-
حرية الوصول المقاله
1 - Writing Skill and Categorical Error Analysis: A Study of First Year Undergraduate University Students
Adnan Satariyan Ahmad MohseniAbstract This study identifies and analyses the common errors in writing skill of the first year students of Azad University of South Tehran Branch in relation to their first language (L1), the type of high school they graduated, and their exposure to media and technol أکثرAbstract This study identifies and analyses the common errors in writing skill of the first year students of Azad University of South Tehran Branch in relation to their first language (L1), the type of high school they graduated, and their exposure to media and technology in order to learn English. It also determines the categories in which the errors are committed (content, organisation/discourse, vocabulary, mechanics, or syntax) and whether or not there is a significant difference in the percentage of errors committed and these categories. Participants of this study are 190 first year students that are asked to write an essay. An error analysis model adapted from Brown (2001) and Gayeta (2002) is then used to evaluate the essay writings in terms of content, organisation, vocabulary, mechanics, and syntax or language use. The results of the study show that the students have greater difficulties in organisation, content, and vocabulary and experience less difficulties in mechanics and syntax. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
2 - Developing EFL Learners’ Creativity in Writing Skill Through Dynamic Assessment-based Teaching
Narges Zarinkamar Reza Abdi Mehran DavaribinaThe development of students’ creative potential is one of the objectives of educational programs in TEFL. The ability of TEFL teachers to achieve this objective to shape creative learning environments for their own students’ creative potential depends on the أکثرThe development of students’ creative potential is one of the objectives of educational programs in TEFL. The ability of TEFL teachers to achieve this objective to shape creative learning environments for their own students’ creative potential depends on their training in such a learning environment. This study attempted to investigate the effect of dynamic assessment-inspired teaching on the creativity of the EFL students, going through creative writing. This study tried to notice which model of dynamic assessment best affects creativity. The creative thinking scale in writing (Torrance, 1990) was used by the researchers to score the descriptors of creative thinking subscales. One-hundred EFL adult learners of both gender who aged between 20 to 22 were recruited to take part in the present study at Soure art and Architecture University, and a sequential explanatory mixed-method design was utilized. The control group received no mediation, and the other two classes received sandwich and cake models of dynamic assessment-related mediations, respectively. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 12 students and three main questions were asked. A thematic analysis was done using qualitative MAXQDA Software which showed a positive attitude of the learners toward this. The results have shown that both the sandwich and cake model of dynamic assessment influenced the creativity of the learners in their writing. Besides, the sandwich model was more beneficial than the cake model. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
3 - Exploring Contents of Peer Feedback Dynamics Using Patterns of Pair Interaction: Iranian EFL Learners' Written Discourse in Focus
Ahmadreza Jamshidipour Hamidreza Khalaji Faramarz AzizmalayeriThis study investigated the content of peer feedback dynamics using patterns of pair interaction among Iranian EFL learners in English writing class, making use of Audio Stimulated Recall (ASR) interview and the compositions. This qualitative case study was conducted co أکثرThis study investigated the content of peer feedback dynamics using patterns of pair interaction among Iranian EFL learners in English writing class, making use of Audio Stimulated Recall (ASR) interview and the compositions. This qualitative case study was conducted comprising twelve EFL learners at Poldokhtar University. Three kinds of data, including semi-structured interviews, writing assignments, and the artifacts of peer feedback dynamic using patterns of pair interaction, were analyzed by software NVivo 8.0. The findings revealed that the quality of writing was improved by peer feedback dynamics using patterns of pair interaction; the content of peer feedback dynamics became more detailed and various, and the content of peer feedback dynamics focuses on the six aspects including mechanics, syntax, error correction, pragmatic functions, word choice, and style.Specifically, students perceived the contents of the writing, reinforced their critical thinking ability, and enhanced their social interaction skills. Hence, peer feedback should be implemented in L2 writing. Some implications of the study were discussed. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
4 - Comparing the Effectiveness of Employing Convergent and Divergent Tasks to Improve Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Skill and Reading Comprehension Ability: Does Gender Matter?
Amirnader Elahi Davood Mashhadi Heidar Valeh ValipourTask-based language learning offers learners the rich input they need to study the target language and contributes to developing intrinsic motivation in the classroom (Ellis, 2020). Thus, the present study explored the effect of employing convergent and divergent activi أکثرTask-based language learning offers learners the rich input they need to study the target language and contributes to developing intrinsic motivation in the classroom (Ellis, 2020). Thus, the present study explored the effect of employing convergent and divergent activities to improve male and female learners’ reading comprehension and writing abilities. To fulfill the purpose, a quasi-experimental study was designed and, through a homogeneity test, 32 female and 28 male students at the intermediate level were chosen. Then, they were randomly divided into four experimental groups. They underwent the teaching based on convergent and divergent activities principles. Accordingly, the results of ANCOVA indicated that male learners benefited from divergent activities, whereas convergent activities were significantly beneficial to female learners. More importantly, the result of MANOVA depicted that there was a statistical difference across gender. A follow-up Scheffe’s post-hoc test was also conducted to locate the exact areas of differences. Results showed that female learners in convergent groups obtained the highest mean scores for writing and reading posttests. Finally, pedagogical implications suggested that EFL practitioners should address the gender differences in learning style preferences to design effective input-based and output-based tasks to encourage the learners to participate in an active learning environment. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
5 - تأثیر ارزشیابی توصیفی بر مهارتهای خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان پایه چهارم ابتدایی
کاوس قبادی چهارراه گشین حجت ا.. فانی ویدا فلاحیپژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر ارزشیابی توصیفی بر مهارتهای خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان پایه چهارم ابتدایی روستاهای شهرستان گچساران در سال تحصیلی 1391 ـ 1390 اجرا شد. روش پژوهش شبه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون ـ پس آزمون بوده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش همه دانشآموزان پایه چها أکثرپژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر ارزشیابی توصیفی بر مهارتهای خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان پایه چهارم ابتدایی روستاهای شهرستان گچساران در سال تحصیلی 1391 ـ 1390 اجرا شد. روش پژوهش شبه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون ـ پس آزمون بوده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش همه دانشآموزان پایه چهارم ابتدایی روستاهای شهرستان گچساران در سال تحصیلی 91 ـ 90 را در بر میگیرد و حجم نمونه 80 نفر از دانشآموزان روستاهای این شهرستان است. از کلاسهای موجود 4 کلاس انتخاب شدند. سپس به طور تصادفی 2 کلاس از مدارسی که طرح ارزشیابی توصیفی در آنها اجرا میشد، برای طرح آزمایشی (طرح توصیفی) و 2 کلاس از مدارسی که هنوز در آنها طرح سنتی ارزشیابی اجرا میشد، برای طرح گواه (طرح ارزشیابی سنتی) انتخاب شدند. معلمان کلاسهایی که به عنوان گروه آزمایشی انتخاب شدند، به طور ویژه توسط پژوهشگر برای اجرای صحیح طرح آموزش دیده و به ترتیب توسط پژوهگشر مورد نظارت و راهنمایی لازم قرار میگرفتند. برای سنجش مهارت خواندن دانشآموزان مورد پژوهش آزمون تشخیص سطح خواندن اصفهان که توسط دکتر محمدرضا عابدی و مرضیه عزیزیان تهیه و هنجاریابی شده، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و برای سنجش مهارت نوشتن دانشآموزان از آزمون نوشتاری محقق ساخته استفاده شد که روایی صوری آزمون نوشتن، توسط نظر سنجی از معلمان دوره ابتدایی و کارشناسان گروههای آموزشی استان به دست آمد و با انجام اصلاحات، مورد تأیید قرار گفت. ضریب کل بازآزمایی آزمون مهارت خواندن 78/0 و ضریب کل بازآزمایی آزمون مهارت نوشتن73/0به دست آمد. جهت آزمایش فرضیههای تحقیق و بررسی تأثیرات پیش آزمون ـ پیش آزمون، از روش آماری تحلیل کوواریانس استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از تأثیرمعنادار ارزشیابی توصیفی بر دو مهارت خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان بوده است. از نتایج دیگر پژوهش، توانایی بیشتر مهارت خواندن پسران درگروه توصیفی نسبت به گروه سنتی و توانایی بیشتر مهارت نوشتن دختران گروه توصیفی نسبت به گروه سنتی بوده است. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
6 - شناسایی چالشها و راهکارهای بهبود طرح سوادآموزی خواندن با خانواده: مطالعۀ موردی استان هرمزگان
