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Open Access Article
1 - Recent Nutritional Advances to Mitigate Methane Emission in Cattle: A Review
A. Hadipour ا. محیط H. Darmani Kuhi F. HashemzadehClimate change and preventative regulations on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have forced countries to focus on reducing the emission of GHG by the causative factors. The rapid increase in the world population, the culture of urbanization and enhanced income of human so MoreClimate change and preventative regulations on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have forced countries to focus on reducing the emission of GHG by the causative factors. The rapid increase in the world population, the culture of urbanization and enhanced income of human societies over the past few decades have raised concerns about more effective and sustainable ways of the food supply with minimum adverse effects on the environment. The livestock sector is very important in terms of meat, milk, and eggs, that all of them are important and high-quality constituents of human nutrition. Despite the value of these products, livestock and poultry have not ever been without a detrimental effect on the environment, and the challenge for researchers and scientists in this field has tried to minimize these adverse effects. GHGs such as CH4, CO2 and N2O, and nitrogen and phosphorus disposal are some of them, which affect both the livestock and poultry sector. About 14.5% of total global anthropogenic GHG per year has been attributed to the domestic animal production sector, which is equal to 7.1 gigatonnes of the annual CO2 equivalent (CO2equ) of GHG. Approximately, 44%, 29% and 27% of the sector’s emissions are CH4, N2O, and CO2, respectively. Methane production and N2O emission in ruminants are not only effective on the environment but also on animal performance, so the use of multipurpose strategies to reduce the emission of these compounds can improve livestock performance in addition to positive environmental impacts. Since more than 54% of the annual production of CO2equ has been accounted for beef cattle, using different mitigation strategies in this section is more essential. The present review aimed to summarize the current knowledge and findings of the influencing factors on GHG emissions from beef cattle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Effects of Dietary Saponins on Ruminal Methane Production and Fermentation Parameters in Sheep: A Meta Analysis
B. Darabighane A. Mahdavi F. Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh B. Navidshad M.H. Yousefi M.R.F. LeeRuminants production systems are facing a critical period within global agriculture due to their unique digestive system which, whilst allowing them to utilize low-quality fiber-rich feed, produces the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a by-product. It has been pro MoreRuminants production systems are facing a critical period within global agriculture due to their unique digestive system which, whilst allowing them to utilize low-quality fiber-rich feed, produces the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a by-product. It has been proposed that saponin-rich plants can be used to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminant livestock, although the reported results are variable in terms of efficacy. Here we use meta-analytical methods to investigate the literature to determine if saponins can contribute to reducing CH4 production and its further effects on other rumen fermentation parameters in sheep. Following defined search terms available papers on the subject were collected for the period 1990 to 2019 and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, an analysis was conducted on CH4 production, CH4 per dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio based on a comparison between a saponin supplemented group and a control group. The standardized effect size (Hedges’ g) was calculated at the confidence interval of 95%. Q-test and I2 statistic were used to determine heterogeneity and publication bias was identified through the Egger test. The meta-analysis determined that using saponin sources tended to decrease CH4 production (P=0.062) and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P=0.057), with a reduction in CH4/DMI (P=0.001) and an increase in propionate concentration (P=0.011). No significant difference was observed in ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, and butyrate concentration. The I2statistic for the parameters analyzed here was below 50% for heterogeneity with the Egger test results indicating a publication bias for CH4 production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Determination of in vitro Gas Production Kinetics by Adding Leucaena leucecophala and Corn Oil to the Ration in Different Ratios
