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Open Access Article
1 - In silico Methods for Modeling of Genomic Regions for Immunological and Metabolic Gene Modulating to Stress Response in Chicken: Where We Are?
M.S. Ekhtiyari A.S. Sadr M. Shirali A. JavanmardTraditionally, commercial broilers are not well adapted and currently subjected to a variety of environmental challenges. In recent years, researchers have shown an increased interest in stress as one of the greatest environmental challenges to the profitability of sust MoreTraditionally, commercial broilers are not well adapted and currently subjected to a variety of environmental challenges. In recent years, researchers have shown an increased interest in stress as one of the greatest environmental challenges to the profitability of sustainable intensive poultry production. In this scenario, understanding the complexity of the molecular basis and genomics of the stress response is critical to successful breeding programs for climate-adapted chickens. Recently, numerous popular studies have attempted to identify candidate genes that control stress responses in chickens. However, a number of questions regarding the choice of stress response remain unanswered or inadequately answered regarding the number of lead candidate genes that control components of the non-infectious and infectious stress response. With this motivation, 89 journal articles were collected for the primary investigation and those with low validity were excluded from further analysis. In short, we used three types of information sources, namely: text-based systematic review, in silico modeling, and both network and pathway approaches, to introduce more effective and bio-indicators of gene-controlling stress responses in chickens through older literature. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway networking of candidate gene associated with stress was loaded into Cytoscape for analysis. The result provides additional evidence and highlights, including nearly 9 candidate genes. According to published studies, CRYAB, HSP90AA1, IL6, HSPA2, HSF2, HSPB1, HSF3, PLK1, BAG3 are mostly associated with non-infectious and infectious stressors and may deserve further attention. String database analysis illustrated role of highlighted gene in multiple cellular task and functionally such as ATPase activity, cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfold proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Obtained information from Animal QTL database indicated important role of chromosomes numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14 and 24 associated with stress resistance and susceptibility. On this basis, this report attempts to find out which genomic regions control homeostasis and promote cell survival, molecular transport and cell signaling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - In vitro and in situ Ruminal Degradability of Oak Leaves (Quercus persica) as Affected by Growth Stage during Spring Season and Polyethylene Glycol Application
N. Rahimi F. Fatahnia M. Yousef Elahi R. Tabaraki G. Taasoli F. Ahmadi J.W. ConeThis study was conducted to identify the nutritive and anti-nutritive composition, in situ rumen degradability, and the kinetics of in vitro gas production of Persian oak (Quercus persica) leaves harvested at three growth stages during the spring season. A tannin bioass MoreThis study was conducted to identify the nutritive and anti-nutritive composition, in situ rumen degradability, and the kinetics of in vitro gas production of Persian oak (Quercus persica) leaves harvested at three growth stages during the spring season. A tannin bioassay was also performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) as a tannin-complexing agent in a gas production test. Leaves were harvested in monthly intervals in spring, starting on April when leaves were at the early vegetative stage, and then May and June. As the leaf maturity progressed, crude protein decreased but total phenols, total tannins, and hydrolysable tannins increased. Condensed tannin concentration was not affected by maturity stage (Average=13.0 mg leucocyanidin equivalent/g dry matter (DM)). As leaf maturity increased, the rapidly degradable A fraction of DM increased. In vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, in vitro DM degradability, ruminal NH3-N, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were greatest in leaves harvested at the early vegetative stage (April) compared with other months. Application of PEG increased in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, in vitro DM degradability, and NH3-N and short-chain fatty acid production in the rumen fluid compared with no addition of PEG. Overall, oak leaves harvested at the early vegetative stage appeared to be a good source of forage for ruminants. However, as leaf maturity increased, ruminal fermentability decreased, which was improved with PEG addition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - In vitro Evaluation of Oil Releasing Extent from a Calcium Salt of Fatty Acids in Different Sites of Gastrointestinal Tract
