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Open Access Article
1 - Selenium Supplementation Efficacy in Small Ruminants: A Review
A.B. Amin R. Audu A.A. Ibrahim M. Dalha M.T. Aleem A.I. AbdullahiThis review is aimed at highlighting the role of selenium (Se) in enhancing the antioxidant status in the blood, immune response, reproductive performance, rumen fermentation, as well as feed efficiency, and weight gain in small ruminants. Selenium is supplied in small MoreThis review is aimed at highlighting the role of selenium (Se) in enhancing the antioxidant status in the blood, immune response, reproductive performance, rumen fermentation, as well as feed efficiency, and weight gain in small ruminants. Selenium is supplied in small ruminant’s diet in organic form, inorganic form, or selenium nanoparticles (nano-Se). Each form of Se is metabolized differently and exhibits different levels of bioavailability with nano-Se having the highest bioavailability followed by organic Se. A sufficient supply of Se in small ruminant’s diet is important to maintain the proper functioning of the antioxidant defense system which reduces the detrimental effects of free radicals in cells thereby preventing the incidence of metabolic diseases. The ability of Se to improve the antioxidant capacity of the cells also helps to strengthen the immune response of animals and ameliorate the detrimental effects of heat stress. Selenium has also been proven to modify rumen fermentation and microbiota which translated to improved feed efficiency and enhanced weight gain. However, the activities and bioavailability of Se are limited by several factors including the rumen microbiota, the form of Se, and competition with other minerals. Further studies need to investigate the effects of Se on rumen microbiology and heat stress in small ruminants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Impact of Bentonite Feed Additives on Laying Hens Performance and Egg Quality: A Meta Analysis
A. Darmawan E. OzturkThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of bentonite as a feed additive on the performance and egg quality of laying hens through a meta-analysis approach. The keywords “bentonite”, “clay”, “montmorillonite” and “laying hens&rdq MoreThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of bentonite as a feed additive on the performance and egg quality of laying hens through a meta-analysis approach. The keywords “bentonite”, “clay”, “montmorillonite” and “laying hens” were used to search scientific articles in Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. A total of 14 articles were included in the database and were analyzed for a meta-analysis using a mixed model method. Different studies were considered as random effects, while bentonite levels were considered as fixed effects. The statistical models used were P-value, root means square error and Akaike information criterion. Results showed that bentonite level quadratically (P<0.05) increased egg production and decreased feed intake. The optimum supplementation of bentonite levels for egg production and feed intake were 2.19% and 1.63%, respectively. Egg weight, eggshell strength, and percentage of eggshell weight represented a linear increase (P<0.05) with increasing bentonite levels. Yolk's color score showed a linear decrease (P<0.05). Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio, egg mass, egg crack, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit were not affected by dietary bentonite. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of bentonite at the appropriate level has a positive impact on egg production, feed intake, egg weight, eggshell strength, and percentage of eggshell weight, but has no significant effect on feed conversion ratio, egg mass, egg crack, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit. Increasing the level of bentonite can reduce yolk color. The optimum dietary bentonite level for egg production is 2.19% which is close to the EFSA recommendation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation the Effects of Bacterial Additive and Moisture Absorbent on the Fermentability and Nutrient Composition of Potato Silage
M. Jalili H. Mohammadzadeh A. Hossein-Khani A. TaghizadehPotato dry matter is mainly composed of starch, which can be used in animal feed due to its high available energy. This study aimed to improve the quality of potato silage using wheat straw and additives containing Lactobacillus. This study was conducted in a completely MorePotato dry matter is mainly composed of starch, which can be used in animal feed due to its high available energy. This study aimed to improve the quality of potato silage using wheat straw and additives containing Lactobacillus. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications: 1- Potatoes without additives, control, (PS), 2- Potatoes mixed with wheat straw (90:10 ratio on a fresh basis) (PWS), 3- Potatoes inoculated with SiloOne additive (including Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarium, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactic acid pediococcus and multivalent enzyme), (PLS), 4- Sliced potatoes with wheat straw (90:10 ratio on a fresh basis) and SiloOne additive (PWLS). The samples were stored in laboratory silos for 60 days at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. According to the results, there was a significant difference between the treatments in terms of pH, dry matter (DM), ash and insoluble fiber in neutral and acidic detergents. The addition of wheat straw reduced the loss caused by silage effluent and increased dry matter (DM) recovery (P<0.01). The lactic acid concentration of inoculated silages (PLS and PWLS) was greater than non-inoculated silages (P<0.01). The lowest concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were observed in the treatment with wheat straw in the absence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (PWS) (P<0.05). Concentrations of valeric acid and iso-valeric acid were not affected by wheat straw and inoculation with LAB (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that ensiling potatoes with a wheat straw reduces silage effluent losses and increases DM recovery. But the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of PWS were lower than PS. However, LAB inoculation improved the fermentation quality. The use of wheat straw along with LAB inoculation increased the ratio of lactic acid to total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of Processed Barley Grain on in vitro Rumen Fermentation and Fate of Nitrogen Metabolism
P. Kheirandish M. Danesh Mesgaran A. Javadmanesh M. Mohri E. Khafipour S.A. VakiliRapid degradation of barley grain (BG, Hordeum vulgare) starch in the rumen can seriously impair rumen fermentation efficiency. Some strategies to curb the negative effects of grain feeding and hamper dysfermentation rely on the usage of phytogenic substances or organic MoreRapid degradation of barley grain (BG, Hordeum vulgare) starch in the rumen can seriously impair rumen fermentation efficiency. Some strategies to curb the negative effects of grain feeding and hamper dysfermentation rely on the usage of phytogenic substances or organic acids. In order to process BGs, they were steeped in 5% lactic acid (BGLA), oregano (BGORE) or thyme (BGTHY) extracts for 48 h. Therefore, an in situ study was conducted to assess the effect of either processed BG or unprocessed BG (control; BGCTRL) on ruminal degradation kinetics (a; soluble fraction, b; potential degradable fraction, c; fractional degradation rate) and effective rumen degradability (ERD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch. In vitro trials with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial design were also used to assess the effect of diets which contained intact or processed BGs with different CP [160 (P16) vs. 170 (P17)] g/kg DM,) and ruminal protein degradability percentages [90 (low degradability; LD) vs. 115 (high degradability; HD) g/kg DM] on rumen gas production characteristics (b; asymptotic gas volume, c; the constant rate of gas production), yield of microbial crude protein (MCP) and effective utilizable crude protein in the duodenum (EuCP). In situ data demonstrated that BGLA compared with BGCTRL had significantly lower fractions of “a” (0.22 vs. 0.26, P=0.03) and “c” (0.10 vs. 0.17, P<0.01) and ERD of starch (0.53 vs. 0.64, P=0.01). The treatment of BGs with the plant extracts, however, was not able to change the in situ parameters relatively to BGCTRL. Results of the in vitro trials indicated that diets containing processed BG had higher MCP when compared with BGCTRL (19.74 vs. 15.85 mg/250 mg DM, P<0.01). Lactic acid and ORE-treated barley decreased the gas production constant rate (c; mL/h) and gas volume after 2 h compared with BGCTRL (P≤0.05). Our study revealed that processed BG can alter the rumen starch degradation pattern, and rumen gas production parameters and increase MCP and EuCP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Effects of X-Ray Irradiation on Bovine Sperm Quality Indicators After Freezing and Thawing
P. Shawrang F. AbbasiThis study was conducted to determine the suitable dose of x-ray irradiation on bovine sperm quality indicators after freezing and thawing. Sperm samples in liquid nitrogen were x-ray irradiated at doses of zero, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 Gy. The results showed that irradi MoreThis study was conducted to determine the suitable dose of x-ray irradiation on bovine sperm quality indicators after freezing and thawing. Sperm samples in liquid nitrogen were x-ray irradiated at doses of zero, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 Gy. The results showed that irradiation influenced (P<0.05) motility and viability of sperms. The semen malondialdehyde concentration had no significant differences among treatments. Based on the comet assay result, DNA strand breaks parameters had no significant differences with the control group, except at a dose of 1.2 Gy. Based on flow cytometry results, sperm percentage with high activity of mitochondrial membrane was increased and those with low activity decreased (P<0.05). The HOST test showed that sperm percentage with plasma membrane integrity in irradiated samples at a dose of 0.3 Gy had no significant difference compared to the control group, but sperm percentage with intact plasma membrane was higher in the sample irradiated at doses of 0.6 and 0.9 Gy. Irradiation at a dose of 0.9 Gy increased sperm with the intact plasma membrane. Doses lower than 1.2 Gy did not affect acrosome integrity, but 1.2 Gy x-ray irradiation decreased sperm having intact acrosome (P<0.05). Based on these results, x-ray irradiation at a dose of 0.9 Gy could increase the mitochondrial membrane activity and enhance the motility and viability of sperms after thawing without a negative effect on semen and sperm quality while x-ray irradiation at a dose of 1.2 or more Gy deteriorates semen quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Improve the Efficiency of Dairy Farms through a Typology Based on Dietary Management, in Central Macedonia Region, Greece