مختار ذاکری محمود صباحی زادهیکی از مسائلی که در جامعۀ ما بهویژه در بین سوادآموزان نهضت سوادآموزی وجود دارد، نبود فرهنگ مطالعه و کتابخوانی است. هدف اصلی پژوهش، بررسی طرح نهضت سوادآموزی خواندن با خانواده بهعنوان یکی از بخشهای اصلی برنامه درسی نهضت سوادآموزی در استان هرمزگان بود. در این پژوهش، رو أکثریکی از مسائلی که در جامعۀ ما بهویژه در بین سوادآموزان نهضت سوادآموزی وجود دارد، نبود فرهنگ مطالعه و کتابخوانی است. هدف اصلی پژوهش، بررسی طرح نهضت سوادآموزی خواندن با خانواده بهعنوان یکی از بخشهای اصلی برنامه درسی نهضت سوادآموزی در استان هرمزگان بود. در این پژوهش، روش تحقیق کیفی از نوع تحلیل استقرایی با نظام کدگذاری دادهها استفاده شد. جامعۀ آماری پژوهشی شامل کارشناسان، آموزشگران و سوادآموزان نهضت سوادآموزی استان هرمزگان و نمونه شامل 24 نفر بود که با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. همچنین ابزار جمعآوری اطلاعات، مصاحبۀ عمیق و روش تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها، تحلیل استقرایی بود. یافتهها و نتایج نشان داد، هشت مقولۀ مرکزی در بخش آسیبهای طرح شامل نبود منابع مالی، ضعف نظام نظارت، ضعف در محتوا، عدم جامعیت طرح، ضعف دستاندرکاران طرح، عدم تناسب طرح با عوامل تأثیرگذار، ضعف انگیزشی و نبود حمایت کافی نهادی رسانهای وجود دارد. هشت مؤلفۀ حمایت مالی و تقویت نظام ارزیابی و نظارت از طرح، توسعه نگرشی و آموزشی دستاندرکاران طرح، تقویت نظام ستادی و گستره طرح، تقویت بعد انگیزشی، تقویت حمایت نهادی و رسانهای از طرح، تدوین و آموزش کتب طرح بر مبنای اصول علمی راهکارهای بهبود طرح خواندن با خانواده هستند. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
7 - Effect of Technology and Online Learning on EFL Learners' Writing Achievement and Their Self- Concept
Niloofar Salajeghe Samira HasaniThe present study attempted to probe the effectiveness of online learning on Iranian EFL learners' self-concept. It also analyzed the effect of online learning on the EFL learners' writing achievement. To do this, a total number of 50 students of pre-intermediate level أکثرThe present study attempted to probe the effectiveness of online learning on Iranian EFL learners' self-concept. It also analyzed the effect of online learning on the EFL learners' writing achievement. To do this, a total number of 50 students of pre-intermediate level was selected based on available sampling. A pre-test of writing was administered to the participants at the beginning of the term to ensure that they had the same language background. Then, they were randomly assigned as experimental and control group (25 Ss in each group). Experimental group benefited from online learning through BBB, and other group with the same number of students regarded as control group and received conventional method of teaching. At the beginning of the term, pre questionnaire of self-concept published among students of EG. The research was done in eight sessions and in the last session, post-test of writing was assigned to both groups to determine whether online learning method had positively affected the EFL learners' achievement and their self-concept. Moreover, post questionnaire of self-concept was published among experimental group to analyze their self-concept in online learning context. Data analysis of tests and questionnaire revealed that online learning method had positive effect on the EFL students' writing achievement and their self-concept. It is hoped that the results of the research indicate the importance of online learning through the mentioned application in the educational system. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
8 - Developing a Model of the Possible Selves Construction before and after Training on IELTS Writing Skills
Sanaz Farnia Neda Fatehi Rad Hassan ShahabiSelves-theory has some implications for EFL learning. Among different English skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it requires ideology transfer as a main element of selves-theory. However, writing academically in a foreign language is a complex struggle أکثرSelves-theory has some implications for EFL learning. Among different English skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it requires ideology transfer as a main element of selves-theory. However, writing academically in a foreign language is a complex struggle for many undergraduate and graduate students and it has attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics since the last decades of the twentieth century. The present study aimed to explore Iranian EFL learners’ possible selves construction as influenced by teaching IELTS writing skills. To this end,a quasi-experimental design was used. From among IELTS candidates taking part in five IELTS preparation centers in Kerman,90 (45 males and 45 females) candidates were selected as the participants of the present study through cluster sampling. The Possible Selves in Students Questionnaire developed and validated by Zadshir et al. (2020) was used to identify the expected possible selves of the participants. To analyze the data,descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run. According to the results, feared selves were stronger than expected and responsible selves among the participants before training on IELTS writing skills. Further,it was revealed that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after training on IELTS writing skills. Finally,it was proved that training on IELTS writing skills had a significant effect on EFL learners& construction of the possible selves as well as the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners,teachers and learners have been discussed. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
9 - تاثیر بازیهای آموزشی در آموزش مجازی بر افزایش یادگیری الفبای فارسی دانش آموزان پایه اول ابتدایی
مرضیه بغدادی فاطمه احمدبیگی محمد مهدی راداندنیای کودکان سرشار از شادی ،تازگی ها، شادابی و شگفتی است. بازی بزرگترین پشتوانه شخصیتی و روانی کودک و همچنین رشد هوشی و جسمی کودک است. بازی، پل دوستی کودکان و فرصت کسب مهارت های ذهنی و عاطفی آنهاست؛ هدف: هدف از این پژوهش تاثیر بازی های آموزشی در فضای مجازی بر افزایش یاد أکثردنیای کودکان سرشار از شادی ،تازگی ها، شادابی و شگفتی است. بازی بزرگترین پشتوانه شخصیتی و روانی کودک و همچنین رشد هوشی و جسمی کودک است. بازی، پل دوستی کودکان و فرصت کسب مهارت های ذهنی و عاطفی آنهاست؛ هدف: هدف از این پژوهش تاثیر بازی های آموزشی در فضای مجازی بر افزایش یادگیری الفبای فارسی در دانش آموزان پایه اول ابتدایی بوده است؛ روش: با توجه به موضوع پژوهش، پژوهش حاضر از نوع آزمایشی است؛ جمعیت تحقیق شامل دانش آموزان پسر پایه اول منطقه 8 شهر تهران می باشد 60 نفر از دانش آموزان پایه اول ابتدایی مدرسه فخامی 1 در دو کلاس 30 نفری بر اساس روش پژوهش به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده اند. روش نمونه گیری به صورت تصادفی بوده است که دو کلاس از بین همه کلاس های اول ابتدایی انتخاب شده اند و به صورت تصادفی یک کلاس 30 نفری به عنوان گروه کنترل و کلاس 30 نفری دیگر به عنوان گروه آزمایش انتخاب شده اند. برای گردآوری اطلاعات از آزمون محقق ساخته الفبای فارسی استفاده شد. همچنین بازی آموزشی توسط محقق طراحی وبر روی گروه آزمایش اجرا گردید. نتایج: بر اساس نتایج، بازی های آموزشی در آموزش مجازی بر افزایش یادگیری الفبای فارسی در دانش آموزان پایه اول اثرگذار است.یافته ها نشان داد که بازی های آموزشی در آموزش مجازی بر افزایش مهارت خواندن و نوشتن الفبای فارسی در دانش آموزان پایه اول اثرگذار است تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
10 - استفاده از گفتارهای قالبی در آموزش مهارت انشاءنویسی فارسی به غیرفارسیزبانان
حبیب کشاورز سعیده بیرجندیهدف: نگارش انشاء، یکی از مهارتهای یادگیری زبان است. برای آموزش این مهارت از شیوههای مختلفی مانند گفتارهای قالبی که بخشهای از پیشآمادهشده زبان هستند و نقش مهمی در توسعه زبان دارند، استفاده میشود. این گفتارها فرآیند یادگیری را خصوصا برای زبانآموزان خارجی ساده و تسر أکثرهدف: نگارش انشاء، یکی از مهارتهای یادگیری زبان است. برای آموزش این مهارت از شیوههای مختلفی مانند گفتارهای قالبی که بخشهای از پیشآمادهشده زبان هستند و نقش مهمی در توسعه زبان دارند، استفاده میشود. این گفتارها فرآیند یادگیری را خصوصا برای زبانآموزان خارجی ساده و تسریع میکند. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر گفتارهای قالبی بر فرآیند یادگیری و آموزش مهارت انشاءنویسی فارسی به عربزبانان میپردازد. روش: در این پژوهش از روش شبهآزمایشی با طرح مقایسه گروههای ایستا استفاده شد. جامعه آماری شامل بیست زبانآموز عربزبان بودند که در کلاسهای آنلاین آموزش مهارت انشاءنویسیفارسی شرکت کرده بودند. این افراد به دو گروه ده نفره کنترل و آزمایش تقسیمشدند. گروه آزمایش ضمن یادگیری تکنیکهای انشاءنویسی با گفتارهای قالبی نیز آشنا شدند، اما گروه کنترل فقط تکنیکهای انشاءنویسی را آموختند. هر دو گروه 10 جلسه آموزشی(15 ساعته) را گذراندند. پس از طی دوره از آنها، آزمونی مطابق استاندارد Writing آزمون بینالمللی آیلتس(Task 2) گرفته شد. درنهایت دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار اکسل تحلیل شدند. یافتهها: نتایج این تحقیق نشانداد که گفتارهای قالبی تأثیر بسیاری برافزایش حجم و سرعت نگارش زبانآموزان داشته و خطاهای دستور زبانی آنها را نیز کاهش داده بود و موجب افزایش انسجام بین جملات گروه آزمایش و بالا رفتن سطح دستوری و واژگانی نوشتههای گروه آزمایش بودند. علاوه بر این، گفتارهای قالبی موجب شده بود تا زبانآموزان، با دقت بیشتری از علائم نگارشی در انشاءهای خود استفاده کنند. کلید واژهها: گفتارهای قالبی، انشاءنویسی، آموزش زبان فارسی، آموزش زبان خارجی، عربزبانان. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
11 - تحلیلی بر آموزش بزرگسالان: تعیین نرخ پایداری سواد در قبول شدگان دوره انتقال نهضت سوادآموزی
رفیق حسنیهدف این تحقیق تعیین نرخ پایداری سواد در قبول شدگان دوره انتقال بود. روش تحقیق از نوع شبه آزمایشی از نوع طرح پیشآزمون و پسآزمون برای یک گروه بود. طرح تحقیق به این صورت بود که از بین افراد قبول شده در دوره انتقال در شهرستانهای قروه، دیواندره، ناحیه 2 سنندج و کامیاران که أکثرهدف این تحقیق تعیین نرخ پایداری سواد در قبول شدگان دوره انتقال بود. روش تحقیق از نوع شبه آزمایشی از نوع طرح پیشآزمون و پسآزمون برای یک گروه بود. طرح تحقیق به این صورت بود که از بین افراد قبول شده در دوره انتقال در شهرستانهای قروه، دیواندره، ناحیه 2 سنندج و کامیاران که تعداد آنها 290 نفر بود براساس جدول مورگان تعداد 165 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و نمرات قبولی این افراد به عنوان پیشآزمون و آزمونهای گرفته شده به عنوان پسآزمون در نظر گرفته شد. ابزار گردآوری دادهها شامل آزمونهای پیشرفت تحصیلی ریاضی، انشاء و جمله نویسی و املاء بود. محتوی آزمونها از بین آزمونهای استاندارد برگزار شده برای سوادآموزان دوره انتقال انتخاب شد و در ضمن روایی محتوایی آزمونهای ساخته شده توسط چند نفر متخصص سنجش و اندازهگیری تائید شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین میانگین نمرات پیشآزمون و پسآزمون در دوره انتقال تفاوت معنیداری وجود داشت و سوادآموزان تقریباً 15٪ مطالب فراگرفته شده را فراموش کرده بودند. سایر نتایج نشان داد که بین میانگین نمرات پیشآزمون و پسآزمون در درس ریاضی تفاوت معنیداری وجود داشت و سوادآموزان تقریباً 38٪ مطالب فراگرفته شده را فراموش کرده بودند. همچنین بین میانگین نمرات پیشآزمون و پسآزمون درس املاء تفاوت معنیداری وجود دارد و سوادآموزان تقریباً 8٪ مطالب فراگرفته شده را فراموش کردهاند اما بین میانگین نمرات پیشآزمون و پسآزمون درس انشاء و جمله نویسی تفاوت معنیداری وجود نداشت. نتایج این تحقیق لزوم برنامهریزی و استراتِژیهای مناسب بهطوریکه سوادآموزان بعد از دوره رها نشوند را ایجاب میکند. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
12 - بررسی تاثیر آموزش مهارتهای نوشتاری بر اساس برنامهریزی چند بعدی و بستهی یادگیری چندرسانهای بر سبک یادگیری شهودی و حل مسئله دانشآموزان