P. Peravian H. Mirzaei-Alamouti M. Dehghan-Banadaky H. Amanlou M. Vazirigohar H. Khalilvandi P. RezamandCalcium salts (CS) of fatty acids (FAs) are involved as fat sources in dairy nutrition. In this supplement dissociation of FAs and calcium is affected by the nature of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated), so this process led to the release oil in the whole gastrointe MoreCalcium salts (CS) of fatty acids (FAs) are involved as fat sources in dairy nutrition. In this supplement dissociation of FAs and calcium is affected by the nature of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated), so this process led to the release oil in the whole gastrointestinal tract. This study was designed to evaluate the oil releasing extent (ORE) from CS of FAs in a simulated culture of the gastrointestinal tract. Rumen fluid was collected from fistulated cows 4 hours after feeding and transferred to the laboratory. A simulation of the digestion environment at three sites (rumen, abomasums, and small intestine) pH (6.4, 1.2, 6.8) was used to incubate the rumen fluid. Treatments are represented by 1) CS of fish oil (CFO), 2) CS of flaxseed oil (CFL), 3) CS of herbal n-6 and n-3 (CHO) and 4) CS of fish and herbal n-3 (CFH). The ORE in the rumen was affected by treatments, with CS of flaxseed having the greatest rate of release (P<0.01). Differences between treatments in the abomasum were nonsignificant (P=0.1), however, the greatest ORE was in this part in comparison to other sections of the tract. The treatments did affect ORE in the small intestine (P<0.01). According to our results, CS of FAs supplied less than 200 mg/g ORE in the rumen which is acceptable and could be used with minimum adverse effects on rumen function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Nutrient Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation of Holstein Cows
R.J. Tseu L.L.C. Paucar F. Perna Junior R.F. Carvalho R.G.S. Nogueira E.C.O. Cassiano D.C.Z. Vasquez L.A.R. Solórzano P.H.M. RodriguesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of different exogenous enzymes or their combination on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of Holstein cows. Five ruminally cannulated adult Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and recei MoreThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of different exogenous enzymes or their combination on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of Holstein cows. Five ruminally cannulated adult Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and received the same basal diet consisting of 30% of corn silage and 70% of concentrate but with inclusion of different exogenous enzymes comprising five treatments (control: diet without enzymes; amylase: basal diet with 7.5 g of amylase/cow/day; xylanase: basal diet with 15 g of xylanase/cow/day; cellulase + protease: basal diet with 7.5 g cellulase + protease/cow/day; and enzyme pool: basal diet with 30 g enzyme mixture (7.5 g of amylase, 15 g of xylanase and 7.5 g of cellulase + protease)/cow/day). Accordingly, the experiment was conducted in five periods of 23 days each. Therefore, data were collected to evaluate nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters. The different exogenous enzymes or their combination (enzyme pool) did not affect (P>0.05) nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, protozoa population, ammonia nitrogen and methane concentration and production. The enzyme combination and cellulase + protease increased (P<0.05) the concentration and production of acetate and propionate as well as total short-chain fatty acids, but did not significantly affect the relative energy loss of methane concering the other rumen fermentation products (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Therefore, the dietary supplementation of different exogenous enzymes or their combination in Holstein cows did not improve feed value, but the enzyme combination has shown a tendency to reduce the relative energy loss of methane. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Assessment of Suitable Fixed Timed Artificial Insemination Protocols for Therapeutic Management of Post-Partum Anestrous Cow in the Foothill of Eastern Himalaya
U. Boro D. Talukdar F.A. Ahmed K. Lalrintluanga G. Kalita K. Sarma S. ThakuriaFixed timed artificial insemination (FTAI) is nowadays a very popular reproductive technology to handle anestrous problems during the postpartum period of dairy cattle. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the suitable fixed timed AI protocols for therape MoreFixed timed artificial insemination (FTAI) is nowadays a very popular reproductive technology to handle anestrous problems during the postpartum period of dairy cattle. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the suitable fixed timed AI protocols for therapeutic management of post-partum anestrous in cows. A total of ninety cows were selected in and around the Aizawl district of Mizoram, India which lies within the tropics between latitude 21˚ 56'N to 24˚ 31'N and longitude 92˚ 16'E to 93˚ 26'E. The experimental cows were examined per rectum to study the ovarian and genital status after two months of calving. They were randomly divided into three groups; A, B and C, comprising 30 animals in each group and were treated by three fixed timed AI protocols; G6G (PGF day-0; GnRH 2, 8days; PGF 15, 16days, GnRH 17days; FTAI 18days), select-synch and co-synch, respectively. Blood samples were collected to study the serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, estrogen and progesterone on day 0 (before starting the protocol) and day 1 (day before AI). The serum level of glucose, total cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, estrogen and progesterone significantly low in post-partum anestrous cows on day 0. But after post therapy, the level of glucose, total cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, estrogen increased significantly except progesterone hormone on day before AI within each group. The conception rates of G6G, co-synch and select-synch protocols were 33.33%, 56.66% and 96.66%, respectively. In conclusion, the select-synch protocol was found to be the best in comparison to G6G and co-synch protocols (P<0.05) for therapeutic management of post-partum anoestrous in cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of Treatment with Additional Doses of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha during the Middle Stage of the Oestrus Cycle on Luteolysis Process and Reproduction Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows
N. Neisari A. Kaveh P. Pooladzadeh A. Hajibemani F. MirzaeeiFor the manipulation of the oestrus cycle, the prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) is a commonly used strategy in dairy cows. The objective of the study was to evaluate the luteolysis response and reproductive performance after treatment with one or two injections of P MoreFor the manipulation of the oestrus cycle, the prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) is a commonly used strategy in dairy cows. The objective of the study was to evaluate the luteolysis response and reproductive performance after treatment with one or two injections of PGF2α. A total of 84 Holstein dairy cows, being in the middle stage of the oestrus cycle (between days 7 and 12) were enrolled in a completely randomized design and divided into three groups: group 1 (n=30), received a single dose of PGF2α injection, whereas, group 2 (n=24) and group 3 (n=30), were treated with two doses of PGF2α injections at 12 and 24 hours intervals, respectively. The corpus luteum diameter was measured using the ultrasound at the beginning, 24, 48 and 72 hours after PGF2α injection. Blood samples were collected to assess progesterone (P4) on day 0 and 72 hours after treatment. Oestrus expression, PGF2α-oestrus interval and first service conception rate were evaluated. The results showed that the luteolysis process, the mean of PGF2α-oestrus interval and progesterone concentration at the beginning (day 0) and 72 hours after treatment were similar for all the groups. Oestrus expression (PGF2α+PGF2α-24 h=76.7% vs. PGF2α+PGF2α-12 h=66.7% and control=56.7%, P>0.05) and the first service conception rate (PGF2α+PGF2α-24 h=41.2% vs. PGF2α+PGF2α-12 h=40.0% and control=33.3%, P>0.05) were relatively higher in cows receiving two doses of PGF2α injections at 24-hour-interval (P>0.05). In conclusion, treatment with an additional dose of PGF2α during the middle stages of the oestrus cycle has no significant effect on luteolysis or reproductive performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Two New Calcium Limiting Methods on Milk Traits, Hypocalcaemia and Prevention of some Reproductive Disorders in Early Lactating Cows
M.M. Masoumipour F. Foroudi N. Karimi M.R. Abedini K. KarimiNew methods of dietary calcium restriction to control hypocalcaemia and reproductive problems have always been the focus of research. This study was conducted to compare two new methods including two diets containing Zeolite and anionic salt with a conventional method o MoreNew methods of dietary calcium restriction to control hypocalcaemia and reproductive problems have always been the focus of research. This study was conducted to compare two new methods including two diets containing Zeolite and anionic salt with a conventional method of the low-Ca diet. Sixty periparturient cows were used through a completely randomized statistical design (CRD) with repeated measurements in time. Experimental diets were included: 1. low-Ca (Ca=0.44%), 2. anionic-Kipro (Ca=1%), 3. zeolite (Ca=0.44%). Traits were included: feed and nutrients intake, milk characteristics, plasma calcium concentration, body condition score (BCS), and incidence of reproductive problems. Feed, energy, and nutrient intake of low-Ca were higher than anionic-Kipro and zeolite groups (P≤0.01). Raw and corrected milk yield of anionic-Kipro was at maximum, but fat% and fat yield of zeolite was higher than other groups (P≤0.01). Total plasma and ionized calcium concentration at 6 and 12 hours after calving of low-Ca and zeolite diets were higher than the anionic-Kipro group (P≤0.01). BCS of zeolite and anionic-Kipro diets (2.98 and 2.95) was higher than the low-Ca diet (2.86) significantly (P≤0.01). The frequency of severe and subclinical hypocalcaemia and reproductive problems in two new proposed methods and younger cows was at least (P≤0.01). New dietary calcium limiting methods with zeolite and anionic-Kipro supplementation had good results on milk traits with better control on plasma calcium concentration and prevention of reproductive disorders and could be advised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effects of a Commercial Blend of Phytogenic Compounds and Prebiotic on the Performance of Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows Exposed to Heat-Stress
