Functional eggs; Enriched with minerals, vitamins and pigments
Subject Areas : Journal of Quality and Durability of Agricultural Products and Food Stuffs
dariush khademi shurmasti
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran)
Keywords: enrichment, trace element, carotenoids, Desiner egg, Functional food,
Abstract :
Egg is considered as natural life supporting essential compounds source which provides nutritious food with biological packaging. Nowadays, due to the increasing level of awareness, the sensory and nutritional quality of eggs is becoming a growing concern for consumers. So, there is a growing demand for eggs with characteristics and effectiveness beyond a common food, including eggs enriched in nutrients such as trace minerals (selenium, iron, zinc, iodin, copper, etc.), vitamins (water and fat soluble), antioxidant compounds (such as carotenoids). The acheivement to this purpose is simply possible and economic through dietary approaches producind the designer eggs, resulting eggs can offer functions above and beyond that they usally provide. Designer eggs provide new and attractive options for consumers who want eggs with different nutritional properties than regular eggs. In this review, an attempt has been made to provide various nutritional approaches in the breeding and management of laying hens for the production of eggs designed, including various forms of mineral and organic supplements containing trace elements, vitamins and pigments, daily requirements and amounts provided by enriched eggs were evaluated for their specific biological role, as well as the toxicity effects of the interaction of some supplements at different levels used. Although it has been found that it is easy to hope for the production of enriched eggs through nutritional approaches, but proving the health claims of these designer eggs in human models requires attention to combine and adapt them in different populations and perform specialized experiments.
1- Muduli S, Champati A, Popalghat HK. Designer egg: A new approach in modern health care. The Pharma Innovation Jour-nal. 2018;7(5):320-326.
2- Sahoo A, Jena B. Designer egg and meat through nutrient manipulation. Jour-nal of Poultry Science and Technology. 2014;2(3):38-47.
3- Bennett DC, Cheng KM. Selenium enrichent of table eggs. Poultry Science. 2010;89:2166-2172. Doi: 10.3382/ps. 2009-00571.
4- Pushpamali RMD, Himali SMC, Guna-wardene M, Samarasinghe K, Chandrajith R. Multimineral fortification of chicken egg by supplementing a combination of sodium selenite, ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate in layer diet. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2021;35(2):28558-27567.
Doi: 10.26717/ BJSTR.2021.35.005683.
5- Lu J, Qu L, Shen MM, Wang XG, Guo J, Hu YP, Dou TC, Wang, KH. Effects of high-dose selenium-enriched yeast on lay-ing performance, egg quality, clinical blo-od parameters, organ development, and selenium deposition in laying hens. Pou-ltry Science. 2019;98:2522-2530.
6- Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
7- Schrauzer GN, Surai PF. Selenium in human and animal nutrition: Resolved and unresolved issues. A partly historical trea-tise in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the boil-ogical essentiality of selenium, dedicated to the memory of Klaus Schwarz (1914-1978) on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his death. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2009;29:2-9.
8- Markovic R, Ciric J, Starcevic M, Sefer D, Baltic MZ. Effects of selenium source and level in diet on glutathione peroxidase activity, tissue selenium distribution, and growth performance in poultry. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2018;19:166-176.
9- Qiu K, Ma Y, Obianwuna UE, Wang J, Zhang H, Qi G, Wu S. Application of selenium conjugated to animal protein in laying Hens diet for the production of selenium-enriched eggs. Foods. 2021;10: 1224. Doi.org/10.3390/foods10061224.
10- Urso URA, Dahlke F, Maiorka A, Bueno IJM, Schneider AF, Surek D, Ro-cha C. Vitamin E and selenium in broiler breeder diets: Effect on live performance, hatching process, and chick quality. Pou-ltry Scinence. 2015;94:976.
11- Surai PF, Kochish II. Nutritional mod-ulation of the antioxidant capacities in poultry: The case of selenium. Poultry Scinence. 2019;98:4231-4239.
12- Liu H, Yu Q, Fang Ch, Chen S, Tang X, Ajuwon KM, Fang R. Effect of sele-nium source and level on performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, and serum biochemical parameters in laying hens. Foods. 2020;9:68.
Doi:10.3390/foods 9010068.
13- Sarlak S, Tabeidian SA, Toghyani M, Davar A, Shahraki F, Goli M, Habibian M. Supplementation of two sources and three levels of iodine in the diet of laying hens: effects on performance, egg quality, serum and egg yolk lipids, antioxidant status, and iodine accumulation in eggs, Italian Jour-nal of Animal Science. 2020;19(1):974-988.
Doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2020. 1810142.
