Nutritive Value Evaluation of Processed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Residues with some Chemicals Based on in vitro, in situ and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Techniques
Subject Areas : CamelF. Ghanbari 1 , T. Ghoorchi 2 , J. Bayat Kouhsar 3 , M. Samiee Zafarghandi 4
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
2 - Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
4 - Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Keywords: nutritive value, <i>in situ</i> degradability, chemical processing, chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>) residues, cristallinity, <i>in vitro</i> digestibility,
Abstract :
This research was conducted to investigate the the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 50 g/kg DM), calcium oxide (CaO, 160 g/kg DM), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 60 mL/kg DM) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 57 mL/kg DM) processings on the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) residues. The chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods. Degradability trial was done using nylon bag technique. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined by the batch culture procedure. X-ray diffraction method (XRD) was used to determine the crystallininty degree of the samples. Treatments of NaOH, CaO and H2O2 increased the ash content (P<0.0001). The ether extract (EE) was reduced by the NaOH and H2O2 treatments (P=0.0006). Except CaO, the other treatments reduced (P<0.0001) the neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Processing with HBr increased (P=0.0014) total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy for lactation (NEl), and net energy for gain (NEg). CaO, HBr, and H2O2 treatments increased the effective ruminal degradability (ERD) of dry matter at ruminal outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h-1 (P=0.0074, P<0.0001). Except CaO (P<0.0001), the other treatments had no positive effect on the samples in vitro digestibility. The treatments increased the efficiency of microbial biomass at the end of 24 h incubation (P<0.0001). Chemicals reduced the crystallinity degree of chickpea residues compared to the control. The least crystallinity percentage was observed in CaO treated samples. Totally, based on the in vitro and in situ results, treatments, especially HBr, had a positive effect on nutritional value of chickpea residues. However, these results must be confirmed or invalidated by in vivo tests.
Alaei A., Ghanbari F., Bayat Kouhsar J. and Farivar F. (2020). Evaluation of nutritional value of Vicia faba residues processed with some chemical compounds using in vitro and nylon bag techniques. Res. Anim. Prod. 10, 19-29.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Aslanian A., Ghanbari F., Bayat Kouhsar J. and Karimi Shahraki B. (2015). Effects of processing with gamma ray, sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide on gas production parameters and digestibility of soybean straw. J. Anim. Prod. 2, 235-248.
Babayi M., Ghanbari F., Gharehbash A.M. and Bayat Kouhsar J. (2015). Investigation on the nutritional value of processed vetch wastes (Vigna radiate) with electron beam, hydrogen peroxide and hydrobromic acid using gas production technique and batch culture method. J. Rumin. Res. 3, 1-19.
Babayi M., Ghanbari F., Gharehbash A.M. and Bayat Kouhsar J. (2016). Effects of processing with electron beam, hydrogen peroxide and hydrobromic acid on the nutritional value of vetch wastes. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. Res. 8, 441-454.
Bayatkouhsar J., Rezaii F., Ghanbari F. and Rahchamani R. (2022). Morning vs. afternoon harvest time of alfalfa, clover, and barley after the chemical composition and nutritional value of silage. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. Res. 12, 11-21.
Baytok E., Aksu T., Karsli M.A. and Muruz H. (2005). The effects of formic acid, molasses and inoculant as silage additives on corn silage composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 29, 469-474.
Blummel M. and Orskov E.R. (1993). Composition of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting food intake in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40, 109-119.
Bouchard J., Methot, M. and Jordan, B. (2006). The effects of ionizing radiation on the cellulose of woodfree paper. Cellulose. 13, 601-610.
Broderick G.A. and Kang J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J. Anim. Sci. 63, 64-75.
Chaudhry A.S. (2000). Rumen degradation in sacco in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide plus hydrogen peroxide. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 83, 313-323.
Ciriaco F.M., Henry D D., Sanford C.D., Canal L.B., Dubeux C.B. and Dilorenzo N. (2021). Performance of growing beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide and molasses. Transl. Anim. Sci. 5, 1-9.
