Human & Environment: 5 (26)

Open Access Article

1 - UNSUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL ECOTOURISM IN KHUZESTAN PROVINCE
Maryam Tahmasbi Kurosh Rezaei-Moghaddam

Many planners and policy makers have argued that tourism is the main branch of sustainable development. This allocates a great part of national income in many countries especially in third world. Ecotourism management is vital element for growth More

Many planners and policy makers have argued that tourism is the main branch of sustainable development. This allocates a great part of national income in many countries especially in third world. Ecotourism management is vital element for growth and development of society in Iran. Diversity of climate, plants and wildlife in Iran is suitable for ecotourism management. Khuzestan province with natural spaces and beautiful landscapes can absorb foreigner and inner tourists. The findings of this paper indicate that this industry is confronted with several problems and difficulties like weakness of management and planning, lack of clear rules and financial credits,insufficient training of staff and experts and lack of participation of local people. The findings show unsustainability and degradation of rural ecotourism in Khuzestan province. At the end of this paper has provided some ecommendations for sustainable development of ecotourism in Khuzestan Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Environmental impact assessment guideline for rail way transportation projects
Majid Abbaspour Abdoreza Karbassi Mohammad Sadegh Sekhavatjou Mohsen Saeedi Fateme Zahed

In the recent years, different countries have approved some short time, medium time and long time plans to achieve development in all sectors such as transportation sector. These plans are determined by expert groups in each sector according to quality and quantity inde More

In the recent years, different countries have approved some short time, medium time and long time plans to achieve development in all sectors such as transportation sector. These plans are determined by expert groups in each sector according to quality and quantity indexes and these are utilized as country's development document. Generally, some of the plans and strategies have special importance for transportation ministry such as rail way transportation development, road network development, renovation of transportation fleet and comprehensive study plan of country transportation. As regards that any development has environmental impact, therefore environmental impact assessment (EIA) of each plan specially transportation one that is the target of this study, is necessary due to prevention of harmful effects and presenting mitigation plans for environment. This study has been done to conduct administrative and consultants of rail way plans, so determination of all actions in construction and operational phases is necessary. Also it is very important to determine main parameters about physical, biological and socio-economical environment. According to all of above implementations the impacts of rail ways project on different environment involving air, water, sound, soil, plant and animal will be determined and in next step mitigation plans and environmental monitoring program will be prepared. Finally environmental impact assessment guideline is developed for consultants and administrative involving 12 subjects.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - EFFICIENCY INDICATORS OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES OF GUARANTEE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Zahra Elahian Akramolmolok Lahijanian faride Hagh Shenas

Although the concept of thinking about the environmental importance and its value as old as human society itself, and since the study in the field of NGO management is written, came to work the features of environmental NGOsTehran in achieving the id More

Although the concept of thinking about the environmental importance and its value as old as human society itself, and since the study in the field of NGO management is written, came to work the features of environmental NGOsTehran in achieving the ideals seventh Millennium Development Goals (ensure environmental sustainability) will be dealt.One of the main goals of the Millennium Development Goals is the seventh cause (ensure environmental sustainability).The review also includes relevant theoretical foundations: The role and influence nongovernmental organizations, the Millennium Development Goals and the current state of the environment in the world and Iran, and theories associated with the research topic one hand and considering the characteristics of effective NGOs improve the environment and promote the institutional role and making it, has been considered. Efficiency featuresthat have been studied include participation, legitimacy (the rule of law), transparency, responsibility, consensus and people thrust, justice and fairness, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability.In this study, statistical community, including managers, members and volunteers required environmental NGOs in Tehran is the sample size assuming unlimited Statistical Society, 095 confidence level, is calculated andsampling, simple random and methods, is descriptive method of data collection Tribe questionnaire is then based on test data analysis and ultimately paid divergence and propose solutions that are presented  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY AND ITS ROLE IN THE PRESENT WORLD
Mohammad Reza Alavi Moghaddam Azam Ghasemi

Nowadays, the management of environmental issues such as hazardous waste is not simply a technical problem, but is confounded by legal, social, political and even ethical considerations.Environmental ethics asks about the moral relationships between More

Nowadays, the management of environmental issues such as hazardous waste is not simply a technical problem, but is confounded by legal, social, political and even ethical considerations.Environmental ethics asks about the moral relationships between humans and the world around us. Due to important issues of our present world, the understanding of main principles of environmental ethics and philosophyis become essential for all specialists who are working at different fields. The environmental issues cannot be solved without the help of all people specially managers and engineers.The main aim of this paper is to compare different ethical perspectives regarding to our environment. In this paper, different ethical perspectives including humanisms, biocentrism(life-centered), ecocentrisms (eco-centeric), utilitiarinism are briefly explained. In addition,the point of view of religious regarding to environment is briefly discussed. Humanism claims that we are unique because of ourintelligent, foresight and creativity and on the other hand, eco-centrism claims that all ecological processes and systems have intrinsic values and right regardless of whether they are useful to us. Furthermore, the importanceand role of the Codes of Ethics for engineers, which are adopted by several professional associations, are described in the paper  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Green Rooftop; approach towards qualitative improvement in microclimatic and tourism attraction in Sustainable city
Marjan Khanzadeh Natanzi

Today, thinkers and environment and urban designers are concerned about the inevitable growth of metropolises trying to propose some methods to moderate its effects. This has resulted in some patterns that reduce its disturbing effects along with improving the quality o More

