Assessing the Amount of Social Capital and its Effectiveness in Promoting the Economic Opportunities of Tourism Entrepreneurship (Case Study: Soltanieh-Gharktalehkhor Villages)
Subject Areas : Rural and nomadic studiesSoraya Rafiei 1 , Rahmatollah Monshizadeh 2 , Pegah Moridsadat 3
1 - Ph.D in Geography & Rural Planning, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Human Geography & Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Human Geography & Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Social Capital, Tourism Entrepreneurship, Prometheus Ranking Model,
Abstract :
Introduction: Social capital is one of the most important factors affecting tourism entrepreneurship, the existence of which, especially in rural areas, can have many effects on increasing jobs and businesses related to tourism.
Research Aim: Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the amount of social capital and its effectiveness in promoting the economic opportunities of tourism entrepreneurship in 11 villages located in the axis of communication between Soltanieh and Katlekhor Cave.
Methodology: The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used and documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is the rural population living in 11 villages located in the axis of communication between Soltanieh and Katlekhor, which according to Cochran's formula, 322 people are considered as a sample. Statistical methods such as one-sample t-test, regression, Prometheus ranking model and path analysis were used to analyze the data.
Studied Area: The studied villages are located in Khodabandeh city of Zanjan province, which is located in the southwest of the province, which is the most mountainous and highest region of this province. Also, this city has the largest rural population in the province.
Results: The results of the study showed that the amount of social capital indicators in the studied villages is higher than the numerical desirability (3) and in this regard, the participation index with an average of 3.47 has the highest score. The results of regression also show a good correlation coefficient between variables and the network index with beta (0.365) percent had the highest impact on the economic opportunities of tourism entrepreneurship. Based on the results of path analysis, participation has the greatest impact on the economic opportunities of tourism entrepreneurship by calculating the overall impact (direct and indirect). Also, the results of the Promethean ranking model showed that the village of Zavajer is ranked first in terms of social capital and the village of Dalairsafli is ranked last.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, the components of social capital can improve the economic opportunities of tourism entrepreneurship in the study area.
Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship Behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 505-522. doi:10.2307/4134400
Burge, W. D. (2017). The Relationship Between the Human and Social Capital Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs and Expected Job Growth in the United States, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of Human Capital Development at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Faraji Sabkbar, H., Badri, S. A., Sajasi Gheidari, H., Sadeghloo, T., & Shahdadi Khajeh Asgar, A. (2011). Prioritizing Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Areas Using Prometheus Technique, Suburbs, Central Khodabandeh County, Zanjan Province. Human Geography Research, 75, 53- 68.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24486.html
Faraji Sabkbar, H., Matiei Langroudi, S. H., Yadollahi Fars, J., & Karimzadeh, H. (2014). Identification and spatial analysis of suitable contexts for entrepreneurial opportunities in rural tourism, Case study: Rural areas of Varzeqan. Journal of Geographic Space, 14(45) 19-46. http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-976-fa.html
Festus. I. A., & Omoboye. I. F. (2015). Rural Tourism in Ekiti State, Nigeria: Issues, Trajectories, Opportunities Entrepreneurship and Implications for Rural Business Development. American Journal of Tourism Management, 4(1), 18-25. doi: 10.5923/j.tourism.20150401.03
Ghadermarzi, H. (2015). Strategic Planning for Employment Development in Rural Areas of Javanrood County. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 4(1), 109- 130. doi:10.18869/acadpub.serd.4.11.109
Ghanian, M., Khani, F., & Bigi, L. (2013). Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Environment in Rural Tourism Case Study: Araman Region). Rural Research, 2(7), 99-123. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_23689.html
Heidari Sarban, V. (2018). The effects of social capital on the economy of rural areas of Astara County. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 7(25), 123-144.
http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1--3158-fa.html
Ibrahim, M. B., Hassan, S., & Sanyang, D. (2017). Social Capital in Agricultural Community Development: A Review, IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), 10(7), 07-10. doi:10.9790/2380-1007010710
Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Ku' Lonik, A. T. (2015). Tourism growth and entrepreneurship: Empirical analysis of development of rural highlands. Tourism Management Perspectives, 14, 17–24.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3192006
Jegdic, V., Skrbic, I., & Milosevic, S. (2017). Models of Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Tourism Destination in Vojvodina. Economics of Agriculture, (64)1, 221-237. doi:10.5937/ekoPolj1701221J
Jurdana, D.S., Milohnic, I., Dadic, L. (2015). Entrepreneurship in Tourism as a Factor of Rural Development. Journal of WEI Business and Economics, 4(2), 1-10.