Danesh Mesgaran M., Malakkhahi M., Heravi Moussavi B., Vakili A.R. and Tahmasbi A. (2010). In situ ruminal degradation and in vitro gas production of chemically treated sesame stover. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9, 2256-2260.
Driscoll M., Stipanovic A., Winter W., Cheng K., Manning M., Spiese J., Galloway R.A. and Cleland M.R. (2009). Electron beam irradiation of cellulose. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 78, 539542-539549.
Ferro M.M., Zanine A.D.M., De-Souza A.L., Ferreira D.D.J., Santos E.M., Alvez G.R., Geron L.J.V. and Pinho R.M.A. (2018). Residue from common bean in substitution of cottonseed cake in diets for sheep. Biol. Rhythm Res. 51, 471-480.
Ghiasvand M., Rezayazdi K. and Dehghan Banadaki M. (2011). The effects of different processing methods on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of canola straw and its effect on fattening performance of male Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci. Res. 22, 93-104.
Harun S. and Geok S.K. (2016). Effect of sodium hydroxide pretreatment on rice straw composition. Indian. J. Sci. Technol. 9, 1-9.
Heidarvand L. and Maali-Amiri R. (2013). Physio-biochemical and proteome analysis of chickpea in early phases of cold stress. J. Plant Physiol. 170, 459-469.
Hosseinzadeh H.A., Bayat Koohsar J., Ghanbari F. and farivar F. (2020). Effect of physical and biological processing methods on chemical composition, gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of barley grain. Res. Anim. Prod. 11, 46-56.
Jami E., Shterzer N., Yosef E., Nikbachat M., Miron J. and Mizrahi I. (2014). Effects of including NaOH-treated corn straw as a substitute for wheat hay in the ration of lactating cows on performance, digestibility, and rumen microbial profile. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 1623-1633.
Joshi P.K. and Parthasarathy Rao P. (2016). Global and Regional Pulse Economies - Current Trends and Outlook. Discussion Paper 01544. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC., USA.
Kerley M.S., Garleb K.A., Fahey G.C., Berger L.L., Moore K.J., Philips G.N. and Gould J.M. (1988). Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of cotton and wheat straw on cellulose crystallinity and on composition and site and extent of disappearance of wheat straw cell wall phenolics and monosaccharides by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 3235-3244.
Khorvash M., Kargar S., Yalchi T. and Ghorbani G.R. (2010). Effect of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of soybean straw. J. Food Agric. Environ. 8, 356-359.
Kim S. (2018). Evaluation of alkali-pretreated soybean straw for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2018, 1-7.
Kucharska K., Rybarczyk P., Hołowacz I., Łukajtis R., Glinka M. and Kami´Nski M. (2018). Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials as substrates for fermentation processes-A review. Molecules. 23, 2937-2969.
Lithourgidis A.S., Vasilakoglou I.B., Dordas C.A. and Yiakoulaki M.D. (2006). Forage yield and quality of commen vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crop Res. 99, 106-113.
Ma Y., Chen X., Zahoor Khan M., Xiao J., Lio S., Wang J., He Z., Li C. and Cao Z. (2020). The impact of ammoniation treatment on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw in Chinese Holsteins. Animals. 10, 1854-1837.
Makkar H.P.S. (2010). In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Pp. 107-144 in In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. P.E. Verco, H.P.S. Makkar and A.C. Schlink, Eds., IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Manokhoon P. and Rangseesuriyachai T. (2020). Effect of two-stage sodium hydroxide pretreatment on the composition and structure of Napier grass (Pakchong 1) (Pennisetum purpureum). Int. J. Green Energy. 13, 864-871.
Mehrez A.Z. and Orskov E.R. (1997). A study of the artificial bag technique for determining the digestibility of feed in the rumen. J. Agric. Sci. 88, 645-650.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 217-222.