C.T. Noviandi K. Kustaantinah A. Irawan B.P. Widyobroto A. AstutiThis study was aimed to determine in vitro gas production kinetics and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of ration added by Leucaena leucecophala and corn oil (CO) at various ratios. Four levels of Leucaena leucecophala (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, DM basis) and three lev MoreThis study was aimed to determine in vitro gas production kinetics and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of ration added by Leucaena leucecophala and corn oil (CO) at various ratios. Four levels of Leucaena leucecophala (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, DM basis) and three levels of corn oil (0%, 1%, and 2% of substrate) were arranged in a 4 × 3 factorial design. Hohenheim in vitro gas production procedure was employed to determine gas production kinetics, IVOMD, and partitioning factor (PF) value of the experiment. Supplementation of leucaena at 25% (L25) increased IVOMD (%), potential degradation fraction, cumulative gas production (GP) (mL), and metabolizable energy (ME) value (MJ/kg DM) of the ration (p <0.01). There was no effect on in vitro gas production kinetics when leucaena was given at higher levels in comparison with L25 (P>0.05). Besides, corn oil supplementation to the substrate did not negatively affect IVOMD and gas production kinetics. Instead, 2% of corn oil supplementation increased GP (p <0.05). Indicator for microbial efficiency as measured with PF value increased with leucaena and CO supplementation (p <0.05). The results indicated that incorporation of 25% leucaena and 2% of corn oil in the ration improved in vitro organic matter digestibility and gas production kinetics while a higher rate of supplementation did not give significant contribution in term of gas production on in vitro rumen fermentation system. Further study in chemical and biological treatment of leucaena or tannins sources and corn oil is needed to investigate specific mechanisms in modulating rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Probiotics Improve Productive Performance and Carcass Ultrasonographic Quality of Steers under Grazing during Dry-Water Transition Season
N.F. Neves C.A. Pedrini E.R. Oliveira O.F.C. Marques J.T. Silva R.A.S. Becker W.S. Gouvea A.R.M. Fernandes J.R. GandraThe aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic effect on productive performance and carcass ultrasonographic quality of cross-bred steers. Ninety-four cross-breed steers with initial BW of 208.53 ± 23.56 kg were used, and distributed in a completely randomiz MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic effect on productive performance and carcass ultrasonographic quality of cross-bred steers. Ninety-four cross-breed steers with initial BW of 208.53 ± 23.56 kg were used, and distributed in a completely randomized design composed of 2 nutritional treatments, monensin and probiotic. The animals were weighed every 30 days, evaluated for productive performance and submitted to ultrasound evaluation of the carcass at the end of the experiment to verify development of the longissimus muscle area (LMA), subcutaneous back fat thickness in the longissimus dorsimuscle. The daily weight gain was greater in the group that received probiotics. Feed intake did not differ between groups. The animals that received probiotics obtained LMA and back fat thickness greater than the treatment with monensin. It can be concluded that the probiotic used in this trial provides improvements in the productive performance, helps in the digestibility of the fiber and improves the evaluated carcass characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Influence of Method Supplementation of Yellow Grease on Growth Performance, Dietary Energetics, Carcass Characteristics and Nutrient Digestion of Feedlot Steers
A. Plascencia R.A. ZinnTwo experiments were conducted in order to evaluate two methods of yellow grease (YG) supplementation (5% on a dry matter basis in replaced to the steam-flaked corn in control diet) on cattle growth performance, dietary energetic and site and extent of nutrients digesti MoreTwo experiments were conducted in order to evaluate two methods of yellow grease (YG) supplementation (5% on a dry matter basis in replaced to the steam-flaked corn in control diet) on cattle growth performance, dietary energetic and site and extent of nutrients digestion. Supplemental methods were as follows: 1) YG added directly on grain (YG was first mixed with the steam-flaked corn in the proportion 50 kg YG to 750 kg corn, prior to adding other dietary ingredients), or 2) YG added on ration (added to the mixer as the next to the last step, prior to adding molasses). A group without YG supplementation was included as controls. Growth-performance trial lasted 151 days (72 crossbred cattle, 273±0.8 kg LW). Method of YG supplementation did not affect growth-performance, dietary energetics or carcass characteristics. Addition of 5% YG in diets increased (P≤0.04) feed efficiency (4.7%) and dietary net energy (NE, 5.7%). Based on performance data, the estimated NEm value of YG was 4.38 Mcal/kg. In trial 2, six Holstein steers (313±5.5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design experiment to evaluate treatment effects on digestive function and ruminal fermentation. Yellow grease added directly to the grain decreased (2.6%, p <0.05) postruminal digestion of N without effected the site and extent of digestion of organic matter (OM), starch and fiber. Supplemental YG did not affect ruminal proportion of volatile fatty acids nor ruminal pH, but decreased (P≤0.04) ruminal digestion of OM (10.4%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, 36.7%). Supplemental YG tended (P=0.06) to decreased total tract digestion of OM (1.8%) and ADF (13.9%). It is concluded that there are no positive associative effects of adding YG directly to steam-flaked corn on growth-performance or digestive function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of Replacing Dietary Corn Silage with Hydroponic Barley Green Fodder on Holstein Dairy Cows Performance