طیبه پرآذران مژگان عبدالهی فاطمه پرسته قمبوانیهدف پژوهش حاضر "بررسی تاثیر آموزش مهارتهای نوشتاری بر اساس برنامهریزی چندبعدی و بستهی یادگیری چندرسانهای بر سبک یادگیری شهودی و حل مسئله دانشآموزان استان البرز" بود. روش پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، نیمه آزمایشی است. حجم نمونه شامل 120 نفر دانش آموز پایه أکثرهدف پژوهش حاضر "بررسی تاثیر آموزش مهارتهای نوشتاری بر اساس برنامهریزی چندبعدی و بستهی یادگیری چندرسانهای بر سبک یادگیری شهودی و حل مسئله دانشآموزان استان البرز" بود. روش پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، نیمه آزمایشی است. حجم نمونه شامل 120 نفر دانش آموز پایه پنجم و ششم ابتدایی در سال تحصیلی 97-96 بود که از بین جامعه آماری پایه پنجم (4154 نفر) و پایه ششم (4237 نفر) به صورت تصادفی خوشهای انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در هر گروه آزمایش و کنترل 60 نفر قرار گرفتند. ابتدا هر دو گروه در پیش آزمون شرکت کردند. سپس گروه آزمایش طی 10 جلسه تحت آموزش مورد نظر قرار گرفت و گروه کنترل نیز تحت آموزش معمول مدرسه قرار گرفت و پس از آن هر دو گروه در پس آزمون شرکت کردند. دادههای حاصل با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با ضریب پایایی آلفای کرونباخ 90/0 با نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره نشان داد بین میانگین نمرات مولفه های سبک یادگیری شهودی و حل مسئله در گروه آزمایش و کنترل تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین در نتایج پیش آزمون و پس آزمون گروه آزمایش نیز تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (01/0P≤). بر این اساس، میتوان آموزش مهارتهای نوشتاری بر اساس برنامهریزی چند بعدی و بستهی یادگیری چندرسانهای به عنوان روش موثری برای افرایش سبکهای یادگیری شهودی و حل مسئله دانش آموزان پیشنهاد کرد.کلید واژه ها: مهارتهای نوشتاری، برنامهریزی چند بعدی، بستهی یادگیری چندرسانهای، سبک یادگیری شهودی، حل مسئله تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
13 - Two modes of assessment: the case of academicians' writing
Siroos Arefi RadThis study attempted to investigate writing problems and the relationship between expert-assessment and self-assessment of writing problems. Participants were thirty four non-English faculty members of Tehran and Guilan universities. The instruments were writing an essa أکثرThis study attempted to investigate writing problems and the relationship between expert-assessment and self-assessment of writing problems. Participants were thirty four non-English faculty members of Tehran and Guilan universities. The instruments were writing an essay on the topic "What teaching strategies do you use in your classes?" in twenty five lines and filling the questionnaire of writing problems including fourteen items (word choice, verb form, missing subject, verb tense, preposition, word order, article, plural "s", spelling, subject-verb agreement, missing verb, passive voice, conditional sentences, and capitalization).The researcher investigated these fourteen areas both in their essays and their questionnaires of self-assessment. The data analysis showed there was no positive relationship between expert-assessment and self-assessment and the participants underestimated themselves in the questionnaire. Furthermore, the writing problems based on expert-assessment were: verb form, word choice, article, preposition, plural "s", capitalization, spelling, subject-verb agreement, word order, passive voice, verb tense, missing subject, missing verb, and conditional sentences. The findings revealed the main factors causing these problems are L1 interference, lack of grammar knowledge, vocabulary weakness, and poor spelling. The participants can write accurately if they learn basic grammar, increase vocabulary, ways of error correction, and awareness of L1 interference. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
14 - The Need to Develop Authentic Materials in Teaching Grammar Argumentatively and Communicatively for Iranian High School Students: (Theoretical perspectives)
Aliakbar Tajik Neda Hedayat Neda GharagozlooTeaching and learning grammar in Iranian high schools based on the communicative approach of the newly published textbooks tend to lead students to apply the grammatical pattern in sentence patterns not to apply them in communication. Acquiring writing skills is also mo أکثرTeaching and learning grammar in Iranian high schools based on the communicative approach of the newly published textbooks tend to lead students to apply the grammatical pattern in sentence patterns not to apply them in communication. Acquiring writing skills is also more difficult compared to other three skills because writing skills require mastery of many different linguistic elements of the language that are beyond what is just taught in the standard curriculum. Therefore, EFL teachers should adopt effective strategies and techniques to develop the students' proficiency to write. That is, the grammatical materials used in the newly published textbooks have been used for the specific purpose of providing grammar practice. In a research done on authenticity of Iranian English high school textbooks the feedback received from the teachers’ and the students’ responses, such textbooks lack the authenticity of natural English in terms of content and presentation. The materials are not generally presented from the easy to hard order and they are mainly void of cultural and communicative points. Therefore, the study is primarily aimed at discussing the effects of using authentic material in teaching grammar communicatively and examining the need for English language teachers and course designers to develop authentic materials for grammar instruction communicatively for Iranian EFL students. The results of the study indicate that the need for English language teachers to use authentic materials in teaching grammar to give the opportunity to the students to expose to the real use of language. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
15 - Investigating the Effects of Scaffolding Genre Knowledge and Metacognitive Strategy Use on EFL Learners’ Academic Writing Skills: A Mixed-methods Study
Masomeh Aghaalikhani Karim Nazari Bagha Shima Ahmadi AzadThis study aimed to investigate the effects of scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognitive strategy use on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ academic writing skills. The initial population was 100 EFL students from M.A. English language teaching (ELT أکثرThis study aimed to investigate the effects of scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognitive strategy use on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ academic writing skills. The initial population was 100 EFL students from M.A. English language teaching (ELT) students who took academic writing course at Islamic Azad University, Tehran and Alborz branches. To homogenize the sample, Oxford placement test (OPT) was administered, and based on its results, 75 advanced learners were selected for the purpose of the study. After that, they were divided into 3 groups, namely the experimental group A (scaffolding genre knowledge), the experimental group B (metacognitive strategy use), and the control group. IELTS academic writing task 2 was administered as the pretest and posttest. The treatments lasted for 16 sessions. To explore the learners’ perceptions regarding the instructions qualitatively, the semi-structured individual interviews were administered to 20 students who were chosen from the experimental groups. The results showed that scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognitive strategy use had significant impacts on the Iranian EFL learners’ academic writing skill. In addition, the findings indicated that there was a significant difference between the effects of scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognitive strategy use on the Iranian EFL academic writing skill in which scaffolding genre knowledge had more significant effects on Iranian EFL academic writing skill than metacognitive strategy use. Furthermore, the qualitative findings showed that the learners adopted positive views towards scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognitive strategy use in developing their academic writing skill. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
16 - A Study on the Effect of Teachers’ Text Specific Comments and Rubber-Stamped Comments on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Ability
مهرنوش عطاآفرین وصال آیات علی اصغر یوسفی آذرفامWritten corrective feedback (WCF) refers to the feedback given by writing instructors and tutors on novice writers’ performances. Although extensive importance has been attached to the implications of WCF for improving writing skill in L2 writing studies, there is أکثرWritten corrective feedback (WCF) refers to the feedback given by writing instructors and tutors on novice writers’ performances. Although extensive importance has been attached to the implications of WCF for improving writing skill in L2 writing studies, there is a paucity of research into research on whether student writers benefit differently from elaborated and evaluative feedback. Having this in mind, the aim of this research was to examine the effect of teacher’s text-specific and rubber-stamped comments on Iranian EFL learners’ writing ability at intermediate level. Quick Placement Test was employed to select 40 pre-intermediate EFL learners as the participants of this research. Then, they were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Prior to the treatment, the participants of both groups were given a pretest to disclose their initial writing ability. After administering the rubber-stamped comments to the experimental group and text specific to the control group, a posttest was administered to seek the effect of two types of instruments. An independent samples t-test was used to see if the treatment was effective. Paired samples t-test was also employed to determine the amount of progression between pretest and posttest of the experimental group. The results of the study revealed that rubber-stamped comments improved the learners’ writing ability. Implicationally, instructors can use rubber-stamped comments to help learners improve their writing ability. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
17 - E-Tools to Assist EFL Learners' Writing Skill: Wikis, Weblogs, and Podcasts