https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-casopis/222992
Kabiri, A., & Valai, M. (2018). review and analysis of modern rural management challenges: a case study of villages in Miandoab city. Village and Development, 22(3), 69-94.
doi:10.30490/RVT.2020.262968.1009
Kafcheh, P., & Hosseini, S, E. (2015). Relationship between Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries (A Case Study, Kurdistan Province of Iran). ACRN Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 4(1), 72-81. https://www.acrn-journals.eu/resources/jofrp0401e.pdf
Katekhaye, D. (2018). Barriers and Opportunities of Rural Entrepreneurship: Indian and Hungarian Scenario, Ph.D Thesis, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration Sciences Ph.D. Dissertation, Szent Istvan University
Lin, N. (1999). Uilding a Network theory of social capital, social capita: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Lordkipanidze, M., Hrezet, H., & Backman, M. (2005). The Entrepreneurship Factor in Sustainable Turism Development or Distress? World Development, 35(1), 787-798.
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.043
Moridsadat, P., & Maamalvand, SH. (2018). Factors affecting the development of sustainable rural tourism entrepreneurship. Earth Science Research, 10(40), 91-107. doi:10.52547/ESRJ.10.4.91
Morid Sadat, P., Zare Khalili, M., & Farhadi, V. (2017). Explanation the Role of Social Capital in Sustainable Rural Settlements Development (case study: Bayzaa District of Sepidan county). Earth Science Research, 8(1), 55-74. https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_96219.html?lang=fa
Nazari Sarmazeh, H., Sidaei, A., & Ahmadvand, M. (2019). analysis of the social capital situation and factors affecting it in Miankoh district of Ardal city using the structural equation modeling approach. Spatial Planning, 10(4), 113- 131. doi:10.22108/SPPL.2020.121468.1468
Patel, B., & Chavda, K. (2013). Rural Entrepreneurship in India: Challenge and Problems. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management, 1(2), 28-37.
Pierre, A. T. (2017). Local small business development in two Swedish northern rural areas – A matter of synergy, social capital and trust?. The Journal of Rural and Community Development, 12(2/3), 143-167. https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/1491
Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A., Pourtaheri, M., & Fazli, N. (2014). Analysis of effective factors in the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 3(8) 8, 87- 107. https://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_664.html
Rostami Ghobadi, F., & Ehsanifar, T. (2017). Development drivers of rural tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 5(2), 71-82. doi:10.22069/JEAD.2018.15614.1347
Salmani, M., Taqipour, F., Ramzanzadeh Lesboi, M., & Jalili Parvaneh, Z. (2007). Assessment of social capital dimensions (civic participation, social interaction and trust) in rural development (case study: Baghistan and Borun villages) Ferdous city. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 19-40.
Sidaei, E., & Nazari Sarmazeh, H. (2018). Investigating the role of social capital on the security of tourism entrepreneurship. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Police Science, 7(6), 1-16.
https://www.magiran.com/p2338321
Smith. D. (2010). The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Growth. Undergraduate Economic Review, 6(1), 1-17. http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol6/iss1/7
Sojasi Gheidari, H., Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A., & Mahdavi, D. (2016). Sustainable Development of Tourism Entrepreneurship with Emphasis on Rural Areas. Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (Samt), Tehran.
Solvoll, S., Alsos, G. A., & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism Entrepreneurship – Review and Future Directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(sup1), 120-137.
doi:10.1080/15022250.2015.1065592
Statistical Yearbook of Zanjan Province. (2016). Deputy of Statistics and Information of Zanjan Management and Planning Organization, First Edition.
UNWTO. (2011). Tourism Highlights. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284413935
Zamora, O.M. (2011). Development instruments for the cross- border cooperation in Ukrain, in: problems of tourism development on rural areas. Krystyna Krzvzanowska (ed).Warsaw University of Life Sciences Press.Wasaw 2011, 109- 121.
Zhao, W., Ritchie, B., & Echtner, C. (2011). Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship. annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1570-1593. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.006
Ziari, K., Tausian, A., Salmani, M. A., & Rezaei, J. (2013). estimation and stratification of neighborhood development with an emphasis on social capital components (case study: neighborhoods of Abarkoh city). Research and urban planning, 5(5), 59-76. dor: 20.1001.1.22285229.1393.5.18.4.5