H. Fazaeli H.A. Golmohammadi S.N. TabatatbaeiThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inclusion of hydroponic barley green fodder (HBGF) in the diet on the performance of lactating cows. Eight Holstein cows (with daily milk yield of 31.15±2.75 kg and 83.23±12.46 days in milk) were MoreThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inclusion of hydroponic barley green fodder (HBGF) in the diet on the performance of lactating cows. Eight Holstein cows (with daily milk yield of 31.15±2.75 kg and 83.23±12.46 days in milk) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a 4 × 4 latin square design. Control diet (I) consisting of 62% concentrates, 20% alfalfa hay, and 18% maize silage (dry matter (DM) basis), where in diets II, III and IV the maize silage was replaced by 20, 40 and 60% HBGF, DM basis, respectively. The green fodder yield was 869 g per kg planted seed (DM basis), showing a loss of 131 g DM. Dry matter intake was 23.20, 22.98, 22.67 and 22.65 kg/d on diets I, II, II and IV, respectively. The dietary HBGF level did not affect the average daily milk yield (27.38, 27.62, 26.41 and 27.22 kg/d), as well as the fat, protein and milk total solid yield. Feed efficiency (milk yield per kg DM intake) was 1.26, 1.27, 1.28 and 1.31 which did not significantly affected by the treatments. Finally, inclusion of HBGF up to 60% of maize silage portion, equal to 10.5% of total diet (DM basis), did not affect the performance of lactating cows when compared with maize silage. However, the biomass yield (DM basis) of hydroponic barley green fodder per kg seed grain was lower than that of the initial grain which would increase the cost of feeding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Performance of Lactating Sahiwal Cows Fed Corn Stovers Ensiled with Molasses, Urea and Lime Solution
F. Ahmad N.A. Tauqir A. Faraz I. Asghar F. Wadood M.N. Tahir M.N. MujahidTo explore the advantages of feeding corn stover silage treated with molasses, urea and lime solution in lactating Sahiwal cows on milk production 25 lactating cows were divided into 5 groups according to randomized complete block design to test the performance of 5 dif MoreTo explore the advantages of feeding corn stover silage treated with molasses, urea and lime solution in lactating Sahiwal cows on milk production 25 lactating cows were divided into 5 groups according to randomized complete block design to test the performance of 5 different silages: 1) hybrid corn silage (HCS), 2) corn stover silage (CSS), 3) corn stover ensiled with 6% molasses (CSMS), 4) corn stover ensiled with 6% molasses and 0.3% urea (CSMUS) and 5) corn stover ensiled with 4% lime solution (CSCaoS) for 15 days. Sahiwal cows were kept in separate sheds for individual feeding. Sahiwal cows fed hybrid corn silage were served as control. All the silages were offered at ad libitum intake. Dairy ration containing 17.5% crude protein and 74% total digestible nutrients was also offered at the rate of half of milk produced. Animals were weighed at beginning of experiment and fortnightly thereafter. A 5 days digestion experiment was performed through complete assortment of excreta (urine and feces) at last week of investigation. Blood was also collected for the analysis of blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose. Intake of dry matter (DM) was significantly better in Saiwal cows reared on hybrid corn silage (HCS; control) followed by those fed CSS, CSMS, CSMUS and significantly lower in those fed CSCaoS. Intake of DM was similar in cows reared on CSS, CSMS, CSMUS. Milk production of animals reared on HCS was apparently higher than those reared on other treatments. Cows reared on CSS had lower milk production while those reared on CSMUS produced higher milk fat as compared to other treatments. Although the effect was negligible but plasma glucose and urea were observed within the locus interval for all treatments. Cows reared on HCS had higher dry matter (DM) and crude fibre (CF) digestibilities while it was lower in those fed CSCaoS. Nutrient digestibility was similar in CSS, CSMS and CSMUS. It was concluded that corn stover silage with molasses or molasses plus urea can replace the corn silage successfully for sustainable performance of lactating Sahiewal cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Estimating Heritabilities and Breeding Values for Real and Predicted Milk Production in Holstein Dairy Cows with Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Linear Regression Models
M. Nosrati S.H. Hafezian M. GholizadehThe success of a dairy herd depends on milk production. Prediction of future records can reduce recording time, accelerate the computation of genetic evaluations, decrease generation interval, and increase genetic progress. Multiple linear regression (MLR) is the most c MoreThe success of a dairy herd depends on milk production. Prediction of future records can reduce recording time, accelerate the computation of genetic evaluations, decrease generation interval, and increase genetic progress. Multiple linear regression (MLR) is the most common prediction method. However, artificial neural networks (ANN) can handle complex linear and non-linear functions to solve a wide range of prediction problems. In this study, MLR and ANN models were applied to the prediction of 305-day milk production in the first and second lactations of dairy cows using variables related to milk production, test-day