فاطمه بهجت مرتضی یمینیOne of the promises of web-based education is to help students take control of their learning pace as the basic requirement of language learning is being life-long. The purpose of the present study was to find out which of the e-tools -- weblogs, wikis, or podcasts -- c أکثرOne of the promises of web-based education is to help students take control of their learning pace as the basic requirement of language learning is being life-long. The purpose of the present study was to find out which of the e-tools -- weblogs, wikis, or podcasts -- can better help EFL learners excel in their writing skill. To this end, 156 Iranian sophomore students majoring in English and studying at Islamic Azad University, Abadeh and Shiraz Branches and the Zand Institute of Higher Education were selected based on random sampling as participants. As the design of the study was a pre-experimental one, there were three experimental groups involved but no control group. Before the instruction, the participants were given an essay writing test, whose results were used to divide them into three groups. Two of the groups received in-class instruction and were assigned out-of-class activities through weblogs and wikis. The third group received the instruction through podcasts. The treatment lasted for two and a half months and at the end, another essay writing test was given to all groups. A two-way ANOVA for the comparison of the participants' gain scores indicated that using the tools available on the Internet could lead to improvement in the EFL students writing abilities, and gender was not a determining factor. The study reveals the fact that web tools, in general, and blogs, wikis, and podcasts, in particular, can foster EFL students’ writing skills and teachers can use them as supplements in their language instruction. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
18 - The Effect of Dialogue Journal Writing on EFL Students' Writing Skill
علی غلامی مهردادDespite the role writing plays in learning a foreign language, many students do not show much interest in taking an active part in writing classes (Myint, 1997). Thus different activities have been proposed to motivate students to write one of which is dialogue journal أکثرDespite the role writing plays in learning a foreign language, many students do not show much interest in taking an active part in writing classes (Myint, 1997). Thus different activities have been proposed to motivate students to write one of which is dialogue journal writing, and the present work tries to investigate the possible effect(s) of such activity on writing ability of a group of English students at Islamic Azad University- Hamedan branch. To do this, 50 students obtaining 1 and 2 on the TWE scale on the structure section of a TOEFL test were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. After some introductory sessions, the students were asked to write paragraphs on a weekly schedule and hand them in to be corrected. In the experimental group the students were, furthermore, asked to keep journals and hand them in. After 4 months, the students in both groups took part in a writing exam in which they had to write two paragraphs on the topics given. The comparison of the means at p تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
19 - The Role of Weblogs in Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge and Writing Ability
پریسا قادری فاطمه بهجت محمد رستم پورNowadays Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is becoming not only enormously popular but also increasingly important in our lives and education system. Generally, learners are usually eager to work on computers or with various kinds of modern technology. Thi أکثرNowadays Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is becoming not only enormously popular but also increasingly important in our lives and education system. Generally, learners are usually eager to work on computers or with various kinds of modern technology. This research was carried out to find out whether using weblogs is effective in Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary and writing skills. To do so, two samples of learners were selected through an OPT test as the control and experimental groups, and a pretest of vocabulary was administrated. Then, the traditional methods of teaching vocabulary and writing were used for the control group, and weblogs were used for the experimental group. After three months of instruction, another test of vocabulary and writing was given as the posttest to the students of both groups to assess their achievement. The results of the analysis of ANCOVA showed that weblogs were more effective than the traditional ways of teaching vocabulary and writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
20 - Using Cooperative Group Feedback and Cooperative Group Writing in Writing Classes
حمید مرعشی سحر حسینیThe present study compared the effect of cooperative group feedback and cooperative group writing techniques in writing classes. Accordingly, 90 male and female intermediate English language learners sat for a sample piloted Preliminary English Test and 60 who scored on أکثرThe present study compared the effect of cooperative group feedback and cooperative group writing techniques in writing classes. Accordingly, 90 male and female intermediate English language learners sat for a sample piloted Preliminary English Test and 60 who scored one standard deviation above and below the mean were selected as the main participants. Both groups were taught the same course book. Moreover, they received the same hours of instruction and teaching aids in the same physical environment; therefore, the most significant point of departure in the two experimental groups in the present study was the form of writing practices presented in the classroom. One group underwent the cooperative group writing while the other the cooperative feedback procedure throughout the treatment period. The findings of this study based upon the results gained from an independent sample t-test run on the two groups’ posttest mean scores revealed that the participants’ L2 writing improved more significantly in the cooperative group writing class compared to the cooperative group feedback. The findings of this study may be contributory to EFL teachers and syllabus designers in the process of developing more efficient second language writing courses. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
21 - تأثیر بازخورد به زبان بومی و رسمی بر پیشبرد خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان دوزبانه
علی افشاری ناهید صادقی رضا هنارهبازخورد هر گونه اطلاعاتی است که در مورد صحت و تناسب یک پاسخ ارائه میشود. جهت تعیین تأثیر بازخورد به زبان مادری و فارسی بر پیشرفت خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان دوزبانه (کردی- فارسی)، از دانشآموزان پسر پایه چهارم ابتدایی یک مجتمع آموزشی در شهرستان اشنویه، 45 نفر به عنوان ن أکثربازخورد هر گونه اطلاعاتی است که در مورد صحت و تناسب یک پاسخ ارائه میشود. جهت تعیین تأثیر بازخورد به زبان مادری و فارسی بر پیشرفت خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان دوزبانه (کردی- فارسی)، از دانشآموزان پسر پایه چهارم ابتدایی یک مجتمع آموزشی در شهرستان اشنویه، 45 نفر به عنوان نمونه با روش نمونهگیری خوشهای انتخاب شدند. دانشآموزان در سه گروه مجزا قرار گرفتند: گروه آزمایشی اول که بازخورد به زبان مادری دریافت کردند، گروه آزمایشی دوم که بازخورد به زبان فارسی دریافت کردند و گروه کنترل که هیچگونه بازخوردی دریافت نکردند. به منظور جمعآوری دادهها، از یک آزمون پیشرفت تحصیلی که توسط محقق طراحی شده بود، استفاده شد. یافتههای حاصل از تحلیل کواریانس نشان دادکه ارائه بازخورد به زبان مادری تأثیر معنیداریی بر پیشبرد خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان دوزبانه دارد و بین گروه آزمایشی اول (که بازخورد به زبان مادری دریافت کردند) و گروه کنترل (که بازخورد دریافت نکردند)، تفاوت معنیداریی مشاهده شد. اما بین گروه آزمایشی دوم (که بازخورد به زبان فارسی دریافت کردند) و گروه کنترل تفاوت معنیداریی وجود نداشت. این یافتهها نشان داد که ارائه بازخورد به زبان فارسی تأثیر چندانی بر پیشرفت خواندن و نوشتن دانشآموزان دوزبانه نداشته است. براساس یافتههای پژوهش حاضر میتوان گفت که ارائه بازخورد به زبان بومی به دانشآموزان دوزبانه میتواند در بهبود عملکرد آنان مؤثر باشد تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
22 - Analyzing the Main EFL Learners' Writing Problems with Focus on Figurative Language: Metaphor and Metonymy Instruction
Nasrin Jenabagha Shaban Najafi Karim Amir MarzbanThis study was an endeavor to explore the main sources of EFL learners' writing problems through dialogic interactions. It also investigated the effect of metaphor and metonymy on EFL learners' writing achievement. To achieve this end, the researcher adopted mixed-metho أکثرThis study was an endeavor to explore the main sources of EFL learners' writing problems through dialogic interactions. It also investigated the effect of metaphor and metonymy on EFL learners' writing achievement. To achieve this end, the researcher adopted mixed-method research with a sample of intermediate language students from both genders. In the qualitative section, 20 EFL learners were selected through purposive sampling, and in the quantitative section, 120 language students were selected through convenience sampling from a university in Gorgan. Data were gathered through Quick Oxford Placement Test (OPT), writing tests, and a semi-structured interview. After recording and transcribing the interviews, the transcripts of the interviews were formatted using the software NVIVO 11 Pro®. With the help of this software, the textual data were reduced into some statements which could reflect the main ideas of the participants’ lived experiences without any intervention from the researcher. However, the data of the tests were inserted into SPSS software and the ANCOVA test was run to indicate differences between the three groups in terms of their writing improvement. The main results suggested that metaphor and metonymy through dialogic interactions had significant effects on the participations’ writing achievement. As well as that, findings from the analysis of data revealed the four main sources of writing problems as linguistic, personal, epistemological, and ecological. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
23 - Effects of Wiki-Mediated Collaborative Writing on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners' Written Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency
Zeinab Cheraghpour Nafiseh Hosseinpour Sajad ShafieeThis study examined how Iranian intermediate EFL learners' writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency were affected by collaborative online writing using Wikis. The language proficiency of 75 EFL learners was gauged based on their performance on the Oxford Quick Placemen أکثرThis study examined how Iranian intermediate EFL learners' writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency were affected by collaborative online writing using Wikis. The language proficiency of 75 EFL learners was gauged based on their performance on the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). They were intermediate male and female EFL learners studying English at three language institutes in Shahrekord, Iran. The participants were then split into two groups at random: a Wiki group (WG), and a control group (CG). Afterwards, learners in the control and experimental group were given a cause-and-effect prompt as a pre-test, and their writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency were assessed using CAF measures. Following the pre-test, the participants in the experimental group began a six-week training period in the collaborative environment of Wiki. The same instructional materials and procedures were presented to the control group, but in a non-collaborative, face-to-face setting. Similar to the writing pre-test, a writing post-test was given to both groups at the end of the intervention, and the writings were graded. In comparison to the conventional methodology, the results obtained revealed that the instructional method via Wiki was advantageous and effective in enhancing writing skills. This result is consistent with theories supporting the use of technology-based approaches in EFL writing settings. The main outcome of this research is that the ease and viability of teaching and learning writing are significantly and meaningfully influenced by giving learners control over their learning through Wiki. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
24 - Writing in EFL: Exploring students' perspectives in Syrian high school and university contexts
Batoul Khoja Debasish Mohapatra Madan SarmaThis paper is a part of a larger study that examines the development of students' English writing skills during the transition from school education to higher education in Syria, where English is a foreign language. The main objective of this paper is exploring teaching أکثرThis paper is a part of a larger study that examines the development of students' English writing skills during the transition from school education to higher education in Syria, where English is a foreign language. The main objective of this paper is exploring teaching practices affect students transition from one level to the next via obtaining students' perceptions about writing, challenges they encounter while writing, and the strategies they use to overcome them. Two separate questionnaires were given to 206 school students from 7 different high schools across Latakia City and 206 first-year students at the Department of English Literature and Language, Tishreen University in Latakia. The main findings indicated that students of both levels were mostly concerned with grammar rather ideas and content, and with the product rather than the process of writing. Moreover, students lacked confidence in their writing ability and mostly depended on ready-made samples and teachers as the main sources of information. The study recommends changing the product-oriented approach to writing instruction currently adopted by school teachers, conducting effective teacher-training programs that include training them to develop students' writing by involving them in the writing process and teaching them how to use writing strategies effectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
25 - Development of EFL Learners’ Referential and Expressive Writing Performance: Task-based Instruction vs. Project-based Instruction
Delaram Pourmandnia Ahmad Mohseni Hossein Rahmanpanah Ali Asghar Rostami AbusaeediThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of task-based instruction (TBI) and project-based instruction (PBI) on the improvement of EFL learners' referential and expressive writing performance. To accomplish this objective, 60 students majoring in English أکثرThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of task-based instruction (TBI) and project-based instruction (PBI) on the improvement of EFL learners' referential and expressive writing performance. To accomplish this objective, 60 students majoring in English translation participated in Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT), but out of them 50 students were selected as the members of a homogeneous sample. Then, they were assigned into two experimental groups. They were exposed to IELTS module task-based writing pre-test, treatment, and post-test, to assess the participants' writing performance. The participants in first experimental group received TBI to practice the referential and expressive types of writing, while those in the second group received PBI. The results showed that TBI and PBI affected the development of both referential and expressive writing among EFL learners. In addition, the results revealed that there was not any statistically significant difference between the effect of PBI and TBI on developing expressive and referential writings among EFL learners. The pedagogical implications of the study are discussed at the end of the paper. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
26 - Improving EFL Learners’ Referential and Expressive Writing through Task-based Instruction in Academic Context <br> DOR:20.1001.1.23223898.2021.9.36.4.0
Delaram Pourmandnia Ahmad Mohseni Hossein Rahmanpanah Ali Asghar Rostami AbusaeediL2/FL writing ability, which per se includes many different types, is considered a major skill in academic settings. However, little research has been done in this area and even less has focused on the effectiveness of task-based writing instruction on the two specific أکثرL2/FL writing ability, which per se includes many different types, is considered a major skill in academic settings. However, little research has been done in this area and even less has focused on the effectiveness of task-based writing instruction on the two specific kinds; namely, referential writing and expressive writing. To this end, 60 English Translation sophomores of both genders were selected and divided into two classes after ensuring their homogeneity through the Quick Placement Test (OQPT). For the pre- and post-tests, the participants were required to take IELTS writing tests requiring referential and expressive types of writing. As for the treatment of the study, all participants were instructed based on the same content materials of advanced writing and a task-based framework. The results of the statistical analysis indicated significant improvements in the participants’ writing abilities in referential and expressive written tasks. Besides, the effectiveness of task-based writing techniques was approved in terms of referential and expressive types of language functions in the academic writing of Iranian EFL learners. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
27 - The Impact of Teaching Corpus-based Collocation on EFL Learners' Writing Ability
Shabnam Ashouri Davood Mashhadi HeidarAbstract The present study explores the impact of corpus-based collocation instruction on intermediate Iranian EFL learners' writing ability. For this study, 84 Iranian learners, studying English as a foreign language in Bayan Institute, Iran, were selected and were ran أکثرAbstract The present study explores the impact of corpus-based collocation instruction on intermediate Iranian EFL learners' writing ability. For this study, 84 Iranian learners, studying English as a foreign language in Bayan Institute, Iran, were selected and were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control. Conventional methods of writing instruction were taught to the control group while the experimental group received corpus-based collocation instruction in writing essays for 15 sessions. The design of the research was based on pre- and posttest method. The tests were employed to measure the writing fluency of the two groups. Test results were scrutinized to answer a major question for correlation between the participants’ variety of corpus-based collocations and their writing. The results illustrated that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of control and experimental groups in writing elements (p<0.05). Actually, lexical collocation instruction expanded the writing elements of vocabulary and mechanics rather than grammar and fluency in writing essays. The study findings indicated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the participants’ use of various lexical collocations and their writing proficiency. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
28 - A Study of the Role of Using E-mail in Improving High School Students’ EFL Writing Skill
Mohsen Shahrokhi Shima TaheriThe present study investigates the effect of e-mail on Iranian learners of English and focuses on teaching thewriting skillvia e-mail. More specifically, the study investigates (a) whether using e-mail has any statistically significant effect on improving high school st أکثرThe present study investigates the effect of e-mail on Iranian learners of English and focuses on teaching thewriting skillvia e-mail. More specifically, the study investigates (a) whether using e-mail has any statistically significant effect on improving high school students' writing skill, and (b) whether the proficiency level has any relation with students’ writing improvement through using e-mail.To this end, 150 high school Iranian students were selected randomly and divided into 3 proficiency levels, namely high, mid, and low, based on their performances on an Oxford Placement Test (OPT). The participants at every proficiency level were divided into 3 subgroups to receive 3 methods of instruction, namely traditional face-to-face, through using e-mail, and through both the traditional method and using e-mail. After 3 months of instruction, a posttest was administered and the results were submitted to ANOVA. The results obtained revealed that using e-mail had a statistically significant effect on improving students' writing skills. The Scheffe post hoc results showed that the group with the e-mail treatment performed almost the same as the other 2 groups at the high proficiency level; in other words, the group at the high level did not benefit much from using e-mail; however, thelow and intermediate proficiency level participants did benefit from it. The findings are finally discussed with regard to how email can be exploited as an educational aid by teachers and learners. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