I. Mitsopoulos V. Dotas M. Tsiouni A. Pavloudi D. Kyrtsoudis D. GourdouvelisThe purpose of this study was to examine and classify dairy farms in Central Macedonia, Greece, in terms of the applied feeding strategy as well as their main characteristics.The data used in the case study was obtained from 123 dairy cow farms in the area. The data ana MoreThe purpose of this study was to examine and classify dairy farms in Central Macedonia, Greece, in terms of the applied feeding strategy as well as their main characteristics.The data used in the case study was obtained from 123 dairy cow farms in the area. The data analysis included the categorization of the variables with Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and the clustering of farms by taking into account their dimensions with Two-Step Cluster Analysis (TSCA).Multinomial Logit (MNL) was used to examine the main characteristics of the emerged types of farms.The "average" Central Macedonian cow farms and the majority of farms have a 46.5% chance of being in the "efficient" cluster, 37.1% in the "inefficient" cluster, and 15.4% chance of being in the "semi-efficient" cluster.The results of the analysis indicated that the majority of farmers provide rational diets. However, in some cases where management practices (such as groupings, etc.) are not applied according to the nutritional requirements of cows, mainly metabolic diseases but also reproductive problems occur, which have a direct impact on the productivity of the farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Nutritive Value Evaluation of Processed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Residues with some Chemicals Based on in vitro, in situ and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Techniques
F. Ghanbari T. Ghoorchi J. Bayat Kouhsar M. Samiee ZafarghandiThis research was conducted to investigate the the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 50 g/kg DM), calcium oxide (CaO, 160 g/kg DM), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 60 mL/kg DM) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 57 mL/kg DM) processings on the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arieti MoreThis research was conducted to investigate the the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 50 g/kg DM), calcium oxide (CaO, 160 g/kg DM), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 60 mL/kg DM) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 57 mL/kg DM) processings on the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) residues. The chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods. Degradability trial was done using nylon bag technique. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined by the batch culture procedure. X-ray diffraction method (XRD) was used to determine the crystallininty degree of the samples. Treatments of NaOH, CaO and H2O2 increased the ash content (P<0.0001). The ether extract (EE) was reduced by the NaOH and H2O2 treatments (P=0.0006). Except CaO, the other treatments reduced (P<0.0001) the neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Processing with HBr increased (P=0.0014) total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy for lactation (NEl), and net energy for gain (NEg). CaO, HBr, and H2O2 treatments increased the effective ruminal degradability (ERD) of dry matter at ruminal outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h-1 (P=0.0074, P<0.0001). Except CaO (P<0.0001), the other treatments had no positive effect on the samples in vitro digestibility. The treatments increased the efficiency of microbial biomass at the end of 24 h incubation (P<0.0001). Chemicals reduced the crystallinity degree of chickpea residues compared to the control. The least crystallinity percentage was observed in CaO treated samples. Totally, based on the in vitro and in situ results, treatments, especially HBr, had a positive effect on nutritional value of chickpea residues. However, these results must be confirmed or invalidated by in vivo tests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effect of Amylolytic and Cellulolytic Enzymes on Whole Plant Corn Silage: Characteristics of Silage and Animal Digestion