records and estimated breeding values (EBVs). The 305-day first lactation records were also used to predict 305-day second lactation records. ANN and MLR predictions were compared in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Dairy records from 7856 dairy cows in two herds were used in this research. The best ANN model was a multilayer perceptron with a back-propagation learning algorithm. Results showed that ANN and MLR predicted values were acceptable. However, ANN prediction accuracies for 305-day milk production in the first and second lactations were higher than those of MLR. Correlation coefficients between real and predicted 305-day milk production records in the first and second lactations ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 for ANN and from 0.66 to 0.89 for MLR. Adding test-day records and EBVs for 305-day milk production in the first lactation to the set of independent variables used to predict 305-day milk production in the second lactation increased more the prediction efficiency of ANN than MLR. Thus, ANN could be used to decrease the interval between collecting records and computing animal breeding values. In addition, real data and ANN-predicted data from the first lactation were used to compute EBVs. The correlation between EBVs with real and predicted data was 0.93. Results suggested that ANN could be useful for predicting complex traits using high dimensional genomic information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Genetic Predisposition to Abortions Is Increasing in Iranian Holstein Cows
S. Nadri P. Zamani A. Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi R. Abdoli A. Ghazi Khani ShadAbortion is an important trait with noticeable impacts on economic profit of dairy herds. This study was conducted to estimate variance components and genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends for abortions in Iranian Holstein Friesian cows. The data used were 247230 MoreAbortion is an important trait with noticeable impacts on economic profit of dairy herds. This study was conducted to estimate variance components and genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends for abortions in Iranian Holstein Friesian cows. The data used were 247230 calving and abortion records of 84421 Holstein cows, collected during years 1991-2016, from 51 herds in Iran. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using a logit link function, fitting an animal mixed model by ASReml software. In this model, parity and milk yield were fixed, while direct additive genetic, herd-year-season and permanent environment effects were considered as random factors. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends were estimated as weighted regression coefficients of breeding values, phenotypic values and environmental deviations averages on birth year, respectively and the number of observations was considered as the weighting factor. Generally, abortion risk in the first parity was lower than the later parities and in autumn was lower than the other seasons. Abortion risk also increased by increase in milk yield level. Heritability and repeatability estimates for abortion were both 0.165 ± 0.010. A significant positive genetic trend (0.038 rate/year) and a significant negative environmental trend (-0.033 rate/year) were estimated for abortion, which indicated significant increase of genetic predisposition to abortions and improvement of environmental conditions to prevent abortion incidence. A significant positive phenotypic trend (0.002 rate/year) was also estimated, which showed overall increase of abortion rate during the studied years. Overall, it could be concluded that genetic predisposition to abortion is increasing in Iranian Holstein cows, but inclusion of abortion risk in bull proofs and selection indices may help to reduce abortion incidence and increase economic profit of dairy cattle industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Genotyping of Lactoferrin and CXCR1 Genes in Guilan Native Cows and Its Association with Milk Somatic Cell Score
S.H. Hosseini Moghaddam M. Ayatollahi O. Ahadzadeh S.Z. Mirhoseini R. Khataminejad H. AlaeiLactoferrin and CXCR1 genes are involved in immune responses related to mastitis infection. In this study, the polymorphism and association of lactoferrin (LF) and CXCR1 genes with milk somatic cell counts, as an indicator for mastitis detection, were investigated in Gu MoreLactoferrin and CXCR1 genes are involved in immune responses related to mastitis infection. In this study, the polymorphism and association of lactoferrin (LF) and CXCR1 genes with milk somatic cell counts, as an indicator for mastitis detection, were investigated in Guilan native cow (Taleshi breed) using DNA blood samples of 100 cows from three different geographical zones (west, center, and east of Guilan province). The LF gene with a 301 bp fragment and CXCR1 with a fragment of 311 bp were amplified through PCR by using their specific primers. Then LF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product was digested by EcoRI enzyme due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the related position (T>C) in intron 6 of LF and CXCR1 PCR product by BaeGI enzyme due to G > C SNP at position +735. Two alleles and three genotypes were observed for both genes in the studied populations. The observed genotypic frequencies of AA, AB, and BB were 52, 39, and 9% for LF and 67, 12, and 20% for CXCR1 locus, respectively. Three genotypes of LF locus were under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P˃0.05) but it was not for CXCR1 locus. The mean of somatic cell counts was 138 × 103/mL, much lower than the reported data of pure-bred and crossbred cattle. Although there was no significant association (p <0.05%) between LF genotypes and somatic cell score (SCS), there was a tendency for association (p <0.1). The CXCR1c.