Predicting Mental Vitality Based on Attachment Styles Mediated by Psychological Capital in Women with High Body Mass Index
Subject Areas :
Woman and family
Katayoon Maghazehee
1
,
Mahdi Zare bahramabadi
2
,
Fariborz Bagheri
3
1 - M.A. Student in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 - Associated Professor, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities, SAMT, Tehran, Iran (corresponding author), Email: Mz.bahramabadi@gmail.com
3 - Associated Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Received: 2022-04-14
Accepted : 2022-05-23
Published : 2023-05-22
Keywords:
psychological capital,
attachment styles,
Obesity,
mental vitality,
Abstract :
One of the psychological needs of human beings is mental vitality, which has a major impact on people's lives. The aim of this study was to predict mental vitality based on attachment styles mediated by psychological capital in women with high body mass index. The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women members of the Anonymous Eating Association in Tehran between 1398 and 1400. The sampling method in this study was non-random and available. The sample size was 200 people. Data collection was used by Deci and Ryan's Subjective Vitality Scale (1977), Luthans's Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) and Collins and Reed's revised adult attachment scale (1990). Path analysis method was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that mental vitality is predicted based on attachment styles mediated by psychological capital in women with high body mass index. Attachment styles and psychological capital include resilience, hope, optimism, and self-efficacy.Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
References:
Abdel-Khalek, A, M., Lester, D. (2017). The association between religiosity, generalized self-efficacy, mental health, and happiness in Arab college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.010.
Abedishargh, N., Ramezani farani, A., Gharraee, B., Ghorbani, S., & Farahani, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) in Reducing Body Weight and Increasing Weight Efficacy Life Style via Virtual Group: during Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Military Medicine, 23 (3), 209-19. [in persian] http://militarymedj.ir/article-1-2814-fa.htm
Arabzadeh, M. (2017). The relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly. Elderly: Iranian Journal of Aging, 12 (2), 170-179. [in persian] http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1149-fa.html
Azizi, A., & Movahedi, Y. (2013). The Predict happiness based on attachment styles. 6th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. June 5. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. https://civilica.com/l/4892/
Bahadori Khosroshahi, J., Hashemi Nosratabad, T., & Babapour Kheiroddin, J. (2012). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Social Capital of Tabriz University Students. Journal of Research and Health, 2 (1), 63-71. [in persian] http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.html
Bryant, F.B., & Cvengros, J. A (2014). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30 (7), 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Chung, S., & Philipps, A. (2010). Promoting mental health & well-being in adolescents: Recommendations for Wyman’s. Teen Outreach Program ®. 600 Kiwanis Drive - Eureka, MO 63025. wymancenter.org.
Couto, M. C. P., Koller, S. H. & Novo, R. (2011). Stressful life events and psychological wellbeing in a Brazilian sample of older persons: the role of resilience. Ageing International, 36 (4), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-011-9123-2
Cox, K. (2012). Happiness and unhappiness in the developing world: life satisfaction among unban, rural residents. Journal of Happiness studies, 3, 128-130. http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s10902-011-9253-y
Denny, G.K., & Steiner, H. (2009). External and internal factors influencing happiness in elite collegiate athletes. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 40, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0111-z
Diener, E. (1985). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 94,542-575.
Fatt, S.J., Mond, J., Bussey, K., Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B., Lonergan, A., & Mitchison, D. (2021). Seeing yourself clearly: Self‐identification of a body image problem in adolescents with an eating disorder. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(3), 577-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12987
Feldman, D., & Kubota, M. (2015). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college grade-point average. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 20-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.022
Fine, A., & Large, R. (2005). A Conceptual Framework for Adolescent Health: A Collaborative Project of the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs and the of State Adolescent Health Coordinators Network. Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs.
Fitzgibbon, M.L., Stolley, M.R. & Kireschenbaum, D.S. (1993). Obese people who seek treatment have different characteristics than those who do not seek treatment. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 346-353.