M. Bagheri VarzanehThe efficacy of a commercial additive containing carvacrol, anethole, limonene, and fructo-oligosaccharides on heat stress (HS) abatement in lactating dairy cows was evaluated. Control pen (n=92, DIM=91±53.1 d, average milk yield=37.0 kg) without feed additive (c MoreThe efficacy of a commercial additive containing carvacrol, anethole, limonene, and fructo-oligosaccharides on heat stress (HS) abatement in lactating dairy cows was evaluated. Control pen (n=92, DIM=91±53.1 d, average milk yield=37.0 kg) without feed additive (control) and phytogenic supplemented pen (n=112, DIM=122±46.8 d, average milk yield=36.1 kg) (PS) were fed a basal total mixed ration, while PS group received 15 g of additive into 2 equal parts top-dressed daily for 5 wks. Feed intake, milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, fecal score, number of cows on feed bunk, and blood biochemistry were determined. The inclusion of PS increased feed intake (P<0.05) though it did not alter milk production. While the fecal score improved, the respiratory rate and concentration of thyroxine decreased decreased in PS-supplemented cows. Feeding PS increased the number of cows on bunk feed at 0330 and 0730. Overall, supplementation of PS helped alleviate some negative effects of HS though production performance was not affected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Milk Production, Oxidative Stress, and Blood Metabolites of Holstein Dairy Cows during Summer Season
F. Sehati A. Towhidi M. Zhandi M. Ganjkhanlou A.H. Nasiri F. Parnian-KhajehdizajThe effects of dietary live Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic on milk production, oxidant/antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism of Holstein dairy cows through the transition and early lactation period during the summer season were investigated. Twelve lactating MoreThe effects of dietary live Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic on milk production, oxidant/antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism of Holstein dairy cows through the transition and early lactation period during the summer season were investigated. Twelve lactating multiparous dairy cows were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments (n=6) including a control and probiotic-fed groups. Blood samples were collected on days -21, 0, 14, 28, 42, 60 days relative to parturition and analyzed for calcium, iron, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and albumin. Serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein were lower in the probiotic-fed cows compared to those offered the control diet. Albumin concentration did not differ between the groups. The contents of total antioxidant capacity and high-density lipoprotein in the yeast-fed group was greater than the control group (P=0.01 and 0.02, respectively). In addition, serum calcium and iron tended to be higher in the yeast-fed group (P=0.08). Malondialdehyde level did not change between groups, but there was a decrease at calving time in the probiotic-fed group. Yeast-fed cows produced more milk and had higher concentrations of milk fat and non-fat solids than control cows (P<0.05). Rectal temperature was lower in the probiotic-fed group on parturition day. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dairy cows may be a beneficial strategy to alleviate the heat stress and improve the antioxidative defense system and milk production during the transition and the early lactating period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Effect of Climate Change on Milk Yield in New Zealand: A Case Study of Fonterra
Z. Shaheen Ali Z. LiClimate change affects milk yield, which may have a profound impact on the dairy industry. Taking Fonterra as an example, this study analyses the climate data of 99 consecutive months from June 2012 to August 2020 and the corresponding monthly milk yield data of North I MoreClimate change affects milk yield, which may have a profound impact on the dairy industry. Taking Fonterra as an example, this study analyses the climate data of 99 consecutive months from June 2012 to August 2020 and the corresponding monthly milk yield data of North Island and South Island. The results show that the monthly milk yield correlates with the monthly mean temperature, the monthly extreme maximum temperature, the monthly extreme minimum temperature, the monthly mean relative humidity, and the monthly mean temperature and humidity index (THI). In addition, with the increase of annual mean temperature in New Zealand, the annual milk yield of North Island decreases with the increase of temperature. Fonterra needs to take measures to mitigate the negative impact of climate warming on milk yield. However, in the recent nine years, South Island's annual milk yield increases with annual mean temperature. Furthermore, regression equations with climate factors as independent variables and monthly milk yield as dependent variables are established for North Island and South Island. In North Island, the monthly milk yield changed periodically with time. The findings of the study show that the annual milk yield will decrease with the increase of temperature due to global warming in North Island. However, South Island needs to deal with the negative impact of high temperature on milk yield in summer. Therefore, Fonterra needs to take immediate measures to deal with the negative impact of climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Effect of Restricted Nutrition on Ewe Milking Performance and Lamb Growth Characteristics in Creep Feeding Conditions