+735 genotype had a significant association (p <0.05) with SCS. Sampling from different regions did not show a significant effect on SCS. The fix effects including lactation month, age, and lactation number had also no significant effect on SCS of the studied native cow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Characteristics of Canary Hair Sheep (Pelibuey) Lamb’s Carcass Fed with Banana (Musa acuminate) By-products
S. Ahmed-Salek J.R. Jaber V. Navarro C. Gutiérrez M.R. VenturaThe use of alternative feeds for animal nutrition has widely been recommended in the last years. Banana (Musa acuminate) is a predominant culture in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world with an estimated world production of 116 million tons. Banana by-prod MoreThe use of alternative feeds for animal nutrition has widely been recommended in the last years. Banana (Musa acuminate) is a predominant culture in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world with an estimated world production of 116 million tons. Banana by-products could be used as alternative feeds for ruminant nutrition. The present study assessed the effects of replacing ryegrass hay with banana by-products on carcass characteristic and composition in Canary hair sheep lambs. The animals (N=22, weighted 14.8±0.5 kg body weight (BW)) were divided into 2 groups receiving a mixture of fresh banana by-products and commercial ryegrass hay, respectively. A commercial concentrate feed was also added to both groups. After a 58-day trial, 14 animals (n=14) were slaughter at weights of 25.0 ± 0.6 kg BW. Carcass weight, dressing weight, composition and tissue weight were not significantly different for both groups, except for the weights of the empty digestive tracts (P=0.001) and livers (P=0.002). The results confirm that banana by-products could be used as alternative forage source for Canary hair sheep lambs raised in subtropical conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin and Probiotic on Performance and Health Status of Ghezel Lambs in Preweaning Phase
M. Mallaki ع. حسینخانی A. Taghizadeh G. Hamidian H. PayaDue to concern about antibacterial substances in animal nutrition; bioactive components such as lactoferrin and probiotic with health effects, can be used in some species that are more sensitive to pathogens. Thirty six suckling male Ghezel lambs in a completely randomi MoreDue to concern about antibacterial substances in animal nutrition; bioactive components such as lactoferrin and probiotic with health effects, can be used in some species that are more sensitive to pathogens. Thirty six suckling male Ghezel lambs in a completely randomized design employing a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement were used to study the effects of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) and probiotic on performance, blood and immune system parameters in the pre-weaning phase. Experimental treatments were as follow: 1) control (without BLF and probiotic), 2) 1 g/d probiotic, 3) 0.25 g/d BLF, 4) 0.25 g/d BLF and 1 g/d probiotic, 5) 0.5 g/d BLF, 6) 0.5 g/d BLF and 1 g/d probiotic. Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) were significantly affected by the treatments (p <0.05). Diet supplementation with BLF plus probiotic improved performance parameters more than diets without probiotics; however there is no difference between BLF levels. No significant differences was found among health status indices except medicated days (p <0.05). Moreover, no differences were observed in erythrocyte, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Conversly hemoglobin, white blood cells (WBC), segmented neutrophil and lymphocyte percentag were significantly affected by the treatments (p <0.05). Additionally experimental treatments significantly changed plasma concentrations of Fe, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose (p <0.05). According to results of present experiment, it seems that BLF plus probiotic can have synergisc effect on performance and heath status of Ghezel lamb breed in preweaning phase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effects of Nutritional Systems on Early Weaned Lambs
M.S. Simeonov D.L. HarmonThe aim of this study was monitor the effect of inducement baits and to test four nutrition systems after early weaning lambs of Blackhead Pleven sheep breed. The experiment was conducted with 80 early weaned lambs. The study shown that during partial deprivation of mil MoreThe aim of this study was monitor the effect of inducement baits and to test four nutrition systems after early weaning lambs of Blackhead Pleven sheep breed. The experiment was conducted with 80 early weaned lambs. The study shown that during partial deprivation of milk (from 14 days of age), lambs intake more feed when an inducement is placed baits. In both groups, on the last day before weaning, the lambs intake over 100 g of concentrated feed, which proved sufficient and allowed the animals to be weaned at 19 days of age. Growth of animals after weaning is higher at fed on pelleted protein concentrate and barley grain (p <0.01). This is indicative of the fact that age and body weight do not influence the growth of early weaned lambs, but the kind of forages used. Studies shown that the early weaning of lambs at an average body weight of 8.80 and an age of 19.4 days kg allowed an additional 41.8 kg of milk per sheep to reach 15 -16 kg body weight of lambs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Relationship of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Phenotypic Expression of Residual Feed Intake in Fat-Tailed Lambs