Nazem K., Rouzbehan Y. and Shojaosadati S.A. (2008). The nutritive value of citrus pulp (lemon and orange) treated with Neurospora sitophila. J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Res. 12, 495-506.
Nie H., Wang Z., You J., Zhu G., Wang H. and Wang F. (2020). Comparison of in vitro digestibility and chemical composition among four crop straws treated by Pleurotus ostreatus. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 33, 24-34.
Nieves D.C., Karimi K. and Horvash I.S. (2011). Improvement of biogas production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Indian Crops Prod. 34, 1097-1101.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Ørskov E.R. and McDonald I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503.
Polyorach S. and Wanapat M. (2015). Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle. J. Anim Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 99, 449-456.
Polyorach S., Wanapat M., Cherdthong A., Gunun P., Gunun N. and Kang S. (2018). Assessment of the nutritive value of urea–calcium hydroxide-treated rice straw by in sacco technique. Anim. Prod. Sci. 59, 1667-1673.
Qing Q., Guo Q., Zhou L., Gao X., Lu X. and Zhang Y. (2017). Comparison of alkaline and acid pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean hull and soybean straw to produce fermentable sugars. Indian Crops. Prod. 109, 391-397.
Ria S.N. and Mudgal V.D. (1996). Effect of alkali and (or) steam treatment of wheat straw or cellulase augmented concentrate mixture on rumen fermentation in goats. Small Rumin. Res. 19, 219-225.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sheikh G.G., Ganai A.M., Reshi P.A., Sheikh B. and Shabir M. (2018). Improved paddy straw and ruminant feed. A review. JoJ Sci. 1, 10-17.
Shengqiang C., Wangliang L. and Yuming Z. (2018). Impact of double alkaline pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of palm fibre. Carbon Resour. Convers. 1, 147-152.
Soltani Naseri K., Ghanbari F., Bayatkouhsar J. and Taliey F. (2018). Effect of chemical and biological processing methods on chemical composition, gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of cicer Arietinum wastes. Res. Anim. Prod.. 9, 72-82.
Sun Y. and Cheng J.Y. (2002). Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 83, 1-11.
Tassoni A., Tedeschi T., Zurlini C., Cigognini Maria I.L.M., Petrusan J.I., Rodriguez O., Neri S., Celli A., Sisti L., Cinelli P., Signori F., Tsatsos G., Bondi M., Verstringe S., Bruggerman G. and Corvini P.F.X. (2020). State-of-the-art production chains for peas, beans and chickpeas-valorization of agro-industrial residues and applications of derived extracts. Molecules. 25, 1383-1404.
Tauqir N.A., Ahmad F., Faraz A., Gorsi I.M., Mujahid N. and Asghar A. (2022). Lactation performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes fed alkali treated rice husks. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 12, 57-64.
Theodorou M.K., Williams B.A., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A.B. and France J. (1994). A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 185-197.
Trach N.X., Mo M. and Xuan Dan C. (2001). Effects of treatment of rice straw with lime and urea on its chemical composition, gas production and in sacco degradation characteristics. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 13, 117-134.
Tuncer S.D. and Sacakli P. (2003). Rumen degradability characteristics of xylose treated canola and soybean meals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 107, 211-218.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wadhwa M. and Bakhshi M.P.S. (2013). Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestok Feed and as Substrates Fir Generation of other Value-Added Products. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
Xu Z., Wang Q., Jiang Z., Yang X. and Ji Y. (2007). Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated soybean straw. Biomass Bioenergy. 31, 162-167.
Zhang W., Pan K., Liu C., Qu M., Yang K.O., Song X. and Zhao X. (2020). Recombinant Lentinula edodes xylanase improved the hydrolysis and in vitro ruminal fermentation of soybean straw by changing its fiber structure. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 151, 286-292.
Zhao L., Ren L., Zhou Z., Meng Q., Huo Y. and Wang F. (2016). Improving ruminal degradability and energetic values of bamboo shoot shell using chemical treatments. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 896-903.