29 - Impact of Wiki-based Feedback on Grammatical Accuracy of Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Skill
Zoya Vahedipour Ehsan RezvaniThis study was designed to investigate the effects of providing feedback in the interactive environment of wiki on improving the grammatical accuracy of Iranian EFL learners’ writing skill as well as the attitudes of Iranian EFL learners’ toward receiving fe أکثرThis study was designed to investigate the effects of providing feedback in the interactive environment of wiki on improving the grammatical accuracy of Iranian EFL learners’ writing skill as well as the attitudes of Iranian EFL learners’ toward receiving feedback via wiki. To do so, 50 intermediate Iranian EFL learners, who were chosen by an OPT (Oxford Placement Test) participated in this study and they were divided into two groups, experimental and control group. Both groups were given identical writing tasks. In control group, though, the first drafts were reviewed traditionally in a pen and a paper fashion, whereas in the experimental group, they were reviewed by peers through wiki to provide feedback on the grammatical accuracy of writings. The second drafts all were reviewed by the instructor. The results revealed that using wikis to provide feedback on students’ writing can have a significantly positive effect on improving their grammatical accuracy in a writing task. Moreover, the experimental group was found to outperform the control group on the post-test indicating that there was a significant difference between the effects of providing feedback in wiki vs. providing traditional feedback on the grammatical accuracy of Iranian male and female EFL Learners. With regards to the students’ attitude toward using wiki, a majority of the learners welcomed the application of wiki for EFL writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
30 - Task-Based Language Teaching Vs. Conventional Language Teaching: The Case of News Story Writing in EFL Context
Negar Nowroozzadeh Abbas Bayat Abbas MehrpooyaThis study aimed to investigate the effect of task-based language teaching on news-story writing in Iranian EFL context. To this end, a quasi-experimental, pre- and post-evaluation research design was employed. First, 78 Iranian BA sophomores majoring in translation at أکثرThis study aimed to investigate the effect of task-based language teaching on news-story writing in Iranian EFL context. To this end, a quasi-experimental, pre- and post-evaluation research design was employed. First, 78 Iranian BA sophomores majoring in translation at Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, were selected through convenient sampling as the participants of the study. They were then randomly divided into two treatment and control groups--task-based group (TB) and conventional teaching group (TC) respectively. Both groups were initially given a test on news story writing to measure their writing ability at the pre-treatment stage. Then, the control group was taught through explanations abstracted from some deductive plans and reading-oriented method of teaching news story structure. The other group was exposed to a six-weak TB treatment based on Willis’ TBL framework. The post-treatment researcher-made test was then administered to compare the participants’ writing progress. The obtained statistical results showed that the employment of the task-based language learning scenario does not lead to an overall significant improvement of Iranian EFL learners’ performance in news-story writing as compared with the conventional teaching of the same skill. This is perhaps due to learners’ negative attitude towards TBLT, which originates from the inconsistency of TBLT with the educational philosophy in Iran. Therefore, TBLT programs may need to be modified on the basis of the local and traditional specifications of the education in the target community to be able to develop the learners’ news-story writing skill. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
31 - Impact of Computer Concept-Mapping Instruction on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Performance: Complexity and accuracy in focus
Jamshid Mashhadi Hossein Ahmadi Payman RajabiThis inquiry investigates the impact of Computer Concept-Mapping on Iranian EFL learners’ writing complexity and accuracy. To this end, a total of 30 intermediate EFL learners aged 14 to 16 years were non-randomly selected, homogenized in terms of general proficie أکثرThis inquiry investigates the impact of Computer Concept-Mapping on Iranian EFL learners’ writing complexity and accuracy. To this end, a total of 30 intermediate EFL learners aged 14 to 16 years were non-randomly selected, homogenized in terms of general proficiency, and classified into two treatment and control groups. Also, a pretest and a posttest on the participants’ writing performance were administered at the beginning and the end of the study.. Further, the ESL Composition Profile developed by Jacobs et al. (1981) was used as a criterion for evaluating the participants’ writing accuracy and complexity. The treatment group received computer-based concept mapping instruction, while the control group was instructed through conventional writing techniques. Then, the data obtained from the two groups’ pre- and posttests were comparatively analyzed through appropriate statistical tools. Parametric paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests as well as Pearson Correlation were also used to assess the inter-rater reliability indices of the participants’ writing tests. The results of data analysis indicated that computer concept-mapping instruction entails significantly better writing performance. This finding has implications for teachers and EFL programmers to use the latest methods and tools of instruction تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
32 - Cryptomnesia and Research Integrity: The Case of TEFL International Postgraduate Students at the Iranian Universities
مسعود طاهری لَرکیThe vast body of research on research integrity and research violations/dishonesties demonstrates that cryptomnesia (unwitting plagiarism) is still rising, especially among international postgraduate students from various socio-cultural backgrounds. The present research أکثرThe vast body of research on research integrity and research violations/dishonesties demonstrates that cryptomnesia (unwitting plagiarism) is still rising, especially among international postgraduate students from various socio-cultural backgrounds. The present research paper aimed to review the state of art highlighting elements prompting academic misconducts (in our case, plagiarism) by international postgraduate students in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Iranian universities. The findings revealed that assistive initiatives such as face-to-face workshops, webinars, and tutorials were not sufficient in their quality to meet students’ needs. Although various practices were conducted in academic research integrity across the globe, having a high degree of academic writing skills (academic literacy) was inadequate for students to control cryptomnesia in professional and academic contexts. Regarding the mentioned elements, this research paper proposed two substantially established programs to contribute to international postgraduate students becoming mindful of academic research principles to avoid unwitting plagiarism in their academic writings. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
33 - An investigation of the effects of prefabricated patterns or collocations upon the enhancement of Iranian EFL learners’ writing skill level
Mehdi Yaghoobi Mehdi Haseli SonghoriThe major objective of the present study is to measure up the effectiveness of teaching collocations in raising foreign language writing proficiency. It is widely acknowledged that collocations play an important role in second language learning, particularly at the inte أکثرThe major objective of the present study is to measure up the effectiveness of teaching collocations in raising foreign language writing proficiency. It is widely acknowledged that collocations play an important role in second language learning, particularly at the intermediate and advanced levels. The current research was executed to investigate the influence of collocation instruction and consideration on enhancing Iranian EFL learners’ writing skill. To do so, thirty upper intermediate EFL learners were selected from among the learners in an English language institute. Their level of English proficiency was determined on the basis of a pretest at the outset of the study. Simply speaking, a test of writing ability as a pretest was administered of which the scores were used to assign the subjects into two homogeneous groups. The control group encountered passages without being resorted to prefabricated patterns (collocations), but the experimental group resorted to prefabricated patterns and tasks prior to writing texts respectively. The fundamental aim of this research was to gain a better understanding of the role collocations play in students’ writing. This study intended to investigate the correlation between Iranian EFL learners' use of lexical collocations (i.e. frequency and variety) and their writing scores. It was revealed that implementation of the prefabricated patterns had a great influence upon the subjects experiencing them in comparison to the control group. Experimental subjects outperformed in the post-test, at the significant level of .01. In reality, teaching collocations could play a prominent role in improving EFL learners’ writing skill. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
34 - Psycho-dynamics of EFL Learners’ Writing Skills Development: Do Dynamic Assessment Modalities Matter?