Ghaem Maghami, M., Hosseinian, S., & Rasooli, R. (2013). Relationship between attachment styles and conflict resolution methods in married women. Quarterly of Cultural and Educational Women and Family (Cultural-Defense of Women and Former Family), 8 (24): 7-25. [in persian] https://cwfs.ihu.ac.ir/article_201619.html
GhanbariTalab, M., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence and mental vitality with self-efficacy of Payame Noor University students. Rooyesg, 4 (3): 75-86. [in persian] http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-112-fa.html
Gohel, K. (2012). Psychological capital as a determinant of employee satisfaction. International Referred Research Journal, 3 (36), 34-37.
Hübel, C., Abdulkadir, M., Herle, M., Loos, R.J., Breen, G., Bulik, C.M., & Micali, N. (2021). One size does not fit all. Genomics differentiates among anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. International journal eating disorders, 54(5), 785-793. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23481
Joshanloo, M., Park, S. H., & Park, Y. O. (2017). Optimism as the moderator of the relationship between fragility of happiness beliefs and experienced happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.039
Khalili Tajareh, R., & Ahmadiyan, H. (2019). The relationship between optimism and mental vitality with the mediating role of resilience in the elderly. Shenakht Journal of psychology and psychiatry, 6 (2): 149-160. [in persian] http://shenakht.muk.ac.ir/article-1-627-fa.html
Khoshkonesh, A. (2007). Investigating the simple and multiple relationships between personality-cognitive and religious backgrounds with the feeling of happiness and the relationship between this variable and mental health and academic performance of Shahid Chamran University students. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University. [in persian]
Kim, J.Y., Oh, D.J., Yoon, T.Y., Choi, J.M. & Choe, B.K. (2007). The impacts of obesity on psychological well-being: a cross-sectional study about depressive mood and quality of life. Journal of public Health, 40, 191-195. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.2.191
Kiyanzad, S., Kajbaf, M. B., & Phayazi, M. (2016). Examine the relationship between happiness and life orientation (optimism and pessimism) students of faculty of psychology, university of Isfahan. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied life Sciences, 6(1), 290-297. http://www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2016/01/jls.htm
Knecht, S., Ellger, T., & Levin, J.A. (2008). Obesity in neurobiology. Progress in neurobiology, 84(1), 85-103.
Liem, A. D., Lau, S., & Nie, Y. (2018). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disen ga gement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Journal of Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 486-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.08.001
Lin, M., Gillikin, L.M., Patarinski, A.G.G., Srivastava, P., & Juarascio, A.S. (2021). Characterizing eating disorder psychopathology and body image related constructs in treatment-seeking Black individuals with binge-eating spectrum disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 2(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01165-w
Lower, K, E. (2014). Understanding Resilience and Happiness among College Students. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University. http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/3633
Luo, Y., Mendoza, C., Pelfrey, S., Lohrenz, T., Gu, X., Montague, P.R., & McAdams, C.J. (2021). Elevated Neurobehavioral Responses to Negative Social Interactions in Women With Bulimia Nervosa. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 10(5), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.011
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological bulletin, 131(6), 803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Malmir, S., & Bayanfar, F. (2019). The relationship between psychological capital and happiness and infatuation in female students. Recent Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Education. 2 (18): 101-112. [in persian] https://jonapte.ir/fa/showart-1c7bad8f85031e8b38733599db28539f
Mather, A.A., Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W., & Sareen, J. (2008). Association between body weight and personality disorders in a nationality representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 1012-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.008
Mathew, J., Dunning, C., Coats, C. H., & Whelan, T. (2014). The mediating influence of hope on multidimensional perfectionism and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.008
McElory, S.L., Kotwal, R., Malhotra, S., Nelson, E.B., Keck, P.E. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2004). Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 634-651. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.V65N0507
Mojdegan, S., Moghidi, F., & Ahghar, Q. (2013). Study of the relationship between happiness and self-efficacy with self-resilience of preschool teachers in Tehran. Applied Science Reports, 2(1), 10-16. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=247362
Mozaffarinia, F., Amin Shokravi, F., & Heidarnia, A. (2014). Relationship between spiritual health and students' vitality. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 2 (2): 97-107. [in persian] http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-162-fa.html
Nemati, S., & Mehdipourmaralani, F. (2016). The relationship between life satisfaction and happiness: the mediating role of resiliencey. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(3), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p194
Ostadi, M., & Eshghi, S. (2019). Predicting happiness by psychological capital and purpose in the life of employees of the Geological Survey of Tehran. Psychological Development, 8 (1): 69-76. [in persian] http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-654-fa.html
Pakdaman, Sh. (2006). Investigating the relationship between attachment and socialism in adolescents. PhD Thesis in Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran. [in persian]
Rizzuto, D., & Fratiglioni, L. (2014). Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: a mini-review. Gerontology, 60(4), 327-335.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Salehi Omran, E., Abedini Boltork, M. (2018). Investigating the relationship between happiness and students' academic success in educational spaces of Mazandaran province with emphasis on the role of educational planning. Educational Planning Studies, 7 (13): 121-154. [in persian]
Sarwer, D.B., Wadden, T.A. & Fabricatore, A. N. (2005). Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Journal of Obesity Research, 13, 639-648.
