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University Mashhad) Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries. Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role. The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period. Manuscript profile
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  51 - The role of Islamic civilization in intellectual developments in Europe in the Middle Ages
  ebrahim bavafadalivand
  Thanks to Islam and Muslims throughout history, civilization created in Islamic countries that the Islamic civilization. This civilization is taken up at some point in history, and in a short time, in addition to mastering a wide range of countries in the world that day More

  Thanks to Islam and Muslims throughout history, civilization created in Islamic countries that the Islamic civilization. This civilization is taken up at some point in history, and in a short time, in addition to mastering a wide range of countries in the world that day Brphnh , extended the frontiers of science and culture so that, radical changes occurring in the world Vrdkh can not ignore the magnitude of its impact on other civilizations Grft.dr this article, we explain the major factors that play a role of Islamic civilization in Europe was the awakening? Islamic philosophy and how its going to affect the philosophy of medieval Europe during the Renaissance intellectual groundwork for Europe and its transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era provided? Secondary research questions are: - What factors are driving the growth and flowering of Islamic civilization was at that time? - What is the status of Europe in the Middle Ages? - How the translation movement in Europe could familiarize them with the work and achievements of Islamic thinkers? It looks and it is assumed that during the Crusades and business travel and cultural exchanges and scientific Muslims and Europeans offering information and scientific achievements between the two civilizations was provided. This research method to validate data collection, library and the credibility of the fundamental objective and the nature and method validation, Ali - historical and analytical. Manuscript profile
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  52 - truth telling according to king`s cruelty in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
  hossein asghary
  historians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical w More

  historians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research , these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation. Manuscript profile