J.R. Gandra A.T. Nunes E.R. Oliveira M.S.J. Silva C.A. Pedrini F.S. Machado E.R.S. Gandra P.V.C. Mendes A.G.S. PauseThe aim of this study was to evaluate effects of adding exogenous enzymes to silage on fermentative losses and profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, microbial quality, and nutrients intake and digestibility. Treatments were control (CON MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate effects of adding exogenous enzymes to silage on fermentative losses and profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, microbial quality, and nutrients intake and digestibility. Treatments were control (CON); addition of exo-1,4-α-glycosidase glucoamylase (GLU); addition of β-glucan 4-glucanhydrolase (CEL); and GLU + CEL. CEL increased (P≤0.038) gas losses and effluents production, CEL and GLU decreased (P=0.039) DM recovery compared to control but not differ from GLU + CEL. CEL silage had higher (P≤0.021) starch and crude protein and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P≤0.032), while GLU had higher (P=0.001) acid detergent fiber (ADF). CEL showed lower (P=0.012) ethanol content and higher (P=0.02) anaerobic bacteria counts, while GLU showed higher (P=0.012) lactate concentration and lower (P≤0.002) counts of bacteria and fungi. Lambs fed with CEL presented higher (P≤0.012) digestibility coefficients for DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and NDF. Decrease on DM recovery indicates no improvements on the nutritive value of silage. On the other hand, cellulolytic enzyme positively affected animal digestion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effective Microbes (EM) Supplementation Effect on Feed Intake, Digestibility and Live Weight Changes of Washera Sheep Fed Wheat Straw
A. Fekadie A. Abera C. YitbarekThis study evaluated the effect of supplying effective microbes (EM) on feed Intake, digestibility and live weight changes of Washera sheep fed wheat straw. 24 intact male Washera sheep with initial body weight of 19.78 ± 1.97 kg (Mean±SD) were used. The t MoreThis study evaluated the effect of supplying effective microbes (EM) on feed Intake, digestibility and live weight changes of Washera sheep fed wheat straw. 24 intact male Washera sheep with initial body weight of 19.78 ± 1.97 kg (Mean±SD) were used. The treatments include concentrate feed plus ad libitum wheat straw with no EM (T1), concentrate feed plus ad libitum wheat straw with 1% EM (T2), concentrate feed plus ad libitum wheat straw with 3% EM (T3) and concentrate feed plus ad libitum wheat straw with 5% EM (T4) of total dry matter (DM). The experiment consisted of ninety days of feeding trail, 10 days of digestibility trial. Wheat straw used for the experiment had a chemical composition of 92% DM, 5.43% organic matter (OM), 2.81% crude protein (CP), 75.24% neutral detergent fiber, 64.13% acid detergent fiber and 12.33% acid detergent lignin. A progressive increase in wheat straw intake was observed as the level of EM percentage increased from 1% to 5%. Except the concentrate supplement DM intake, significantly higher (P<0.01) wheat straw intake (378.2 g/d), total DM intake (646.6 g/d), total CP intake (67.9 g/d) and total OM intake (526.3 g/d) were recorded in T4 than the other treatments. DM, OM and CP digestibility was unaffected by treatment. Final body weight, weight change and feed conversion efficiency was not affected until the straw is treated with 5% EM (T4). The highest net income was obtained in sheep received T4. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Growth Curve Variables in Ghezel Sheep
S. Hosseinzadeh A. Azartash S. Nikbin A. Javanmard M. Ali Abbasi S.A. Rafat M. Ghafari N. Hedayat-Evrigh S. AlijaniUnderstanding the genomics aspect of curve variable allows for the combination of genomic regions of such model-based variables from multiple measurements into a few biologically meaningful variables. With this motivation, the aim of the current study was a model-based MoreUnderstanding the genomics aspect of curve variable allows for the combination of genomic regions of such model-based variables from multiple measurements into a few biologically meaningful variables. With this motivation, the aim of the current study was a model-based quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for growth curve variables in Ghezel fat-tailed sheep. We tested the following items during research: 1) Determining the best nonlinear growth models using six nonlinear equations (Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Weibull and Brody) according to 24905 obtained data sets collected from the Ghezel Sheep Breeding Center, Iran, during the 1994-2013 period; 2) Conducted partial genome scan to identify significant QTl controlling best growth model parameters in Ghezel sheep using three half-sib families (Family size=25-50) and 8 microsatellite markers distributed on ovine chromosome 1. In addition, QTL effects for two paternal half-sibs using two models, individual families and across families were calculated. Molecular data were analyzed using SAS and GridQTL programs. Observed results demonstrated the Brody model was the best growth model for growth data according to the lower values of RMSE, AIC and BIC and generally greater values of R2adj than other models. Thus, Brody model parameters (A, B, and C) were subjected to further QTL analysis. Also, our observation identified one significant QTL between the markers INRA11-CSSM004 associated with Brody model A variable (maturity) located in 123 CM in chromosome 1 (P<0.01). Analyses using more families and advance massive genotyping tools will be useful to confirm or to reject these findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Crossbreeding Balouchi Sheep with Romanov: A Profitable Strategy to Improve Litter Size, Lamb Growth, and Carcass Characteristics