Scoloveno, R. L. (2013). An inverstigation of a theoretical model of resilience in middle adolescents. Doctoral thesis Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newmark, New Jersey. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/40445
Shahyad, S. H., Besharat, M. A., Asadi, M., ShirAlipour, A., & Miri, M. (2011). The relations of attachmentand perceived social support with life satisfaction: Structural educal tion model. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 952–956. (in persian) http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.219
Simon, G.E., Von Kroff, M., Saunders, K., Miglioretti, D.L., Crane, P.K., Van Belle, G. & et al. (2006). Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Journal of Archive General Psychiatry, 63, 824-830. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.824
Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope: theory, measures, and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Soori, H., Hejazi, E., & Soorinezhad, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience and psychological well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 1115), 5-15. [in persian] http://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_533901.html
Sylvester, B. D. (2011). Well-being in volleyball players: Examining the contributions of independent and balanced psychological need satisfaction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 5, 533-539.
Wadden, T.A., & Stunkard, A.J. (2007). Handbook of obesity of Obesity Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Wadden, T.A., Browell, K.D., Kelly, A.J. & Foster, B.D. (2002). Obesity: Responding to the global epidemic. Journal of Consulting and Psychology, 70, 510-525. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.70.3.510
World Health Organization. (2016). In Obesity and Overweight fact sheet.. World Health Organization.
Zarrini, S. (2015). The effectiveness of creativity training on vitality and life orientation of female students in Sari city. Master Thesis Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University. [in persian]
_||_
Abdel-Khalek, A, M., Lester, D. (2017). The association between religiosity, generalized self-efficacy, mental health, and happiness in Arab college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.010.
Abedishargh, N., Ramezani farani, A., Gharraee, B., Ghorbani, S., & Farahani, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) in Reducing Body Weight and Increasing Weight Efficacy Life Style via Virtual Group: during Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Military Medicine, 23 (3), 209-19. [in persian] http://militarymedj.ir/article-1-2814-fa.htm
Arabzadeh, M. (2017). The relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly. Elderly: Iranian Journal of Aging, 12 (2), 170-179. [in persian] http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1149-fa.html
Azizi, A., & Movahedi, Y. (2013). The Predict happiness based on attachment styles. 6th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. June 5. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. https://civilica.com/l/4892/
Bahadori Khosroshahi, J., Hashemi Nosratabad, T., & Babapour Kheiroddin, J. (2012). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Social Capital of Tabriz University Students. Journal of Research and Health, 2 (1), 63-71. [in persian] http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.html
Bryant, F.B., & Cvengros, J. A (2014). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30 (7), 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Chung, S., & Philipps, A. (2010). Promoting mental health & well-being in adolescents: Recommendations for Wyman’s. Teen Outreach Program ®. 600 Kiwanis Drive - Eureka, MO 63025. wymancenter.org.