14- Bourre JM, Galea F. An important source of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D and E, carotenoids, iodine and selenium: A new natural multi-enriched egg. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2006;10:371-376.
15- Opalinski S, Dolinska B, Korczynski M, Chojnacka K, Dobrzanski Z, Ryszka F. Effect of iodine-enriched yeast suppleme-ntation of diet on performance of laying hens, egg traits, and egg iodine content. Poultry Science. 2012;91:1627-1632.
Doi. org/10.3382/ps.2011-02031.
16- Slupczynska M, Jamroz D, Orda J, Wiliczkiewicz A. Effect of various sources and levels of iodine, as well as the kind of diet, on the performance of young laying hens, iodine accumulation in eggs, egg characteristics, and morphotic and bioche-mical indices in blood. Poultry Science. 2014;93:2536-254. Doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-03959.
17- Bess F, Vieira SL, Favero A, Cruz RA, Nascimento PC. Dietary iron effects on broiler breeder performance and egg iron contents. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2012; 178:67-73.
18- Sun Q, GuoY, Li J, Zhang T, Wen J. Effects of methionine hydroxy analog chelated Cu/Mn/Zn on laying performance, egg quality, enzyme activity and mineral retention of lay-ing hens. Journal of Poultry Science. 2012;49: 20-25.
19- Xie C, Elwan HAM, Elnesr SS, Dong XY, Zou XT. Effect of iron glycine chelate sup-lementation on egg quality and egg iron enrichment in laying hens. Poultry Science. 2019;98:7101-7109.
20- Saki AA, Shamsollah T, Ashoori1 A. Egg iron enrichment in response to various levels of pomegranate by‐product in laying hen diet. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2019;9(4):747-754. [In Persian].
21- Ibs KH, Rink L. Zinc alters immmmune function. The Journal of Nutrition. 2003;1452-1456.
22- Rahman MM, Wahed MA, Fchs GJ, Bayui AH, Alvarez JI. Synergetic effect of zinc and vitamin A on the biochemical indexes of vitamin A nutrition in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;1:92-98.
23- Bahakaim ASA, Abdel Magied HA, Osm-an SMH, Omar AS, Abdel Malak NY, Ram-adan NA. Effect of using different levels of zinc in layer diets on egg zinc enrichment. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 2014;34(1): 39-56.
24- James L, Stahl MA, Cook J, Greger L. Zinc, iron and copper contents of eggs from hens fed varying levels of zinc. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 1988;1(4): 309-315.
25- Vakili R, Saebifar J, Majidzadeh Heravi R. Investigation of egg enrichment using organic and inorganic supplements of selenium and zinc in aged laying hens. Veterinary Resear-ches & Biological Products. 2021;134:183-193.
26- Moghanaprya GP, Veeramani P, Pasupathi K. Concentration of chromium in egg yolk and meat of Japanese quails in response to dietary chromium supplementation. Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2018;57(1):93-98.
27- Kaya H, Kaya A, Macit M, Celebi S, Kaynar O. Effects of dietary copper suppleme-ntation on performance, egg quality param-eters, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid profiles in laying hens. Indian Journal of Animal Res-earch. 2017;B-830:1-5.
Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-830.
28- Dobrzanski Z, Korczynski M, Chojnacka K, Gorecki H, Opalinski S. Influence of orga-nic forms of copper, manganese and iron on bioaccumulation of these metals and zinc in laying hens. Journal of Elementology. 2008; 13(3):309-319.
29- Pesti GM, Bakalli RI. Studies on the effect of feeding cupric sulfate pentahydrate to lay-ing hens on egg cholesterol content. Poultry Science. 1998;77:1540-1545.
30- Leeson S, Caston LG. Vitamin enrichment of eggs. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2003;12:24-26.
31- Lanham-New SA, Webb AR, Cashman KD, Buttriss JL, Fallowfield JL, Masud T, et al. Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 virus/ COVID-19 disease. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2020;3:106-110.
32- Buttriss JL, Lanham-New SA. Is a vitamin D fortification strategy needed? Nutrition Bulletin. 2020;45:115-122.
33- Mattila P, Valaja J, Rossow L, Venalainen E, Tupasela T. Effect of vitamin D2- and D3-enriched diets on egg vitamin D content, production, and bird condition during an entire production period. Poultry Science. 2004;83: 433-440.
34- Mattila P, Lehikoinen K, Kiiskinen T, Piironen V. Cholecalciferol and 25- hydroxyl-cholecalciferol content of chicken egg yolk as affected by the cholecalciferol content of feed. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 1999; 47:4089-4092.