H. Rajaei-Sharifabadi A.A. Naserian M.R. Nassiry W. BottjeResidual feed intake (RFI) is a popular measure of feed efficiency in livestock animals. The functionality of mitochondrial metabolism has been shown to be associated with variation in feed efficiency. In this study, mitochondrial biogenesis was determined by measuring MoreResidual feed intake (RFI) is a popular measure of feed efficiency in livestock animals. The functionality of mitochondrial metabolism has been shown to be associated with variation in feed efficiency. In this study, mitochondrial biogenesis was determined by measuring the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in skeletal muscle of two groups of fat-tailed lambs divergently ranked on phenotypic expression of RFI (high- and low-RFI). A quantitative real-time PCR was performed to determine the relative mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) and NAD+-depended deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1), as two major genes involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. The level of mtDNA in skeletal muscle of low-RFI lambs was higher than those ranked as high-RFI. Higher mRNA level of PGC-1α was also detected in low-RFI lambs in compared with the high-RFI group. However, no significant difference was observed between the RFI groups for mRNA expression of SIRT1. The results showed a negative relationship between phenotypic expression of RFI with mitochondrial biogenesis and PGC-1α mRNA level in skeletal muscle of fat-tailed lambs. Overally, our results suggest that the increased mitochondrial dynamics has a potential to regulates bioenergetic efficiency and energy expenditure in low-RFI lambs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Performance and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Diet Containing Incremental Sodium Humate
T.T. Ikyume A.O. Yusuf A.O. Oni O.S. Sowande S. Ikuejamoye-Omotore S.S. DansuProblems relating to reduced performance owing to mineral deficiencies in grazing animals and oxidative stress occasioned by changing weather condition can be addressed through strategic mineral supplementation and improving antioxidant capacity of the animals. A 97-day MoreProblems relating to reduced performance owing to mineral deficiencies in grazing animals and oxidative stress occasioned by changing weather condition can be addressed through strategic mineral supplementation and improving antioxidant capacity of the animals. A 97-day trial was designed to assess the performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed diets with incremental levels of sodium humate. Thirty (30) WAD bucks of ages between 10-15 months were used for this study. The bucks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 g/kg diet of sodium humate laid out as completely randomized design. Data on weight changes, dry matter concentrate intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), nutrient digestibility and rate of mineral absorption were obtained and statistically analysed using the generalized linear model (GLM) of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 23). Results revealed that sodium humate supplementation improved (p <0.05) weight gain, FCR, mineral (Zn, Cu, Mn and Na) absorption and nutrient (dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ash, ether extracts (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF)) digestibility. Supplementation of sodium humate decreased concentrate intake (p <0.05). After 30 days of sodium humate supplementation, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased (p <0.05) at higher levels, glutathione peroxidase also increased up to the level of 7.5 g/kg diet sodium humate and then decreased in subsequent levels, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) observed to decrease (p <0.05). However, at 90 days of sodium humate supplementation, MDA, nitric oxide (NO) and bilirubin decreased (p <0.05) while albumin and uric acid increased (p <0.05).Conclusively, up to 12.5 g/kg diet supplementation of sodium humate sufficiently enhanced performance of WAD goats while also improving their antioxidant capacity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effects of Zinc Nanoparticles on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Immunity, and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens
M. Eskandani ح. جانمحمدی S.A. Mirghelenj M. Ebrahimi S. KalanakyZinc (Zn) supplementation of food can be used in broilers to overcome Zn deficiencies in human and also to improve the growth rate and immune system of birds. Due to the lack of information about the impact of Zn nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) on meat quality, this study was co MoreZinc (Zn) supplementation of food can be used in broilers to overcome Zn deficiencies in human and also to improve the growth rate and immune system of birds. Due to the lack of information about the impact of Zn nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) on meat quality, this study was conducted to evaluate the differences between dietary Zn-NPs and other Zn sources on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, humoral immunity, meat quality, meat Zn content, as well as fresh and frozen meat oxidative values. Day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308, n=240) were randomly divided into six dietary treatments with four replicates, based on a completely randomized design (d 1-42). Dietary treatments composed of different Zn sources supplemented per kg of basal diet (30 mg/kg Zn) included: control (70 mg from ZnSO4), 70ZAAC (70 mg from Zn amino acid complex), 30BZMO (30 mg Zn from Zn-NPs), 50BZMO (50 mg Zn from Zn-NPs), 70BZMO (70 mg Zn from Zn-NPs), and 90BZMO (90 mg Zn from Zn-NPs). Results showed a higher amount of IgM in chickens fed with Zn-NPs and 70ZAAC, though no effect was found on performance, carcass characteristics, and also the relative weight of lymphatic organs. Breast meat shear force, redness and lightness indexes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and Zn content were significantly affected by experimental diets, though no effect of treatments was observed on MDA and Zn content of thigh muscle. Lower pH value of breast meat was found in chickens fed with Zn-NPs and 70ZAAC. The present results showed that 30BZMO, as a recommended Zn-NPs treatment, supported growth performance, improved humoral immunity, Zn content of breast meat, and meat quality, while decreasing MDA content of breast meat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Comparative Effects of Dietary Saponin and Probiotic Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Traits and Intestinal Histomorphology of Broilers Challenged with Eimeria tenella
I.M.I. Youssef A.H. Abdel-Razik S.M. Aboelhadid W.M. Arafa S.A. Shany A.S.A. Abdel-DaimThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of saponin and probiotic on performance, carcass traits and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. A total of 255 chicks w MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of saponin and probiotic on performance, carcass traits and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. A total of 255 chicks were divided into five groups, each with three replicates. Two groups, one infected with sporulated oocysts of E. tenella and the other not, were given basal diets without any anticoccidials and served as controls. The other three groups also infected with E. tenella were provided diets supplemented with anticoccidial salinomycin, saponin and probiotic. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Supplementation of salinomycin, saponin and probiotic resulted in body weight gains and feed conversion rates not differing from the non infected group, but higher than the infected control. Bloody diarrhea and oocysts excretion in saponin and salinomycin groups were similar, and lower than the infected control. The lesion score was reduced significantly in salinomycin and saponin, and numerically in probiotic compared to the infected control. The survival rate was the highest in salinomycin, followed by non-infected control, saponin, probiotic, and then the infected control. Propiotic and saponin supplementation increased the villus height of small intestine. The findings of intestinal histopathology were confirmative and accord with macroscopic lesion score. There was no effect of dietary treatments on carcass traits of broilers. These results indicate that saponin exerted an anticoccidial effect against E. tenella, which was, however, lower than that exhibited by salinomycin. The probiotic had a minimal effect against E. tenella, but it had the ability to stimulate the performance recovery of infected birds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assessment of Lipid Metabolism in Broilers against Plant Extract and Probiotic Substance or Their Combined Use
G. Duskaev O. Kvan I. Vershinina S. RakhmatullinIn course of our research, we studied content of chemical elements in body of broiler chickens, lipid content in body and blood serum and change composition of fatty acid of muscles under influence of probiotic(Lactobifadol)and oak bark (Quercus cortex) extract introduc MoreIn course of our research, we studied content of chemical elements in body of broiler chickens, lipid content in body and blood serum and change composition of fatty acid of muscles under influence of probiotic(Lactobifadol)and oak bark (Quercus cortex) extract introduced into the diet, both separately and combined. Studies were carried out in vivarium of Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences on broiler crosses Smena 8 (n=120). For experiment, 7-day broiler chickens were selected, they were divided into 4 groups by method of analogues (n=30). According to experimental design, control group received basal diet (BD), group I - BD + Quercus cortex extract (1 mL/kg live weight), group II - BD + probiotic Lactobifadol (0.3 g/kg), and group III - BD + oak bark extract (2.5 mL/kg body weight) + Lactobifadol (0.3 g/kg of live weight). Thus, combined introduction of oak bark extract and Lactobifadol into diet of studied birds led to decrease content of dry matter by 13.5% relative to control. Oak bark extract contributed to increase in protein content by 7.3% (P≤0.05), relative to control. Level of fat decreased by 27.9% (P≤0.05) in comparison