Couto, M. C. P., Koller, S. H. & Novo, R. (2011). Stressful life events and psychological wellbeing in a Brazilian sample of older persons: the role of resilience. Ageing International, 36 (4), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-011-9123-2
Cox, K. (2012). Happiness and unhappiness in the developing world: life satisfaction among unban, rural residents. Journal of Happiness studies, 3, 128-130. http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s10902-011-9253-y
Denny, G.K., & Steiner, H. (2009). External and internal factors influencing happiness in elite collegiate athletes. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 40, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0111-z
Diener, E. (1985). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 94,542-575.
Fatt, S.J., Mond, J., Bussey, K., Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B., Lonergan, A., & Mitchison, D. (2021). Seeing yourself clearly: Self‐identification of a body image problem in adolescents with an eating disorder. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(3), 577-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12987
Feldman, D., & Kubota, M. (2015). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college grade-point average. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 20-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.022
Fine, A., & Large, R. (2005). A Conceptual Framework for Adolescent Health: A Collaborative Project of the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs and the of State Adolescent Health Coordinators Network. Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs.
Fitzgibbon, M.L., Stolley, M.R. & Kireschenbaum, D.S. (1993). Obese people who seek treatment have different characteristics than those who do not seek treatment. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 346-353.
Ghaem Maghami, M., Hosseinian, S., & Rasooli, R. (2013). Relationship between attachment styles and conflict resolution methods in married women. Quarterly of Cultural and Educational Women and Family (Cultural-Defense of Women and Former Family), 8 (24): 7-25. [in persian] https://cwfs.ihu.ac.ir/article_201619.html
GhanbariTalab, M., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence and mental vitality with self-efficacy of Payame Noor University students. Rooyesg, 4 (3): 75-86. [in persian] http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-112-fa.html
Gohel, K. (2012). Psychological capital as a determinant of employee satisfaction. International Referred Research Journal, 3 (36), 34-37.
Hübel, C., Abdulkadir, M., Herle, M., Loos, R.J., Breen, G., Bulik, C.M., & Micali, N. (2021). One size does not fit all. Genomics differentiates among anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. International journal eating disorders, 54(5), 785-793. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23481
Joshanloo, M., Park, S. H., & Park, Y. O. (2017). Optimism as the moderator of the relationship between fragility of happiness beliefs and experienced happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.039
Khalili Tajareh, R., & Ahmadiyan, H. (2019). The relationship between optimism and mental vitality with the mediating role of resilience in the elderly. Shenakht Journal of psychology and psychiatry, 6 (2): 149-160. [in persian] http://shenakht.muk.ac.ir/article-1-627-fa.html
Khoshkonesh, A. (2007). Investigating the simple and multiple relationships between personality-cognitive and religious backgrounds with the feeling of happiness and the relationship between this variable and mental health and academic performance of Shahid Chamran University students. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University. [in persian]
Kim, J.Y., Oh, D.J., Yoon, T.Y., Choi, J.M. & Choe, B.K. (2007). The impacts of obesity on psychological well-being: a cross-sectional study about depressive mood and quality of life. Journal of public Health, 40, 191-195. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.2.191
Kiyanzad, S., Kajbaf, M. B., & Phayazi, M. (2016). Examine the relationship between happiness and life orientation (optimism and pessimism) students of faculty of psychology, university of Isfahan. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied life Sciences, 6(1), 290-297. http://www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2016/01/jls.htm
Knecht, S., Ellger, T., & Levin, J.A. (2008). Obesity in neurobiology. Progress in neurobiology, 84(1), 85-103.