A. Nikkhah M.H. Khabbazan A. Rezagholivand A. Rajaei S. Mokhtarzadeh H. Mousapour M. MoradiCrossbreeding in sheep is strategically used to improve production and reproduction, especially when pastures have low quality. The objective of this study was to compare growth performance, birth and weaning body weights, and survivability between purebred Balouchi (n= MoreCrossbreeding in sheep is strategically used to improve production and reproduction, especially when pastures have low quality. The objective of this study was to compare growth performance, birth and weaning body weights, and survivability between purebred Balouchi (n=53) and crossbred Balouchi × Romanov (n=114) lambs. In addition, carcass characteristics (n=24) were determined. Balouchi ewes were inseminated with Romanov semen to produce crossbred lambs. All experimental lambs were weaned at 77 d of age and slaughtered at 10 months of age. Birth body weight of the purebred Balouchi lambs was significantly greater than that of the crossbred lambs (3.75 vs. 3.56 kg, P<0.01). However, weaning body weight (16.6 vs. 12.4 kg) and average daily gain from birth until weaning (152.2 vs. 126.0 g/d) and slaughter (125 vs. 95 g/d) were greater (P<0.05) for the crossbred lambs than for the purebred lambs. Slaughter body weight at 10-month age (36.9 vs. 36.1 kg) tended to be greater (P=0.08) for the crossbred lambs. Litter size was also increased by crossbreeding (1.13 vs. 1.00), but lamb survivability was not different between the two groups. The fat-tail-free carcass yield tended to increase with crossbreeding. Crossbreeding increased (P<0.05) the weights of testis (0.24 vs. 0.16 kg), liver (0.61 vs. 0.52 kg), heart (0.15 vs. 0.12, kg), and lung (0.47 vs. 0.40 kg), while it decreased the weights of skin (3.16 vs. 3.72 kg), fat-tail (0.30 vs. 1.29 kg), and total internal fats (1.08 vs. 2.06 kg). It is concluded that crossbreeding Balouchi ewes with Romanov’s semen resulted in improved litter size, weaning and slaughter body weights, average daily gains from birth until weaning and slaughter, and carcass characteristics without affecting lamb survivability. Therefore, crossbreeding can be a profitable strategy to increase lamb (meat) production in Balouchi sheep. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Dietary Supplementation of Different Forms of Barley Grain in Mohgani Male Lambs Feeding: Impacts on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites, and Carcass Characteristics
M. Kazemi O. Jangjou H. SalehThe effects of dietary supplementation of different forms of barley grain (whole, ground, steam flaking, tempering, and dry rolling) was investigated on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of Mohgani male lambs. Thir MoreThe effects of dietary supplementation of different forms of barley grain (whole, ground, steam flaking, tempering, and dry rolling) was investigated on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of Mohgani male lambs. Thirty male lambs were allocated in a completely randomized design to five experimental diets containing different processing forms of barley grain (whole barley grain as control, ground, steam flaking, tempering, and dry rolling) for 90 days. Lambs were fed on barley in form of dry rolling exhibited the highest final body weight (54.96 kg, P=0.003), average daily gain (350 g/day, P=0.01), blood glucose (64.54 mg/dL, P=0.05), and warm carcass weight (23.12 kg, P=0.05) compared to the lambs fed on whole barley grain. Nutrient digestibility (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber), urinary purine derivatives (allantoin, xanthine, and hypoxanthine), and internal organs weight (kidneys, lungs, and liver) were not affected by different forms of barley grain. Also, lambs fed on ground barley exhibited the highest blood urea nitrogen (14.84 mg/dL) among other experimental diets (P=0.04). Barley processing in the form of dry rolling had beneficial effects on the growth performance of male lambs, however, more scientific research is needed to study the other processing methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Zel Breed Lambs Fed Different Ratios of Forage and Concentrate