to control after the combined use of the extract and the probiotic. After the use of oak bark extract, chemical composition parameters significantly exceeded dry matter content of the control group by 10.8% (P≤0.05) and fat by 45.7% (P≤0.05), the protein level decreased by 2.4 % (P≤0.05), relative to the control. The combined introduction of oak bark extract and Lactobifadol into the diet of the studied birds contributed to a significant decrease in cholesterol on the 42nd day by 20.3% (P≤0.05), relative to the control. The level of triglycerides in the III experimental group also significantly decreased on the 21st day by 22.4% (P≤0.05), relative to the control group. Thus, we have shown that the use of oak bark extract in the diet of broiler chickens, both separately and together with the introduction of Lactobifadolprobiotic, had a positive effect on blood serum lipid content of broilers and a decrease fat content in the carcass of broiler chickens. It was the most pronounced after the combined use of extract and probiotic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Performance, Egg Characteristics, Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profiles of Laying Hens Fed Varying Levels of Cerium Chloride and Oxide
O.J. OlarotimiThe effects of feeding varying levels of cerium chloride and oxide on the performance, egg qualities, hematological and serum biochemical parameters of 240 laying hens at 24 weeks of age were studied. The cerium chloride (CeCl) and cerium oxide (CeO) experimental diets MoreThe effects of feeding varying levels of cerium chloride and oxide on the performance, egg qualities, hematological and serum biochemical parameters of 240 laying hens at 24 weeks of age were studied. The cerium chloride (CeCl) and cerium oxide (CeO) experimental diets wereallotted to 120 pullets each, randomly divided into 4 treatments (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg diet each of CeCl and CeO) with each treatment replicated 5 times, respectively, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted for a period of sixteen weeks. It was observed that CeCl and CeO significantly (p <0.05) enhanced the various performances of the laying hens. The inclusion levels of the cerium sources significantly (p <0.05) improved most of the external and internal egg quality parameters studied with the best results recorded among the pullets fed CeCl and CeO at 150 mg/kg diet. The hematological and most of the serum biochemical indices of the pullets fed the experimental diets were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. However, significant (p <0.05) increase in both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were observed when the inclusion level of the cerium sources was elevated to 150 mg/kg diet. Hence, the use of cerium chloride and oxide as feed additives in place of antibiotics would be a welcome development if the inclusion level does not exceed the tolerable limit of 100 mg/kg diet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Expression of Suppression of Mite Reproduction in Drone Brood Cells of Honey Bees of Different Genotypic Groups in East Azarbaijan Province of Iran
M. Elmi S.A. Rafat S. Alijani G. Tahmasbi A. JavanmardVarroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of the honey bee and is a primary cause of colony loss of apiculture in the world. The aim of this study was to determine infestation levels and the suppression of mite reproduction in drone brood cells of independent colonies. MoreVarroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of the honey bee and is a primary cause of colony loss of apiculture in the world. The aim of this study was to determine infestation levels and the suppression of mite reproduction in drone brood cells of independent colonies. A number of East Azarbaijan native honey bee colonies were isolated for three years without treating against varroa. Then, seven genotypic groups were prepared with three colonies in each group: native survivors, F1 generation of Carniolan colonies, H1 generation of survivor × commercial, H1 generation of Carniolan × survivor and commercial native colonies originated from three different regions of Maragheh, Bostan-Abad, and Varzeghan in the East Azarbaijan province. A total of 3268 fifteen to eighteen-days old drone pupae from twenty-one colonies were assessed for infestation and suppression of mite reproduction. The mean of drone pupae infestation percentage, reproducing mite percentage, mites reproducing more than three offsprings percentage, and fecundity number were found to be 45.20%, 76.13%, 40.69%, and 2.215, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the four studied traits between the understudy groups. The survivor group had the lowest mite infestation level and fertility (14.2% and 68.6%, respectively). Native commercials originated from the above three mentioned regions in the East Azarbaijan province had lower fecundity and lower number of mites reproducing more than three offsprings than other groups. Our results suggest that establishing varroa surviving colonies from native colonies can reduce varroa infestation and enhance the levels of suppression of mite reproduction (SMR). Moreover, a significant variation was observed within and between understudy groups in the colonies. Therefore, it can be concluded that selective breeding programs can enhance the levels of SMR. Manuscript profile
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