Seyed Hamed Etemadi Gholam-Reza Abbasian Abdollah BaradaranThe present study tries to explore psycho-dynamics of Iranian EFL learners under the functions of dynamic assessment intervention modalities (i.e., facilitative vs. authoritative) modalities in developing their writing skills. To this end, this qualitative study ran on أکثرThe present study tries to explore psycho-dynamics of Iranian EFL learners under the functions of dynamic assessment intervention modalities (i.e., facilitative vs. authoritative) modalities in developing their writing skills. To this end, this qualitative study ran on the basis of semi-structured interviews and written protocols data collected from 120 Iranian advanced EFL learners was designed to elicit an in-depth understanding of the participants’ thoughts during performing writing tasks. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data from both sources (i.e., interviews and written protocols) revealed that: 1) authoritative modality works more effectively in facilitating the processes of opinion expression and effective revision and correction, 2) facilitative modality contributes more to developing critical and reflective thinking processes while writing. In the light of the facilitative modality, the learners can easily switch from their individualistic focus to a collaborative culture among teachers and learners. So, the learners become more self-regulated and can move from object-regulation through other-regulation towards self-regulation. Then, EFL learners’ psycho-dynamic actions are a function of DA-modalities. The findings offer theoretical and pedagogical insights for both researchers and practitioners in addressing language learning and learners. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
35 - A Genre-Based Model for EFL Learners’ Summary writing and learners’ attitudes towards it: A Mixed Methods Study
Elnaz Shoari Nader Assadi Hanieh Davatgari AslResearch findings on teaching of language learning strategies found that summarizing is of tremendous role in learning in general, and in reading comprehension in particular. Due to its importance and also due in large to the fact that there wasn’t a comprehensive أکثرResearch findings on teaching of language learning strategies found that summarizing is of tremendous role in learning in general, and in reading comprehension in particular. Due to its importance and also due in large to the fact that there wasn’t a comprehensive way of summarizing the current study tried to provide an inclusive genre -based model for text summarizing, and examine its effectiveness in a mixed-methods study which lasted for one academic semester. The results of the quantitative phase revealed that the experimental group outperformed in the posttest. It can be said that the effectiveness of the Genre-based model is principally due to its role in increasing the learners’ structural awareness, namely in supporting them in finding out the schematic structure of texts and eradicating the insignificant parts. In the qualitative phase the researcher designed a questionnaire and found out attitudes of the learners towards the model. The results exposed that learners had positive attitudes towards the genre-based model of summary development. Through making use of the model they have an effective tool for taking the gist of texts out of them, and make connections with what they already know. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
36 - A Summary Writing Model Based on Van Dijk’s Concept of Macrostructure and its Application within the Genre-Based Approach
Elnaz shoari Nader Assadi Aidinlou Hanieh Davatgari AslThis study was an attempt to provide a comprehensive model for summary writing based on the model of Van Dijk’s concept of macrostructures. The effectiveness of the model was examined in a genre-based quasi-experimental study with the data collection procedure las أکثرThis study was an attempt to provide a comprehensive model for summary writing based on the model of Van Dijk’s concept of macrostructures. The effectiveness of the model was examined in a genre-based quasi-experimental study with the data collection procedure lasting a semester. The participants included 60 female English learners divided into two experimental and control groups. The results of the study revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the posttest which was mainly due to the potential role the treatment had in increasing the learners’ structural awareness in order to help them find the most important parts of the texts, i.e. those relating to the main idea of the text and disregard the less relevant ones. The results of this study contributed to the understanding of the genre-based model and that English learners could get the essence of a given text by only understanding the gist and comprehending some sentences in a text. English learners could realize that all of the words and sentences in a text have a responsibility of conveying a particular message and that there is no need to memorize or remember every individual information in a text. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
37 - Effect of Holistic vs. Analytic Assessment on Improving Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Writing Skill
Massumeh Hosseini Bahram MowlaieIn assessing foreign language writing, holistic and analytic scoring can be used to measure a variety of discourse and linguistic features. This study aimed to investigate the possible significant effect of analyt- ic and holistic assessments on improving writing skill أکثرIn assessing foreign language writing, holistic and analytic scoring can be used to measure a variety of discourse and linguistic features. This study aimed to investigate the possible significant effect of analyt- ic and holistic assessments on improving writing skill among Iranian EFL learners. For this purpose, two groups of intermediate EFL learners, after being homogenized, were divided into two experimental groups. In treatment phase, groups A’s compositions were scored holistically while group B’s composi- tions were scored analytically using Paulus’s scoring rubric as the benchmark. The result of Paired t-tests revealed that both scoring methods caused statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test in both groups. However, the result of the independent samples t-test in post-test between the two exper- imental groups showed that whether the writings of both groups were scored analytically or holistically, the group, which received analytic scoring during the treatment outperformed the group, which received holistic scoring. This study could have pedagogical implications in that it could encourage writing teach- ers to take the findings into account to improve the quality of writing as the Cinderella skill in a foreign language instruction and avoid sweeping the writing assignments under the practicality carpet. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
38 - How does Explicit and Implicit Instruction of Formal Meta-discourse Markers Affect Learners’ Writing Skills?
