Optimization of chitosan film and effect of mixing ratio in chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol coating on internal quality parameters of eggs

Subject Areas : Journal of Quality and Durability of Agricultural Products and Food Stuffs

pezhman Riazi Kermani ¹ ( M.S., Department of Agriculture, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran )
dariush khademi shurmasti ² ( Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran )
Abdollah Alizadeh Karsalari ³ ( Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran )

Received: 2023-02-15 Accepted : 2023-02-22 Published : 2023-02-20

Keywords: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Molecular weight, Chitosan, acidic solvent, Composite coating,

Abstract :

To optimize the chitosan film with level, molecular weight and solvent and then use it in the composite coating in the appropriate mixing ratio, in a completely random design using the 23 factorial methods with 3 factors, level (2 and 4 %), molecular weight (high and low) and solvent (acetic acid and citric acid), was carried out to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of chitosan film. Then the selected film was incorporated in the chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol composite coating, aiming of achieving the optimal mixing ratio and affecting the internal quality parameters of eggs, in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments including uncoated eggs (control), coated with a pure coating of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol separately as well as composite coatings of chitosan: polyvinyl alcohol (25, 50 and 75% of each component). The results showed the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus (0.16 and 2.45 MPa, respectively) and water vapour impermeability (2.17.10-8 g/msPa) in 4% chitosan film with high molecular weight dissolved in acetic acid and the highest elongation at break (54.33%) was observed in chitosan film in citric acid (P<0.05). Also, eggs coated with chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol at 25:75 have the lowest weight loss (0.57%) and the highest values of Haugh unit (61.00) and yolk index (0.37) (P<0.05). Therefore, it is possible to use chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol composite coating in the optimal mixing ratio (25% chitosan: 75% polyvinyl alcohol) as a packaging material to extend the shelf life of eggs for at least 2 weeks at ambient temperature.

References:

1- Xu L, Zhang H, Lv X, Chi Y, Wu Y, Shao H. Internal quality of coated eggs with soy protein isolate and montmorillonite: Effects of storage conditions, International Journal of Food Properties. 2017; 20(8): 1921-1934.

DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1224896.

 

2- Catarina O, Ferreira CA, Delgadillo NI, Lopes-da-Silva JA. Characterization of chi-tosan-whey protein films at acid pH. Food Research International. 2009; 42: 807-813.

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.005.

 

3- Elsabee MZ, Abdou ES. Chitosan based edible films and coatings: A review. Mate-rials Science and Engineering C. 2013; 33 (4): 1819-1841.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.010.

 

4- Hajighasem Sharbatdar H, Khademi Sh-urmasti D. The effect of bio-filler-reinfor-ced chitosan coating with types of solvent on internal changes and outer eggshell mor-phology. SVU-International Journal of Vet-erinary Sciences. 2022; 5(2): 45-54.

5- Liu Y, Yuan Y, Duan S, Li Ch, Hu B, Liu A, Wu D, Cui H, Lin L, He J, Wu W. Preparation and characterization of chito-san films with three kinds of molecular wei-ght for food packaging. International Jour-nal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 155: 249-259.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.217.

 

6- Soares LS, Perim RB, Alvarenga ES, Guimarães LM, Teixeira AVNC, Coimbra JSR, Oliveira EB. Insights on physicoche-mical aspects of chitosan dispersion in aqu-eous solutions of acetic, glycolic, propionic or lactic acid. International Journal of Bio-logical Macromolecules. 2019; 128: 140-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.106.

 

7- Chenni A, Djidjelli H, Boukerrou A, Grohens Y, Saulnier B. Thermomechanical and acidic treatments to improve plasticize-ation and properties of chitosan films: A comparative study of acid types and glyc-erol effects. Materials Testing. 2018; 60: 93-101.

DOI: 10.3139/120.111122.

 

8- Suganthi S, Vignesh S, Kalyana Sundar J, Raj V. Fabrication of PVA Polymer Films with Improved Antibacterial Activity by Fine-tuning via Organic Acids for Food Packaging Applications. Applied Water Sc-ience. 2020; 10: 100.

DOI: 10.1007/s13201-020-1162-y.

 

9- Olarte-Paredes A, Salgado-Delgado JN, Rubio-Rosas E, Salgado-Delgado AM, He-rnández-Cocoletzi H, Salgado-Delgado R, Moreno-Carpintero E, Castaño VM. Phys-ico-chemical Properties of a Hybrid Bioma-terial (PVA/Chitosan) Reinforced with Co-nductive Fillers. Applied Science. 2021; 1: 3040. DOI: 10.3390/app11073040.

 

10- Wardhono EY, Pinem MP, Susilo S, Siom BJ, Sudrajad A, Pramono A, Meliana Y, Guénin E. Modification of Physio-mechanical Properties of Chitosan-based Films via Physical Treatment Approach. Polymers. 2022; 14: 5216.

DOI: 10.3390/polym14235216.

 

11- El-Hefian E, Nasef MM, Yahaya AH. Preparation and Characterization of Chito-san/Poly (vinyl alcohol) Blended Films: Mechanical, Thermal and Surface Investig-ations. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2011; 8(1): 91-96.

 

12- Bahrami SB, Kordestani SS, Mirza-deh H, Mansoori P. Poly (vinyl alcohol)- Chitosan Blends: Preparation, Mechanical and Physical Properties. Iranian Polymer Journal. 2003; 122 (2): 139-146.

