Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite accumulation in vegetables exposed on ShahreKord's markets
Subject Areas :
Food Science and Technology
Sh Kiani
1
,
محبوبه Gheytasim
2
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, ShahreKord University, ShahreKord, Iran
2 - - Former MSc. Student of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, ShahreKord University, ShahreKord, Iran
Received: 2015-08-23
Accepted : 2016-01-21
Published : 2016-01-21
Keywords:
accumulation,
Nitrate,
Vegetables,
Nitrite,
Shahre-Kord,
Abstract :
In the last years, the presence of nitrates and nitrites in vegetables has been a public health concern. This study was conducted to examine the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables of Shahre-Kord retails. For this purpose, a total of 222 fresh vegetables samples were collected in winter 2011 and summer 2012 and were analyzed for the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite. Results showed a vast deviation between the mean concentrations of nitrate. In other words, the nitrate accumulation for mint was 310.9 mg/kg fresh weight (FW) and for savory was estimated at 3309.1 mg/kg FW. Nitrate accumulation in more than 85% of the vegetable samples was below the approved limit of 2500 mg/kg FW; meanwhile in savory it was higher than 3000 mg/kg FW. Moreover it was revealed that in comparison with nitrate, the mean value of nitrite accumulation was remarkably low (below 1.65 mg/kg FW). According to the results, the nitrate accumulation was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the samples obtained during the summer, but in the case of nitrite the results were reversed. In conclusion the levels of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables of ShahreKord retails were unlikely to pose any health hazard to the general population; nonetheless, the application of efficient techniques for decreasing the nitrate and nitrite accumulation in vegetables is recommended.
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Shokrzadeh, M., Shokravie, M., Ebadi, A.G., Babaee, Z. and Tarighati, A. (2007). The measurement of nitrate and nitrite content in leek and spinach sampled from central cities of Mazandaran state of Iran. American- Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2: 169-172.
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www. who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/nitratenitrite 2 ndadd. pdf.
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Armijo, R., Gonzalez, A., Orellana, M., Coulson, A.H., Sayre J.W. and Detels, R. (1981). Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Chile: nitrate exposure and stomach cancer frequency. International Journal of Epidemiology, 10: 57-58.
Cataldo, D.A., Haroon, M., Schrader, L.E. and Youngs, V.L. (1975). Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6: 71-80.
Chung, J.C., Chou, S.S. and Hwang, D.F. (2004). Changes in nitrate and nitrite content of four vegetables during storage at refrigerated and ambient temperatures. Food Additives and Contaminants, 21: 317-322.
Chung, S.Y., Kim, J.S., Kim, M., Hong, M.K., Lee, J.O., Kim, C.M., et al. (2003). Survey of nitrate and nitrite contents of vegetables grown in Korea. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20: 621-625.
Dutt, M.C., Lim, H.Y. and Chew, R.K.H. (1987). Nitrate consumption and the incidence of cancer in Singapore. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 25: 515-518.
EFSA, (2008). Nitrate in vegetables: scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. European Food Safety Authority Journal 689: 1-79.
Ezeagu, I.E. (1996). Nitrate and nitrite contents in ogi and the changes occurring during storage. Food Chemistry, 56: 77-79.
Food and Environmental Hygiene Department of Hong Kong. (2010). Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables available in Hong Kong. Risk Assessment Studies, Report No: 40.
Hunt, J. and Turner, M.K. (1994). A survey of nitrite concentrations in retail fresh vegetables. Food Additives and Contaminants, 11: 327-332.
Jakszyn, P., Ibáñez, R., Pera, G., Agudo, A., García-Closas, R., Amiano, P., et al. (2004). Food content of potential carcinogens. Nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. EPIC-Spain. Catalan Institute of Oncology, Spain.
Malakouti, M.J., Keshavarz, P. and Karimian, N.A. (2008). Comprehensive methods diagnosis and proper use of fertilizer for sustainable agriculture. Tarbiat Modarres University Publishing, Tehran: 499-437. [in Persian]
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of UK). (1998). 1997 total diet study - nitrate and nitrite. Food Surveillance Information Sheet, No: 163.
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of UK). (2001). Monitoring program for nitrate in lettuce and spinach. Food Surveillance Information Sheet, No: 16.01.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York. U.S.A.
Muramoto, J. (1999). Comparison of nitrate content in leafy vegetables from organic and conventional farms in California, University of California; Califiornia.
Onyesom, I. and Okoh, P.N. (2006). Quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables commonly consumed in Delta State, Nigeria. British Journal of Nutrition, 96: 902-905.
Pourmoghim, M., Khoushtinat, KH., Sadeghi Maki, A., Komeyli Fonoud, R., Golestan, B. and Pirali, M. (2010). Determination Of Nitrate Contents Of Lettuce, Tomatoes And Potatoes On Sale In Tehran Central Fruit And Vegetable Market By HPLC, Journal Of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 5(1): 70-63. [in Persian]
Risch, H.A., Jain, M., Choi, N.W., Fodor, J.G., Pfeiffer, C.J., Howe, G.R., et al. (1985). Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Amercan Journal of Epidemiology, 122: 947-949.
Rahmani, H.R. (2006). Investigation of Nitrate pollution in the Soil, Water and Plants in Some Agricultural Fields in Baraan (Esfahan), Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11(1): 34-23. [in Persian]
Rezayian, S., Zangiabadi, M., Zabihi, H.R. and Paseban, M. (2011). The study of nitrate in the vegetables in Khorasan Razavi Proviens, first Congress of Fertilizer Challenges in Iran: half a century of use fertilizer, Tehran, 1-2 March 2011. [in Persian]
Santamaria, P. (2006). Review – nitrate in vegetables: toxicity content, intake and EC regulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86: 10-17.
Shahlaei, A., Alemzadeh Ansari, N. and Sedighie Dehkordie, F. (2007). Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite content of Iran southern (Ahwaz) vegetables during winter and spring of 2006. Asianian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 1197-1203.
Shokrzadeh, M., Shokravie, M., Ebadi, A.G., Babaee, Z. and Tarighati, A. (2007). The measurement of nitrate and nitrite content in leek and spinach sampled from central cities of Mazandaran state of Iran. American- Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2: 169-172.
Sparks, D.L. (editor). (1996). Methods of Soil Analysis. SSSA and ASA Press, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., pp. 1123-1184.
Sepahvand, M. and Omidivari, Sh. (2011). The effect of excessive consumption of urea fertilizer on nitrate accumulation in vegetables and endangers public health, Fertilizer Challenges Congress in Iran : half a century of use fertilizer, Tehran, 1-2 March 2011. [in Persian]
Shahbazzadegan, S., Hashemimajd, K. and Shahbazi, B. (2010). Determination of Nitrate Concentration of Consumed Vegetables and Fruits in Ardabil, Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 10(1): 47-38. [in Persian]
Thompson, B.M., Nokes, C.J. and Cressy, P.J. (2007). Intake and risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite from New Zealand foods and drinking water. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24: 113-118.
WHO. (1996). Nitrate. In: safety evaluation of certain food additives (Food Additives Series 35), Geneva. www.inchemorg/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v35je14.htm.
WHO. (2003a). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of the joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Technical report series 916. www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC911E/AC911E00.htm.
WHO. (2003b). Nitrate and nitrite (potential endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds). In: safety evaluation of certain food additives (Food Additives Series 50), Geneva. www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v50je06.htm.
WHO. (2007). Nitrate and nitrite in drinking water - background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva.
www. who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/nitratenitrite 2 ndadd. pdf.