M. Yıldırır H.I. Akbağ İ.Y. YurtmanNutrient deficiency during lactation period negatively affects dams milk production and lamb growth performance. However, the effect of ewe nutrition level on growth rate of Karacabey Merino lambs raised with access to creep feeding is not clear. Therefore to study thes MoreNutrient deficiency during lactation period negatively affects dams milk production and lamb growth performance. However, the effect of ewe nutrition level on growth rate of Karacabey Merino lambs raised with access to creep feeding is not clear. Therefore to study these effects, a total of 84 single lambed Karacabey Merino ewes (aged 3, 4, 5 years old, 68.05±0.96 kg of live weight (LW); 2.64±0.07 of body condition scores (BCS)), and their lambs (n=84) were divided into two feeding treatment groups: group with 32-35% (energy and protein) nutrient restriction (restricted feeding; RF) and control (control feeding; CF) group according to 100% of nutrient requirements. Lambs had free access to concentrate feed in creep feeding conditions until 96 days of weaning. Lactation milk yield was higher in CF group than RF group (P=0.01). Except for milk fat content (P=0.495), milking characteristics as daily milk yield, protein, lactose, and non-fat solids (NFS) contents of milk were found higher (P≤0.001) in CF group than RF group. Significant interaction was observed between feeding treatment groups (RF and CF) with lamb gender on the daily weight gain (P=0.01) and weaning weight (P=0.036) of the lambs. Male lambs in CF group were heavier than male lambs in RF group (P=0.01) while female lambs in both groups had similar weaning weight (P>0.05). Growth performance of male lambs was negatively affected by restricted nutrition of their dams, while no significant difference was observed in female lambs. Restricted ewe nutrition negatively affects the potential growth rate of suckling lambs in creep feeding condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Relationship of Lipid Factors in Blood Serum and Seminal Plasma of Afshari Rams
A. Pirestani E. Ziya MotalebipourThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of lipid factors of seminal plasma and blood serum in Afshari rams. Four Afshari rams were selected with a mean weight of 50 ± 5 kg and the mean age of 2.5 years. At the same time, blood and semen samples MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of lipid factors of seminal plasma and blood serum in Afshari rams. Four Afshari rams were selected with a mean weight of 50 ± 5 kg and the mean age of 2.5 years. At the same time, blood and semen samples were collected to evaluate total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) was measured only in blood samples. After adding semen to the extender, sperm motility, morphology and viability were evaluated by the CASA software, Papanicolaou and Eosin-Nigrosin staining, respectively. The sperm parameters of seasonal and non-seasonal breeding were assessed in pre-freezing and post-thawing. The results of this study showed that cholesterol and HDL levels of ram were significantly higher in seasonal breeding than non-seasonal breeding in both blood and semen samples (P<0.05). In non-seasonal breeding, LDL and triglyceride levels of blood and semen samples were significantly increased respectively (P<0.05). In seasonal breeding, the sperm parameters such as motility, morphology, and viability of rams were significantly higher in pre-freezing. In non-seasonal breeding, total motility was higher significant in post-thawing (P<0.05). Consequently, in the current study, there was a significant correlation between triglyceride of blood and triglyceride of seminal plasma. Also, there was a significant correlation between blood LDL and seminal LDL/HDL ratios for non-seasonal records. Blood LDL/HDL was also significantly correlated with the seminal cholesterol/HDL, which could improve the sperm quality parameters of Afshari ram in the season and non-seasonal breeding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effect of Graded Substitution of Barley Grain with Raisin Waste in Diet Contained Low Quality Forage on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Ram Lamb
M. Ahmadi M. Yari M. HedayatiRaisin waste (RW) is produced during grapevine processing after harvest for raisin production. The aim of current study was to substitute the barley grain with RW in diet containing cereal straw as the only forage source in growing ram lambs feeding. Ground barley was s MoreRaisin waste (RW) is produced during grapevine processing after harvest for raisin production. The aim of current study was to substitute the barley grain with RW in diet containing cereal straw as the only forage source in growing ram lambs feeding. Ground barley was substituted with RW at the rate of 9and 18% of diet (dry matter (DM) basis) in iso-nitrogesnous and iso-energetic diets. Twelve growing ram lames (first body weight of 26±2 kg) used in 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with three experimental periods. At each period of experiment, 6 pens of lambs (each 2 lambs placed in each pen) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (2 pens for each treatment). Raisin waste contained (% DM) 78.4 DM, 5.4 ash, 3.7 crude protein (CP), 10.6 ether extract, 18.5 acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.4 total tannin, 2.2 total phenol and 0.8 non-tannin phenolic. Dietary substitution of ground barley with RW did not influence lamb final body weight (32.9, 32.2 and 32.1 kg respectively for three treatments), average daily gain, feed intake (1060.1, 960.2 and 920.3 g respectively) and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility including DM, organic matter, CP and ADF (P>0.05). Blood glucose, red blood cells and white blood cells count were similar among treatments (P>0.05). Blood urea decreased in lambs fed with diets contained RW (P<0.05). Blood total protein and triglycerides increased mostly at the level of 9% of substitution in lambs (P<0.05) compared with other level of substitution. In conclusion, in diets contained cereal straw as the only forage source, up to 18% of ground barley could be replaced by RW without detrimental effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood measures in growing ram lambs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Estrus Synchronization Methods during the Non-Breeding Season of Ghezel Ewe Lambs