S.D. Mousavi Kashani S. Gharahveysi K. JafarikhorshidiThe research aimed to determine the most effective ratio of forage to concentrate on feed intake, body weight, and carcass traits of male Zel fattening lambs. The current study was performed using 20 lambs of 16-week-old for 90 days in a completely randomized design wit MoreThe research aimed to determine the most effective ratio of forage to concentrate on feed intake, body weight, and carcass traits of male Zel fattening lambs. The current study was performed using 20 lambs of 16-week-old for 90 days in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. Experimental treatments were included different ratios of forage to concentrate (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50). Traits were measured during the fattening period. The collected data were analyzed by LSmeans and regression procedure in SAS software. Effect of different ratios of forage to concentrate was significant on the feed intake, body weight traits (P<0.01), slaughter weight (P<0.05), weight gain during rearing (P<0.05), daily weight gain (P<0.05), feed intake (P<0.01), feed conversion ratio (P<0.01), the weight of digestive system contents (P<0.05), hot and cold carcass weight (P<0.05), carcass percentage (P<0.05) and back fat thickness (P<0.05). The linear change in the mentioned traits was due to the increase of the concentrate to forage ratio (P<0.01). As the percentage of concentrate in the ration increases, feed intake was increased. The concentrate is palatable and contains more energy and nutrients than forage. Therefore, lambs that consumed more concentrate had higher body and slaughter weight. Based on the results for optimal performance in fattening lambs, a ration with ratio of forage to concentrate equal (50:50) is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Management and Value-Added of Goat Production, Thailand: The Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as Roughage Source on Performance and Meat Quality in Rainy Season
T. WiyabotThis research is part of knowledge management and value-added transmission of goat production for sustainable career promotion and community food security. The objective of this study was to investigate how fresh leucaena and the effect of different sources of leucaena MoreThis research is part of knowledge management and value-added transmission of goat production for sustainable career promotion and community food security. The objective of this study was to investigate how fresh leucaena and the effect of different sources of leucaena on growth performance and meat quality in indigenous Anglo-Nubian hybrid goats ale after weaning, with an average weight starting at approximately 15 kg, were divided into 5 groups of 4 with 4 repetitions each. The research was allotted in five into five groups of four repeats each. Treatment 1 received pangola grass as a crude feed source, treatment 2 received leucaena as a 25% feed substitute, treatment 3 received leucaena as a crude feed substitute at level 50%, treatment 4 received leucaena as a feed substitute at level 75, and treatment 5 received leucaena as a 100% coarse feed substitute. Leucaena was able to raise goats at a rate of 75-100%. The average daily gain, feed cost per gain of 1 kg, and blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN) values after 4 hours of feeding were the best and higher than the BUN values of the other groups. The difference in values was statistically significant. (P<0.05), and use in percentages 50-100 did not affect the final weight, total weight gain, dry matter content, protein intake, total feed conversion ratio (FCR), dry matter intake (DMI) to percentage body weight (BW), feed cost per gain, economic loss index, production performance index, salable head return, carcass characteristics, quality and chemical composition of meat, or meat acceptance according to research results. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Growth Performance of Commercial Broiler
M. Akter M. Asaduzzaman M.S. Islam M.M.U. PatoaryThis experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, carcass yield, immune parameters, and microbial content in the commercial broiler. A total of 225 one-day-old chicks of the “Lohman Meat (Indian River)&rdq MoreThis experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, carcass yield, immune parameters, and microbial content in the commercial broiler. A total of 225 one-day-old chicks of the “Lohman Meat (Indian River)” strain having 42.66 ± 0.66 g average body weight were divided into 5 experimental groups with 3 replications of 15 chicks each. The treatments were T0= control (the basal diet), T1= antibiotic, T2= probiotic, T3= prebiotic and T4= probiotic + prebiotic. Weekly body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded during the experimental period. Microbial counts were studied at the end of the experiment. The average live weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in T4 treatment compared to the other groups. Improved FCR was noticed in birds fed a combined addition of probiotics and prebiotics with the basal diet. Feeding broilers with probiotics and prebiotics have significant (P<0.05) effects on the dressing percentage, breast, thigh, back, liver, neck, heart, and gizzard while it appeared insignificant on the intestine, spleen, and bursa (P>0.05). Significant (P<0.05) difference was observed for immune parameters i.e. White blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, and granulocyte among the treatment groups. Treatment groups found lower Escherichia coli and Salmonella numbers than the control group. Total profit per bird in group T4 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in groups T0, T1, T2, and T3. From this study, it can be concluded that the combined use of commercial probiotics and prebiotics resulted in improved growth performance, carcass yields, and immunity in broiler chickens. Therefore, combined usage of the probiotic and prebiotic as antibiotic alternatives in broiler production can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Cassava Fiber Meal and Roxazyme® G2 Supplementation on the Performance and Haemato-Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens
M.H. Ogunsipe J.O. Agbede F.A. Igbasan O.D. OlotuntolaThis study assessed the effects of cassava fiber meal (CFM) and Roxazyme® G2 supplementation on performance and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens in a feeding trial that lasted for 56 days. A batch of 360 day-old male Arbor Acres chicks of mean weight MoreThis study assessed the effects of cassava fiber meal (CFM) and Roxazyme® G2 supplementation on performance and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens in a feeding trial that lasted for 56 days. A batch of 360 day-old male Arbor Acres chicks of mean weight 390±8.04 g was allotted to 12 dietary treatments of 5 replications of 6 birds to a replicate in a completely randomized design of 4 × 3 factorial treatments. The CFM was substituted for maize at 0, 20, 40, and 60% levels. Each level was supplemented with Roxazyme® G2 at 0, 100, and 200 mg kg-1. The growth performance, carcass traits, relative organ weights, and haemato-biochemical profile of the broiler chickens were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedures. Results showed that CFM up to 40% did not decrease weight gain but at 60% substitution level, weight gain decreased significantly (P<0.05) during the starter and finisher period. Broiler chickens fed diets containing 60% CFM had lower eviscerated weight but higher liver and kidney weights compared with those fed the control and up to 40% CFM in place of maize. Eosinophil and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are the haemato-biochemical parameters that were influenced (P<0.05) at higher CFM substitution with or without enzyme supplementation. The non-significant interaction in the performance and haemato-biochemical parameters of the birds showed the independency of the two factors (CFM and Roxazyme® G2 supplementation) under consideration. CFM up to 40% substitution for maize with or without Roxazyme® G2 is safe as an energy source in broiler chicken diet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Effects of a Fat Soluble Vitamin Premix on Performance Indices and Hematological Parameters in Slow- and Fast- Growing Broiler Chicks within a Flock
T. Pakzad H. Khosravinia B. Masourei B. Parizadian KavanA 2 × 7 factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of a fat soluble vitamin premix (FSVP, 0 and 1.2 mL/bird/injection) on performance indices and hematological variables in broiler chicken with different growth rate (x̄-3SD, x̄-2SD, x̄-1SD, x̄, x̄+1 MoreA 2 × 7 factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of a fat soluble vitamin premix (FSVP, 0 and 1.2 mL/bird/injection) on performance indices and hematological variables in broiler chicken with different growth rate (x̄-3SD, x̄-2SD, x̄-1SD, x̄, x̄+1SD, x̄+2SD and x̄+3SD) using 364 male Ross 308 broiler chicks. Body weight (BW) of the birds at marketing age (42 d) was not follow the same pattern as their BW at age of 21 d. The birds receiving a FSVP achieved greater body weight, ate more feed and converted the feed with a greater efficiency than the untreated birds. Heart percentage was significantly lesser in the birds with initial body weight close to the population mean compared with the birds having a lesser or a greater BW than the population mean. Injection of FSVP increased heart weight by 20.48 percent and decreased plateletcrit (PCT) by 33.3 percent. Step-wise multivariate regression analysis showed that heart percentage explained 38.37, 39.07 and 8.57 percent of the variation in BW (42 d), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (21 to 42 d), respectively. Hemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width (RDW) were the next two variables that collectively explained about 10 percent of the final BW (42 d) variance. It was concluded that birds showing a body weight of x̄-3SD at early ages cannot exhibit greater growth rate in later ages probably due to intrinsic limitations. No hematological parameter, excluding heart percentage seems to have a significant influence on intra-flock variance in performance indices in broiler chickens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Bone Status and Performance of Broiler Chickens in Response to Fennel Extract and Chelated Manganese-Glycine