Today, thinkers and environment and urban designers are concerned about the inevitable growth of metropolises trying to propose some methods to moderate its effects. This has resulted in some patterns that reduce its disturbing effects along with improving the quality of life in these cities. Mankind is aware of the value of the sustained spaces and is trying to answer his needs, holding permanent horizons in view. These efforts resulted in patterns of sustained metropolises, a steady and dense city. But this human achievement is not, like his other achievements, without a consequence. Research shows that increase in the density of the city disturbs the balance in the illumination of the city spaces in addition to damaging the heat transfer between the earth, buildings and the atmosphere. It also affects the internal heat of the city, increases the temperature and influences the velocity of the wind. In another view, higher density means a decreased opportunity for building green spaces resulting in a demolished desirability of the spaces. It also results in crowdedness and brings about air pollution. As flat planes that occupy a large share in such dense cities, roofs are of great importance to us. Good effects of green patterns on improving the climatic conditions like moderating undesirable consequences of dense cities decrease of heat and sun waves, the velocity of the wind and pollution posits a good potential in plans. Bruce’s non-hydrostatic model is used in this research to simulate a site in three conditions of its current state, increase in density and greening the roofs. Then effects of rooftop greening especially on air temperature and wind velocity are studied. Finally a comparison is made between the results of this research and other researches done in this field t achieve a broader insight into how greening the roofs may affect low-scale environmental conditions specially in dense cities by using plants in higher scales. There is also a discussion about other benefits of this approach to show its value in architectural and urban projects.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDEX FOR EVALUATING OF ENVIRONMENT NUISANCE AND RARITY OF ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS
Mojtaba S.Rahbar Shaham Anoosheh

The interactions of any industrial process with its environment, are located either upstream due to the rarity of natural resources, or downstream due to the rejection of noxious byproducts. In this paper, the indexes were presented for illustration of environment nuisa More

The interactions of any industrial process with its environment, are located either upstream due to the rarity of natural resources, or downstream due to the rejection of noxious byproducts. In this paper, the indexes were presented for illustration of environment nuisance as rate of ecological saturation, ecological points and factors. The anaysis results for different discharges of many industrial plants into environment show that rate or ecological saturation is more than one which demonstrates environment pollution by them. As an example, the inventory of the air, water and rejected solids pollutions during the production of one kilogramme of steel was presented Also, the rarity of raw materials and fossil energy reserves were shown by the relative indexes (criterion). Analysis of data shows that if the price of oil (or natural gas) increases, its exploitation can inerese and consequently, prevents the rarity of energy which depends on world economic condition and technology progress Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Environmental Impacts of PET- PTA Petrochemical Industries (Case Study: Mahshahr Economic Special Zone)
saeeid Malmasi seyed ali Jozi seyed masood Monavari elahe Jafarian Moghadam

Petrochemical industries pollutants especially heavy metals affect human health and environment. In this study, impacts of poly ethylene terephthalate petrochemical industries in Mahshahr economic special zone are evaluated with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by wei More

Petrochemical industries pollutants especially heavy metals affect human health and environment. In this study, impacts of poly ethylene terephthalate petrochemical industries in Mahshahr economic special zone are evaluated with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by weighting and synthesizing of health human and environmental damage criteria. In this region, main petrochemical industries are constructed close to fiords. Hence pollutants due to these industries have detrimental effects on fiords as most important ecosystem with high biodiversity. Health human damage evaluation is achieved by expressing the impacts of each pollutant on employee and local population health. Environmental damage assessment requires on intuitive expression pollutants density and environmental sensitivity. Finally nine main pollutants are evaluated according to the kind of studied petrochemical industry, TSS, Oil & Grease, COD, Heavy metals, SOX, NOX, CO2, H2S and PM. these pollutants are then compared to derive a environmental scores. Results indicate that water pollution is most important issue and TSS and Oil & Grease with 0.235, 0.326 scores from waste water discharged as highest priority should be controlled in studied area. Air pollution due to gaseous emission is second priority.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Improving citizen's health and well-being through urban landscape design
Mohammad Bagheri Hamid Reza Azemati

Current urbanization and settlement trends have adverse psycho-physical impact on the safety, health and well-being of the city dwellers. Crime, lack of community, lack of physical activity and dependence on motorized transportation serve as examples of urban ills. Sust More

Current urbanization and settlement trends have adverse psycho-physical impact on the safety, health and well-being of the city dwellers. Crime, lack of community, lack of physical activity and dependence on motorized transportation serve as examples of urban ills. Sustainable design strategies in urban neighborhoods and open spaces can have significant contribution to human physical health and psychological well-being. The sustainable urban design agenda and design criteria such as green and quality open spaces, pedestrian areas, creating dense neighborhoods with mix land uses and infill development projects in derelict and lost spaces, decreasing dependence on motorized transport with public services such as community schools and developing local public transport are of the main strategies that can addressed the various health and well-being contributions of different urban habitats Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Survey of destructive factors on Coral reefs and conservative strategies
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Nasrin choobkar

Coral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae, marine grasses, sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fish, etc…).Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for t More

Coral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae, marine grasses, sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fish, etc…).Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for this reason they are very important. With regarding to high important of these ecosystems for preserving of biodiversity and fragility of them as compared to destructive factors and environmental pollutants, and also because very long time recovery, approximately more than 100years, protect of these shelters is very important.These important ecosystems are affected by many environmental crisis that occur by human, such as:oil compounds, agricultural and industrial sewages,global warming, climate changes, tourism, over fishing, coastal development, etc….It is necessary to recognized and manage crises points for preserving.Creation and development of artificial reef (Ekoreef) is one of the most important strategies for preserve and restoration of coral reefs  Manuscript profile

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