35- Zang H, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Hern-andez JM, Yao B. Effects of different dietary vitamin combinations on the egg quality and vitamin deposition in the whole egg of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 2011;13(3):189-196.
36- Clark A, Kuznesof S, Davies S, Waller A, Ritchie A, Wilson S, et al. Egg enrichment with vitamin D: The Sunshine Eggs projects. Nutrition Bulletin. 2021;46:332-338.
Doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12509.
37- Beulens JW, Booth SL, Van Den Heuvel EG, Stoecklin E, Baka A, Vermeer C. The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human hea-lth. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013;110: 1357-1368.
38- Suzuki Y, Okamoto M. Production of hen’s eggs rich in vitamin K. Nutrition Research. 1997;17:1607-1615.
39- O’Sullivan SM, Ball MEE, McDonald E, Hull GLJ, Danaher M, Cashman KD. Biofortification of chicken eggs with vitamin K- nutritional and quality improvements. Foods. 2020;9:1619.
Doi:10.3390/foods9111619.
40- Naber EC. Modifying vitamin composition of eggs: a review. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 1993;2:385-393.
41- Mori AV, Mendonc Jr CX, Almeida CRM, Pita MCG. Supplementing hen diets with vitamins A and E affects egg yolk retinol and α-tocopherol levels. Journal of Applied Poul-try Research. 2003;12:106-114.
42- Altic L, McNulty H, Hoey L, McAnena L, Pentieva K. Validation of folate-enriched eggs as a functional food for improving folate intake in consumers. Nutrients. 2016;8:777.
Doi:10.3390/nu8120777.
43- Nimalaratne Ch, Wu J. Hen egg as an antioxidant food commodity: a review. Nutr-ients. 2015;7:8274-8293.
Doi:10.3390/nu7105394.
44- Nolasco E, Naldrett M, Alvarez S, Johnson PE, Majumder K. Bioactivity of cooked stand-ard and enriched whole eggs from white leg-horn and Rhode Island Red in exhibiting in-vitro antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory effects. Nutrients. 2021;13:4232.
45- Gao Sh, Li R, HengN, Cheny Y, Wang L, Li Zh, Guo Y, Sheng X, Wang X, Xing K, Ni H, Qi X. Effects of dietary supplementation of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluv-ialis on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and accumulation in the egg yolk of laying hens. Poultry Science. 2020;99:5874-5882.
46- Spiller GA, Dewell A. Safety of an astax-anthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal ext-ract: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003;6:51-56.
47- Gao YY, Xie QM, Ma JY, Zhang XB, Zhu JM, Shu DM, Sun BL, Jin L, Bi YZ. Supp-lementation of xanthophylls increased antio-xidant capacity and decreased lipid peroxi-dation in hens and chicks. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013;109:977-983.
48- Dansou DM, Wang H, Nugroho RD, He W, Zhao Q, Zhang J. Assessment of response to moderate and high dose supplementation of astaxanthin in laying hens. Animals. 2021;11: 1138. Doi.org/10.3390/ani11041138.
49- Pitargue FM, Kang HK, Kil DY. Lutein-enriched egg production for laying hens. Wor-ld Poultry Science. 2019;75:633-645.
50- Grcevic M, Kralik Z, Kralikb G, Galovic O. Effects of dietary marigold extract on lutein content, yolk color and fatty acid profile of omega-3 eggs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2018;99(5):2292-2299.
Doi.10.1002/jsfa.9425
51- Grashorn M. Feed additives for influenc-ing chicken meat and egg yolk color. In Hand-book on Natural Pigments in Food and Bever-ages; Carle, R., Schweiggert, R., Eds., Wood-head Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2016;283-302.
52- Kopsell DA, Kopsell DE, Curran-Celent-ano J. Carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments in sweet basil grown in the field and greenhouse. Horticultural Science. 2005;40:1119D.
53- Kljak K, Carovic-Stanko K, Kos I, Janj-ecic Z, Kis G, Duvnjak M, Safner T, Bed-ekovic D. Plant carotenoids as pigment sou-rces in laying hen diets: effect on yolk color, carotenoid content, oxidative stability and sensory properties of eggs. Foods. 2021;10: 721. Doi.org/10.3390/foods10040721.
54- Panaite TD, Nour V, Saracila M, Turcu RP, Untea AE, Vlaicu PA. Effects of linseed meal and carotenoids from different sources on egg characteristics, yolk fatty acid and caro-tenoid profile and lipid peroxidation. Foods. 2021;10:1246.
55- Zaheer K. Hen egg carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and nutritional impacts on human health: a review. Cyta- Journal of Food. 2017; 15(3):474-487.
_||_