Z. Shokri A.A. Saki P. Zamani H. Jahanian Najafabadi A. Ahmadi M. HoushyarThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fennel hydro alcoholic extract and chelated manganese-glycine on performance and bone status in broiler chickens. A total of 360 of day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly arranged according to a completely r MoreThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fennel hydro alcoholic extract and chelated manganese-glycine on performance and bone status in broiler chickens. A total of 360 of day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly arranged according to a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) in a 2 × 3 factorial management with 6 treatments 6 replicates and 10 birds each. Treatments consisted of basal diets as control (include corn and soy bean meal), three levels of fennel (0, 100, or 200 mg/kg diet), and two levels of chelated manganese-glycine (0 or 150 mg/kg diet). Two similar weight of broilers were selected in each replicate and sacrificed by neck dislocation then tibia bones were removed, and freeze-dried and carcass yield and relative weights of internal organs were expressed as the percentages of live body weight. The results have shown that broiler performance was not affected (P>0.05) by the supplementation of fennel extract and chelated manganese glycine (150 mg/kg) in broilers diet but increased the tibia manganese content in this respect. However, the bone manganese reduced significantly (P<0.05) by fennel hydroalcoholic extract at 42 days of age. The result of this study has suggested that improved broiler tibia manganese content by manganese chelated-glycine supplementation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Impact of Stocking Density on Broiler Chicken Performance, Blood Biochemisty, and Carcass Attributes in an Intensive Rearing System
N.N. Meena H.A. Waiz D.M. Chavhan K. TosawadaThe goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance, welfare, haemato-biochemical indices, and carcass traits of broiler chickens raised under intensive rearing systems. Present investigation was conducted on broilers aged 6 w MoreThe goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance, welfare, haemato-biochemical indices, and carcass traits of broiler chickens raised under intensive rearing systems. Present investigation was conducted on broilers aged 6 weeks at poultry unit of Livestock farm complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur (Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences) India. There were three treatment groups i.e.,D1 with 8 birds/m2, D2 served as control having 10 birds/m2, D3 with 12 birds/m2, respectively.Each treatment group showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) effect on body weights, growth, and feed conversion efficiency (P<0.05). Treatment group D1 had the highest body weight, body weight gain, better feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 42 days of age, followed by D2 (control) and D3. Stocking density significantly (P<0.05)influenced some behavior traits such as drinking and locomotion. Hemoglobin (Hb) and heterophil to lymphocytes (H/L) ratios were significantly affected (P<0.05) by all three stocking densities. Biochemical measures were unaffected between the three stocking densities. Except for the heart percentage, which was non-significant, stocking densities had a significant (P<0.05) influence on carcass traits such as neck, back, dressing, drum stick, liver, and gizzard percentages. The results of this study revealed that having a higher live body weight in a smaller space increases productivity when it comes to profitably rearing birds and keeping them for longer than 40 days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Impact of Diets Containing Varying Levels of Sodium Chloride as a Source of Electrolyte in Broiler Chickens
C.O. Osita C. Ezenwosu E.N. Iloamaka A.O. AniThe impact of diets containing varying levels of sodium chloride as a source of electrolyte on growth performance, organ traits, gastrointestinal impact, tibia mineralization, and water intake of broiler chickens were investigated. A total of 300 mixed sexed of day-old MoreThe impact of diets containing varying levels of sodium chloride as a source of electrolyte on growth performance, organ traits, gastrointestinal impact, tibia mineralization, and water intake of broiler chickens were investigated. A total of 300 mixed sexed of day-old chicks at two weeks of age were allotted to 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments during the starter phase, from 14 to 28 days old, were supplemented by varying NaCl levels including T1= 0 g/kg (control), T2= 1.30 g/kg, T3= 2.00 g/kg, T4= 2.30 g/kg, T5= 3.30 g/kg and T6= 4.00 g/kg. The dietary treatments during finisher phase, from 28 days to 56 days old, included: T1=0 g/kg (control), T2= 2.30 g/kg, T3=3.30 g/kg, T4= 4.30 g/kg, T5= 5.30 g/kg and T6= 6.30 g/kg. Result of the study showed that birds in T3 and T4 that were fed diet with moderate inclusion levels of sodium chloride had the highest (P<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain with an improved feed conversion ratio. Generally, treatment groups T2 to T9 had the highest (P<0.05) weight of gizzard, liver, heart, kidney, intestines and caeca. Also, intestine lengths, caecal length, excreta moisture, water intake, ileal and pH of caecal digesta were highest in treatment groups. However, result of the tibia mineralization analysis showed that ash content in T1 (control) was the highest (P<0.05). It is concluded that T3 and T4 in broilers diet can improve growth performance. Manuscript profile
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