M. Ebrahimi R. Aghamohammadzadeh G. Moghaddam H. Daghigh KiaSynchronization can improve the reproductive performance of ewe lambs during the non-breeding season, though seeking a simple method can be more practical for farmers. Accordingly, the study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of ewe lambs during the non-bree MoreSynchronization can improve the reproductive performance of ewe lambs during the non-breeding season, though seeking a simple method can be more practical for farmers. Accordingly, the study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of ewe lambs during the non-breeding season using different clomiphene citrate (CC) protocols compared with progesterone sponge (PS) + equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) protocol. In this study, 40 Ghezel ewe lambs were divided into four randomly groups: 1) PS + eCG group: PS insertion (day 0-12) + 500 IU eCG injection on day 12; 2) PS + CC group: PS insertion (day 0-12) + oral administration of 100 mg CC/day (day 7-12); 3) CC + eCG group: oral administration of 100 mg CC/day (day 7-12) + 500 IU eCG injection on day 12; 4) CC group: oral administration of 100 mg CC/day (day 7-12). Ram introduction was done for five days. Blood samples were taken on 1, 11, 14, and 40 days, and serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were measured. Pregnancy and lambing rates were also assessed. Results indicated that pregnancy and lambing rates were the highest in PS + eCG group, while the lowest or no performance was observed in CC groups (P<0.05). Based on the overall results of the present study, the best synchronization method during the non-breeding season for ewe lambs was PS + eCG compared with the CC protocols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effects of Freely Accessed Whey on Performance and Metabolism of Growing Murciano-Granadina Goats
M. Yadegar Salehi A. Nikkhah M.H. Khabbazan B. Hajimohammadi Darabi S. Sadeghi B. MoshiriThe objective of the present study was to determine effects of freely accessed whey on feed intake and efficiency, growth performance, and various blood indicators of intermediary metabolism in growing Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Thirty 5-month-old growing goats (16 MoreThe objective of the present study was to determine effects of freely accessed whey on feed intake and efficiency, growth performance, and various blood indicators of intermediary metabolism in growing Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Thirty 5-month-old growing goats (16±1 kg body weight; 15 males and 15 females) were randomly assigned to three treatments (10 goats per each treatment) in a completely randomized design study. The experimental treatments were provisions of 1) only freely accessed water or WA (without whey), 2) only freely accessed whey or WY (without water), and 3) freely accessed whey and water or WW (separately). The experiment lasted for 84 days including 14 days of adaptation and 70 days of sampling and data collection. A same total mixed ration was offered to all goats three times daily at 07:00, 14:00, and 21:00 h. Feed and liquid (whey and water) intakes were recorded daily and body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded biweekly. Blood was sampled at 0900 h on days 37, 60, and 84 for blood metabolites measurements. Data were analyzed by using the Mixed Model Procedures of SAS program. Results showed that BCS, RT, and daily feed and liquid intakes were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). However, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were different among treatments (P<0.05), such that female goats fed WY had lower ADG and higher FCR than other female groups. Blood beta-hydroxy butyric acid concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in goats fed WY than in other goats. Blood insulin and non-esterified fatty acids concentration were lower (P<0.05) in goats on WW than in other goats. Blood total protein, albumin, and urea concentration were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. Findings confirmed that offering water and whey together (WW) had no undesirable impacts on goat growth performance. Thus, based on the results of the present study, freely accessed whey may be offered to growing goats alongside water. Also, male goats can effectively utilize WY (offering only whey without water) without any impacts on growth performance. Offering WY to growing goats increased blood glucose and different lipids and decreased some of the liver enzymes, which possess health and metabolic implications and warrant future investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Effect of Limiting the Time of Feed Access during the Growing Phase on the Performance of Broilers