Liem, A. D., Lau, S., & Nie, Y. (2018). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disen ga gement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Journal of Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 486-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.08.001
Lin, M., Gillikin, L.M., Patarinski, A.G.G., Srivastava, P., & Juarascio, A.S. (2021). Characterizing eating disorder psychopathology and body image related constructs in treatment-seeking Black individuals with binge-eating spectrum disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 2(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01165-w
Lower, K, E. (2014). Understanding Resilience and Happiness among College Students. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University. http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/3633
Luo, Y., Mendoza, C., Pelfrey, S., Lohrenz, T., Gu, X., Montague, P.R., & McAdams, C.J. (2021). Elevated Neurobehavioral Responses to Negative Social Interactions in Women With Bulimia Nervosa. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 10(5), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.011
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological bulletin, 131(6), 803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Malmir, S., & Bayanfar, F. (2019). The relationship between psychological capital and happiness and infatuation in female students. Recent Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Education. 2 (18): 101-112. [in persian] https://jonapte.ir/fa/showart-1c7bad8f85031e8b38733599db28539f
Mather, A.A., Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W., & Sareen, J. (2008). Association between body weight and personality disorders in a nationality representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 1012-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.008
Mathew, J., Dunning, C., Coats, C. H., & Whelan, T. (2014). The mediating influence of hope on multidimensional perfectionism and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.008
McElory, S.L., Kotwal, R., Malhotra, S., Nelson, E.B., Keck, P.E. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2004). Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 634-651. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.V65N0507
Mojdegan, S., Moghidi, F., & Ahghar, Q. (2013). Study of the relationship between happiness and self-efficacy with self-resilience of preschool teachers in Tehran. Applied Science Reports, 2(1), 10-16. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=247362
Mozaffarinia, F., Amin Shokravi, F., & Heidarnia, A. (2014). Relationship between spiritual health and students' vitality. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 2 (2): 97-107. [in persian] http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-162-fa.html
Nemati, S., & Mehdipourmaralani, F. (2016). The relationship between life satisfaction and happiness: the mediating role of resiliencey. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(3), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p194
Ostadi, M., & Eshghi, S. (2019). Predicting happiness by psychological capital and purpose in the life of employees of the Geological Survey of Tehran. Psychological Development, 8 (1): 69-76. [in persian] http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-654-fa.html
Pakdaman, Sh. (2006). Investigating the relationship between attachment and socialism in adolescents. PhD Thesis in Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran. [in persian]
Rizzuto, D., & Fratiglioni, L. (2014). Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: a mini-review. Gerontology, 60(4), 327-335.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Salehi Omran, E., Abedini Boltork, M. (2018). Investigating the relationship between happiness and students' academic success in educational spaces of Mazandaran province with emphasis on the role of educational planning. Educational Planning Studies, 7 (13): 121-154. [in persian]
Sarwer, D.B., Wadden, T.A. & Fabricatore, A. N. (2005). Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Journal of Obesity Research, 13, 639-648.
Scoloveno, R. L. (2013). An inverstigation of a theoretical model of resilience in middle adolescents. Doctoral thesis Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newmark, New Jersey. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/40445
Shahyad, S. H., Besharat, M. A., Asadi, M., ShirAlipour, A., & Miri, M. (2011). The relations of attachmentand perceived social support with life satisfaction: Structural educal tion model. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 952–956. (in persian) http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.219
Simon, G.E., Von Kroff, M., Saunders, K., Miglioretti, D.L., Crane, P.K., Van Belle, G. & et al. (2006). Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Journal of Archive General Psychiatry, 63, 824-830. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.824
Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope: theory, measures, and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Soori, H., Hejazi, E., & Soorinezhad, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience and psychological well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 1115), 5-15. [in persian] http://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_533901.html
Sylvester, B. D. (2011). Well-being in volleyball players: Examining the contributions of independent and balanced psychological need satisfaction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 5, 533-539.
Wadden, T.A., & Stunkard, A.J. (2007). Handbook of obesity of Obesity Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Wadden, T.A., Browell, K.D., Kelly, A.J. & Foster, B.D. (2002). Obesity: Responding to the global epidemic. Journal of Consulting and Psychology, 70, 510-525. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.70.3.510
World Health Organization. (2016). In Obesity and Overweight fact sheet.. World Health Organization.
Zarrini, S. (2015). The effectiveness of creativity training on vitality and life orientation of female students in Sari city. Master Thesis Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University. [in persian]