 

13- Qiao C, Ma X, Wang X, Liu L. Stru-cture and properties of chitosan films: Eff-ect of the type of solvent acid. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2021; 135: 109 984.

DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109984.

 

14- Rachtanapun P, Homsaard N, Kodsa-ngma A, Phongthai S, Leksawasdi N, Phi-molsiripol Y, Seesuriyachan P, Chaiyaso T, Chotinan S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Wangtueai S, Sommano SR, Tongdeesoo-ntorn W, Sringarm K, Jantanasakulwong K. Effects of storage temperature on the qua-lity of eggs coated by cassava starch blen-ded with carboxymethyl cellulose and par-affin wax. Poultry Science. 2022; 101: 101509. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101509.

 

15- ASTM International. ASTM E96, Stan-dard test methods for water-vapor transmit-ssion of materials; ASTM International. 2016; West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

 

16- ASTM International. ASTM D882-18, Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting; ASTM Inter-national. 2018; West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

 

17- Koga O, Fujihara N, Yoshimura Y. Scanning electron micrograph of surface structures of soft-shelled eggs laid by reg-ularly laying hens. Poultry Science. 1982; 61: 403-406. DOI:10.3382/ps.0610403.

 

18- Haugh RR. A new method for determi-ning the quality of an egg. US Egg Poultry. 1937; 39: 27-49.

 

19- Funk EM. Egg science and technology. In: Egg Science and Technology. Stadel-man, W.J. and Cotterill, O.J. (Eds.). AVI Publishing Company, Inc.1973; Westport, CT.

 

20- Chen JL, Zhao Y. Effect of molecular weight, acid, and plasticizer on the phys-icochemical and antibacterial properties of β-chitosan based films. Journal of Food Science. 2012; 77(5): E127-E136.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012. 02686.x.

 

21- Bizymis AP, Giannou V, Tzia C. Impr-oved properties of composite edible films based on chitosan by using cellulose nan-ocrystals and beta-cyclodextrin. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12: 8729.

DOI:10.3390/app12178729.

22- Adila SN, Suyatma NE, Firlieyanti AS, Bujang A. Antimicrobial and physical pro-perties of chitosan film as affected by solv-ent types and glycerol as plasticizer. Adva-nced Material Research. 2013; 748: 155-159.

DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.748.155.

23- Nunthanid J, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Ya-mamoto K, Peck GE. Physical properties and molecular behavior of chitosan films. Drug Development and Industrial Pharm-acy. 2001; 27(2): 143-157.

DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100000481.

 

24- Sharmin N, Rosnes JT, Prabhu L, Böck-er U, Sivertsvik M. Effect of citric acid cross linking on the mechanical, rheology-cal and barrier properties of chitosan. Mole-cules. 2022; 27: 5118.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165118.

 

25- Kumar N, Pratibha, Trajkovska Petko-ska A, Khojah E, Sami R, Al-Mushhin AAM. Chitosan edible films enhanced with pomegranate peel extract: study on physic-cal, biological, thermal, and barrier propert-ies. Materials. 2021; 14: 3305.

DOI: 10.3390/ma14123305.

 

26- Tripathi S, Mehrotra GK, Dutta PK. Physicochemical and bioactivity of cross-linked chitosan-PVA film for food packa-ging applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2009; 45: 372-376. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.07.006.

 

27- Xu D, Wang J, Ren D, Wu X. Effects of chitosan coating structure and changes during storage on their egg preservation performance. Coatings. 2018; 8: 317.

DOI:10.3390/coatings8090317.

 

28- Suresh PV, Raj KR, Nidheesh T, Pal GK, Sakhare PZ. Application of chitosan for improvement of quality and shelf life of table eggs under tropical room conditions. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015; 52: 6345-6354.

 

29- Wardhono EY, Pinem MP, Susilo S, Siom BJ, Sudrajad A, Pramono A, Meliana Y, Guénin E. Modification of physio-mech-anical properties of chitosan-based films via physical treatment approach. Polymers. 2022; 14: 5216.

DOI: 10.3390/polym14235216.

 

30- Sheng L, Huang MJ, Wang J, Xu Q, Hammad HHM, Ma MH. A Study of Storage Impact on Ovalbumin Structure of Chicken Egg. Journal of Food Engineering. 2018; 219: 1-7.

 

31- Bhale S, No HK, Prinyawiwatkul W, Farr AJ, Nadarajah K, Meyers SP. Chitosan Coating Improves Shelf Life of Eggs. Jour-nal of Food. 2003; 68(7): 2378-2383.

 

32- Silversides FG, Scott TA. Effect of sto-rage and layer age on quality of eggs from two lines of hens. Poultry Science. 2001; 80: 1240-1245.

 

33- Liu Y, Wang Sh, Lan W, Qin W. Fab-rication and testing of PVA/Chitosan bila-yer films for strawberry packaging. Coatin-gs. 2017; 7: 109.

DOI: 10.3390/coatings7080109.

 

34- Olarte-Paredes A, Salgado-Delgado JN, Rubio-Rosas E, Salgado-Delgado AM, He-rnández-Cocoletzi H, Salgado-Delgado R, Moreno-Carpintero E, Castaño VM. Phy-sico-chemical properties of a hybrid biom-aterial (PVA/Chitosan) reinforced with co-nductive fillers. Applied Science. 2921; 1: 3040. DOI: 10.3390/app11073040.