A. Ranjbar B. Navidshad M.R. Asadi F. Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh A. Kalantari HesariThis study was carried out to investigate the effect of feed restriction during the first week of the grower period on the performance, intestinal morphology, and some blood parameters of broilers. Seventy five one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were used in a completel MoreThis study was carried out to investigate the effect of feed restriction during the first week of the grower period on the performance, intestinal morphology, and some blood parameters of broilers. Seventy five one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, the control group and groups with feed restriction program at the first week of the grower phase for 6 or 12 hours (6HR or 12HR). In the grower phase, the 12HR program reduced feed intake and daily weight gain. The feed conversion ratio during the grower phase decreased by feed restriction. In the finisher phase and whole the experimental period, no difference was observed in the performance traits. Serum cholesterol levels decreased in the 12HR group compared to the HR group. Serum malondialdehyde levels decreased in both groups with dietary restriction compared with the control group. The aspartate transaminase activity was higher in the 12HR group than in the 6HR group. In the duodenum, a significant decrease in the height of the villi was observed due to feed restriction. The lowest crypt depth at the duodenum was also observed in the 12HR group. The ratio of villi height to crypt depth in the duodenum was lower in the 12HR group than in the other two groups. In the jejunum, the highest villi height was recorded in the 12HR, control, and 6hr groups. In the ileum, like in the jejunum, the highest height of villi was observed in the 12HR group, and the difference with the control group was significant. The diameter of villi in the Ileum was also not affected by feed restrictions. The depth of the crypt increased due to feed restriction. The results of this study suggest that 6 hours of dietary restriction in the first week of the grower period did not affect the production traits of broilers and 12 hours of dietary restriction in the mentioned period, although reduced feed intake and growth in the grower period, at the end of rearing period sufficient compensatory growth occurred. On the other hand, it seems that the 12-hour diet restriction in the first week of growth has positive effects on the morphology of the small intestine by increasing the absorption surface and also has a positive effect on the peroxidative state of the body, which needs further research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Mitigating Potential of Three Phytogenic Feed Additives in Broilers Exposed to Dietary Aflatoxin
A.O. Salako J.O. Atteh T.O. Akande I.O. Opowoye T.A. AderibigbeA feeding trial was researched to evaluate the mitigating potential of three phytogenic additives on performance, visceral organs, hematological and some biochemical indices of broilers exposed to dietary aflatoxin. A total number of 192 one-day-old unsexed Abor Acre br MoreA feeding trial was researched to evaluate the mitigating potential of three phytogenic additives on performance, visceral organs, hematological and some biochemical indices of broilers exposed to dietary aflatoxin. A total number of 192 one-day-old unsexed Abor Acre broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 4 factorial design of two levels of aflatoxin (0 and 500 ppb) and three different phytogenic powdered additives (Garlic, Ginger and Turmeric) at 2 g/kg and control diet. Phytogenic additives of ginger and turmeric (T3 and T4) to diet without aflatoxin increased the feed conversion ratio and the cost of raising 1kg of live broiler chicken (P<0.0001). Dietary aflatoxin in broiler chickens reduced the performance and digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber while phytogenic additives intervention improved the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, cost of producing 1kg of broilers, digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber (P<0.0001). The inclusion of aflatoxin affected the values of liver, kidney, proventriculus, bursa of fabricius, intestine, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), platelet, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Inclusion of phytogenic additives (garlic, ginger and turmeric) at 2 g/kg to the diet with aflatoxin improved the values of the parameters. The study concluded that aflatoxin in diets induced detrimental effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematological and serum biochemical indices and there was a mitigating effect of the phytogenic additives in case of aflatoxicosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Lack of Association of Ascites Incidence with Growth Characteristics in a Commercial Chicken Strain
