Concentration of cadmium, zinc and manganese in root, stalk and leaf of spinach and tomato in Hamedan
Subject Areas :
Food Science and Technology
A.
Ghobadi
1
(Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan)
A.
Jahangard
2
(Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan)
Received: 2015-05-09
Accepted : 2016-11-05
Published : 2016-11-21
Keywords:
Heavy metals,
Hamedan,
Vegetables,
food chain,
Abstract :
Heavy metals are considers as significant environment pollutants. Their entrance into food chain is a serious health hazard to humans. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of Cadmium, Zinc and Manganese in root, stalk and leaf portions of spinach and tomato. For this reason, during 2014 in Hamedan city, 3 farms with 5 repetitions from each farm were sampled. Samples were subjected to acid-digestion and the concentrations of the elements were assayed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). According to the results, the average concentrations of heavy metals in root, stalk and leaf of spinach was estimated at: cadmium, 0.14, 0.24, 0.34 mg/kg, zinc, 15.53, 24.82, 35 mg/kg and manganese, 26.59, 24.42, 45.38 mg/kg, respectively. The data for the tomato samples were: cadmium, 16.20, 24.42, 33.81 mg/kg, Zinc, 21.48, 39.74, 52.92 mg/kg and manganese, 26.60, 42.41, 61.90 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentration of cadmium and manganese in spinach and tomato showed a significant difference with the WHO/FAO standard limit. However, in the case of zinc the difference was insignificant. It was concluded that in this experiment the spinach and tomato samples were polluted with higher concentration of cadmium and manganese than the approved limit of WHO/FAO and therefore was found risky for the consumers.
References:
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● Rokni, N. (1999). Principles of Food Hygiene: Tehran University Press, p. 66 [In Persian].
● Shariati, M.R., Farshi, R. and Gorgani Nezhad, S. (1989). The concentration of Heavy metals in crops and agricultural land south of Tehran, Journal of Soil and Water, 5(3): 260-287 [In Persian].
● Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F.M. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, 154: 254 -263.
● Street, J.J., Lindzay, W.L.B., Sabey, R. (1977). Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1: 72-77.
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● Ahmadi, B. (2008). The role of heavy metals on human health, Water Resources Management Company in Iran, pp. 1-10 [In Persian].
● Al-Saleh, I. and Shinwari, N. (2001). Report on the levels of cadmium0, lead, and mercury in imported rice grain samples. Biological Trace Element Research, 83(1): 91-96.
● Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B. and Mittal, N. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources, Food Chemistry, 111(4): 811- 815.
● Bahemuka, T.E. and Mubofu, E. B. (1999). Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dares Salaam, Tanzania, Food Chemistry, 66: 63-66.
● Chao, W., Xiao-chen, L., Li-min, Z., Pei-fang, W. and Zhi-yong, G. (2007). Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni concentrations in vegetables in relation to their extractable fractions in soils in suburban areas of Nanjing, China, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16: 199-207.
● Cheng, A.C., Warknek, J.E., Page, A.L. and Land, A.J. (1984). Accumulation of heavy metal in sewage sludge treated soils, Journal of Environmental Quality, 13: 87-90.
● Codex Alimentarius Commission (WHO/FAO). (2011). Food additives and contaminants, Joint (WHO/ FAO), Food standards program.
● Cui, Y.J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R., Huang, Y., Qiu, Y., Liang, J. (2005). Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. Environment International, 31:784-790.
● Davis, R.R. and Smith, C. (1980). Crops as indicators of the significance of contamination of by heavy metals. Water Research Center Stevenage, Uk.p. 140.
● Kabata – Pendias, A. (2011). Trace Elements in soils and plants, CRC Peress, Boca Rotan, Florida, USA, pp. 143-157.
● Lin, H.T., Won, S.S. and Li, G.C. (2004). Heavy metal content of rice and shell fish in Taiwan. Food and Drug Analysis, 12(2): 167-174.
● Loutfy, N., Fuerhache, M., Tundo, P., Raccanelli, S., El-Dien, A.G. and Ahmed, M.T. (2006). Dietary intake of dioxins and dioxins-like PCBs, due to the consumption of dairy products, Fish/sea food and met from Ismailia Eity, Egypt, Science of the Total Environment, 370: 1-8.
● Risakwe, O.E., Kanayochukwu, N.J., Nwadiuto, A.C., Daniel, D. and Onyinyechi, O. (2012). Evaluation of potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals of vegetables. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2: 3.
● Ping, L., Zhao, H., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Wei, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2011). Analysis of Heavy Metal Sources for Vegetable Soils from Shandong Province, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 10(1): 109-119.
● Radwan, M.A. and Salama, A.K. (2006). Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(8): 7273-7278.
● Rokni, N. (1999). Principles of Food Hygiene: Tehran University Press, p. 66 [In Persian].
● Shariati, M.R., Farshi, R. and Gorgani Nezhad, S. (1989). The concentration of Heavy metals in crops and agricultural land south of Tehran, Journal of Soil and Water, 5(3): 260-287 [In Persian].
● Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F.M. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, 154: 254 -263.
● Street, J.J., Lindzay, W.L.B., Sabey, R. (1977). Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1: 72-77.
● Tiller, K.G., Mclaughlin, M.J. and Roberts, A.H.C. (1999). Environmental impacts of heavy metals in agro ecosystems and amelioration strategies in Oceana. In: Huang, P.M. and Iskander, I.K. (Eds). Soils and groundwater pollution and remediation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC p. 1-35.
● Winsor, G.W. (1973). Nutrition, In: the U.K. Tomato Manual. Grower books, London.
● Yang, J., Guo, H., Ma, Y., Wang, Li., Wei, D. and Hua, L. (2010). Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(8): 1246–1252.