M. Karami J. Fayazi K. Hasanpur A. Javanmard H. VarnaseriAscites syndrome, as one of the most commonmetabolic disordersin fast growing broiler chickens, has received considerable critical attention. Understanding the complexity and key factors in occurrence of ascites is vitally important for control of economic losses. Speci MoreAscites syndrome, as one of the most commonmetabolic disordersin fast growing broiler chickens, has received considerable critical attention. Understanding the complexity and key factors in occurrence of ascites is vitally important for control of economic losses. Specifically, the hypothesis that will be tested is that higher ascites incidence can be observed in fast growing commercial strains. To confirm this hypothesis, the overall goal of this report was to pursue and compare growth measurements between two groups of birds: a healthy (control) group reared under standard breeding conditions and an ascitessyndromegroup reared under ascites inducing conditions. Two populations of broilers were used and differences between male and female broilers were recorded. For this purpose, growth characteristics data were collected from seven body weights between the ages of one and 42 days and nine growth rate parameters were studied in two populations that originated from 47 and 71 paternal half-sib families of meat-type sire chicken line. Statistical analyses for association study and estimating the heritability for particular traits were performed according to appropriate models using SAS, WOMBAT and Thrgibbs1F90 software. Our results showed no statistically significant difference in body weight and growth rate traits between healthy and ascitic broilers (P>0.05). Moreover, the results demonstrated moderate to high heritability (0.19 to 0.62) for ascites indicator traits (AITs). This finding highlights that selection for AITs may genetically improve resistance to ascites in this investigated chicken line. A further novel finding is that there were no consistent direct genetic correlations between AITs and growth traits (GTs). This evidence provides the opportunity to grow birds to heavier live bodyweight because high growth rate and body weight are not the main cause of susceptibilityto ascitessyndrome. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Association between Ovoinhibitor (OIH) Gene Polymorphism and Egg Quality Traits in Golden Kamper Hybrid Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
D. Retnosari B.S. DaryonoThe ovoinhibitor (OIH) has been identified in all egg compartments including egg white, egg yolk, and eggshell. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between OIH gene polymorphism and egg quality in the Golden Kamper Hybrid chickens. The chickens us MoreThe ovoinhibitor (OIH) has been identified in all egg compartments including egg white, egg yolk, and eggshell. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between OIH gene polymorphism and egg quality in the Golden Kamper Hybrid chickens. The chickens used in this study were BC Golden Kamper and F4 Golden Kamper. Chickens were maintained in the individual cage to observe egg quality. Chicken blood samples were taken for DNA isolation by Chelex 5% method followed by OIH gene amplification and polymorphism detection with sanger sequencing. Significant differences in egg quality were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The relationship between genotype and haplotype with egg quality was analyzed using Pearson correlation. Average egg weight, egg length, shell weight, and shell thickness of BC Golden Kamper were 47.06 ± 2.91 g, 5.13 ± 0.3 mm, 4.58 ± 0.52 g, 0.30 ± 0.03 mm and F4 Golden Kamper was 47.42 ± 3.74 g, 5.16 ± 0.2 mm, 5.18 ± 0.33 g and 0.315 ± 00 mm. The mean albumen height, haugh unit, and yolk color of BC Golden Kamper was 5.4 ± 1.14 mm, 85.86 ± 8.71, 8.80 ± 0.45 and F4 Golden Kamper was 6.13 ± 0.33 mm, 79.42 ± 2.21, 8.00 ± 0. There was a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) G4363T in the OIH gene intron 7. Genotype (GG and TT) and haplotype (H1 and H2) were significantly negatively correlated with albumen weight (P<0.05), shell weight (P<0.05), and shell thickness (P<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Effects of Restaurant Residuals in the Diet on General Performance, Egg Characteristics, Blood Parameters and Intestinal Morphology of Japanese Quails
Y. Karimi A.A. Saki H. Jahanian Najafabadi P. Zamani M. HoushyarThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of restaurant residuals (RR) on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, eggs characteristics and performance of layers Japanese quails. This experiment included 300 layers Japanese quails (age 10-1 MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of restaurant residuals (RR) on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, eggs characteristics and performance of layers Japanese quails. This experiment included 300 layers Japanese quails (age 10-18 weeks) arranged in 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 15 quails in each in a completely randomized design. The treatments consist of control diet (corn-soybean meal) and supplementation of control diet by 5, 10, 15 and 20% RR, respectively. Feed intake was significantly higher by 5% RR than 20% RR treatment (P<0.05). Egg weight was increased by receiving 20% RR compared with control group (P<0.05). Also, yolk weight of treatments containing 10, 15 and 20% of the RR were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). The serum cholesterol concentration of control group was significantly higher than 5, 10 and 15% RR-fed groups (P<0.05). However, quail egg yolk cholesterol increased significantly by treatments 15 and 20% RR. At the end of the experiment, intestinal contents viscosity was significantly higher by 10 and 15% RR group than control. Based on this study, RR could be replaced by some parts of the quail diet without adverse effects on egg quantity and quality with reducing effect on the diet cost. Manuscript profile
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