محمد مقدسی محمد بوالی Fatemeh BehjatDiscourse markers improve both the quality and comprehension of a written text. This study aimed at investigating the effect of explicit and implicit instruction of formal meta-discourse markers on writ- ing skills. The quantitative data were collected from 90 upper-int أکثرDiscourse markers improve both the quality and comprehension of a written text. This study aimed at investigating the effect of explicit and implicit instruction of formal meta-discourse markers on writ- ing skills. The quantitative data were collected from 90 upper-intermediate students at Shiraz Univer- sity Language Center. Two experimental groups went through an instruction, while the control group did not receive any instruction on formal meta-discourse markers. A pretest-posttest method of as- sessment was employed. After an eight-session treatment, a posttest was administered to compare the participants‟ performances. The results revealed that the instruction of formal meta-discourse markers had a positive effect on the learners‟ writing skills. Moreover, the results showed that learners who received explicit instruction of meta-discourse markers could perform better in writing than learners who received implicit instruction. The findings can have pedagogical implications for EFL educators and materials developers to enhance learners‟ writing skill. Furthermore, the findings provide impor- tant insight into the impact of teaching discourse markers and raising learners‟ awareness through ex- plicit instruction in order to make pupils produce more cohesive and coherent written texts. Besides, it sheds light on the effect of different types of instruction on learning metadiscourse markers and its application in writing skills. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
39 - Probing into the Patterns of Pair Interaction in EFL Learners’ Peer Feedback Dynamics: Written Discourse in Focus
Ahmadreza Jamshidipour حمید رضا خلجی فرامرز عزیزملایریThe present study attempted to explore the patterns of pair interaction in peer feedback dynamics to facilitate the quality of peer feedback and the quality of English writing among EFL learners while communicating ideas through written discourse. This qualitative case أکثرThe present study attempted to explore the patterns of pair interaction in peer feedback dynamics to facilitate the quality of peer feedback and the quality of English writing among EFL learners while communicating ideas through written discourse. This qualitative case study was conducted with 12 (six pairs) EFL learners. To this aim, 12 out of 18 EFL learners from a writing course over 16 weeks, a session per week, during the first semester of 2019-2020 at Poldokhtar University were selected. The revised Bloom’s taxonomy model was transferred to the learners in the workshop. Three kinds of data, including semi-structured interview transcripts, 12 writing assignments, and artifacts of peer feedback dynamics, were analyzed by the QSR NVivo 8 software. The findings revealed that the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Model is more acceptable for peer feedback dynamics using patterns of pair interaction which provides a six-step model of critical thinking. The process of peer feedback dynamics was summarized as three steps: intake, critical thinking, and output. Each of the three steps had several mental processes in peer feedback dynamics. Accordingly, the amount of learners’ awareness resulted in their critical thinking. The more the learners were cognizant of their pair interaction and the feedback they received, the more they could criticize the tasks and class activities. Furthermore, the results showed that the pair interaction led to more motivation, cooperation, and confidence. When the learners were confident, they felt comfortable. In conclusion, during peer feedback dynamics, there was a cyclic relationship among the affective variables, including the learners’ awareness, critical thinking, motivation, cooperation, and confidence. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
40 - Using Metacognitive Strategies in Writing Classes
محمدشریف حسینیThe present paper was an endeavor to explore the impact of using metacognitive strategies on EFL learners' writing performance. Also, the learners’ views on the use of these strategies in their classes were assessed. To this end, 40 intermediate learners participa أکثرThe present paper was an endeavor to explore the impact of using metacognitive strategies on EFL learners' writing performance. Also, the learners’ views on the use of these strategies in their classes were assessed. To this end, 40 intermediate learners participated in this study. The experimental group included 20 students who underwent metacognitive writing strategies instruction while the control group included 20 students who followed the routine teaching of the writing skill of the language school. All participants sat for the same writing pretest at the outset and the same posttest once the treatment was over. Moreover, a metacognitive writing questionnaire was used to explore the learners’ views toward employing the mentioned strategies. The results indicated that the employment of metacognitive strategy significantly affected the learners’ writing performance. Furthermore, the learners held positive views on the effectiveness of the mentioned strategies regarding planning, monitoring, and evaluating their writing performance, and, among all, monitoring was used mainly by the participants. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
41 - Providing Computer-Based Feedback through Grammarly® in Writing Classes
محسن اشرف گنجویی Mohammad Javad Rezai Seyedeh Elham ElhambakhshThis study aimed at evaluating the impact of Grammarly® software as a new technology-based immediate corrective feedback on improving EFL learners’ writing achievements. To this end, 40 sophomore Iranian EFL students from Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch أکثرThis study aimed at evaluating the impact of Grammarly® software as a new technology-based immediate corrective feedback on improving EFL learners’ writing achievements. To this end, 40 sophomore Iranian EFL students from Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, were selected. Before initiating the 15-session treatment, a pretest including 20 questions based on four different variables such as definite and indefinite articles, punctuations, passive voice, and correct spelling was administered. The participants were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. At the end of the treatment and based on the principles of noticing hypothesis, a posttest was administered to evaluate the impact of each intervention on the final writing skill in each group. Employing the independent samples t-test, the data analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between the use of Grammarly® software and learners’ writing achievement in each of the four writing skills variables. The experimental group outperformed the control group. In addition, the results indicated that utilizing Grammarly® software had a positive effect on EFL learners’ attitudes. The pedagogical implications of this study are that both teachers and students should learn to employ different technology-based applications to improve language learning. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
42 - Analyzing the Effect of Using Meta-cognitive Strategies on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Skill
محمدشریف حسینیThe present paper was an endeavour to explore the impact of using metacognitive strategies on EFL learners' writing performance of a language institute in Gachsaran, Iran. Also, the students’ views on the use of these strategies in EFL classes and their effect on أکثرThe present paper was an endeavour to explore the impact of using metacognitive strategies on EFL learners' writing performance of a language institute in Gachsaran, Iran. Also, the students’ views on the use of these strategies in EFL classes and their effect on the writing performance were assessed. To this end, 40 intermediate learners were recruited to participate in this study. The experimental group included 20 students who adopted metacognitive writing strategies, while the control group included 20 students who followed a conventional teaching writing skill. Firstly, all participants took part in the same pre-test of writing, and the scores were recorded. Then, implementing the mentioned strategies started after running the pre-test. Finally, the students of both groups took part in the post-test and the scores were recorded carefully. Moreover, a metacognitive writing questionnaire was published to explore the views toward employing the mentioned strategies. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The results indicated that the employment of metacognitive strategy significantly affected the Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance. Further, the EFL learners hold positive views on the effectiveness of the mentioned strategies regarding planning, monitoring, and evaluating their writing performance, and among all, “Monitoring” was used mainly by the participants. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
43 - Teaching Information Structure of Non-Canonical Sentences through a Deductive Vs. an Inductive Approach: Effects on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Products
Hamidreza Sheikhi Bahram Hadian Mehdi Vaez-DaliliThis study investigates the effect of deductive versus inductive teaching of Information Structure (IS) of non-canonical sentences on Iranian EFL learners’ writing productions. To do so 69 participants majoring in English literature and English translation, fourth أکثرThis study investigates the effect of deductive versus inductive teaching of Information Structure (IS) of non-canonical sentences on Iranian EFL learners’ writing productions. To do so 69 participants majoring in English literature and English translation, fourth semester, Arak University, participated in this study in the form of two intact groups called Deductive (experimental) and Inductive (control) groups, comprising 36 and 33 participants in that order. Under the effect of twelve treatment sessions of deductive vs. inductive instructions of IS principles, six weeks, the statistical analyses of the results regarding the pretest-posttest phase disclosed significant improvement of the participants’ writing scores in both groups. Concerning the post-test results, no statistically significant difference was observed in the Deductive vs. Inductive groups’ writing scores. Regarding the posttest-delayed posttest results, the statistical analyses showed a significant decrease in the Deductive group’ writing scores while the writing scores reduction in the Inductive group was not significant. So, the findings revealed a significant retention of improved writing skills in association with the Inductive group. Possible explanations for the writing improvement and implications of the findings for language teaching have been discussed. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
44 - Effects of Explicit Vocabulary Instruction on Improving L2 Learners' Writing Skill and Their Short and Long-term Retention
Nahid Kazemi KheirabadiThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of explicit instruction aimed at improving vocabulary on the writing proficiency and long-term retention of new vocabulary among second language (L2) learners. The achievement was accomplished through the ad أکثرThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of explicit instruction aimed at improving vocabulary on the writing proficiency and long-term retention of new vocabulary among second language (L2) learners. The achievement was accomplished through the administration of a fill-in-the-blank assessment, which included 30 individual words and 6 lexical phrases, to a group of 30 EFL students at an upper-intermediate level. Subsequently, these students engaged in a reading exercise centered around the topic of 'Bull Fighting' and subsequently crafted a paper titled 'A Cruel Sport'. The results demonstrated a notable enhancement in the quantity of terms actively utilized in their writing following the focused vocabulary teaching. The statistical analysis revealed that the participants were capable of retaining the newly-acquired language even after a considerable amount of time had elapsed since the lesson. This study presents comprehensive information on these findings and provides suggestions for L2 teachers, asserting that although comprehending a word does not inherently result in its active utilization, learners possess the capacity to enhance their active vocabulary and accurately employ recently acquired words. Explicit training in vocabulary is advantageous for converting recognition vocabulary into productive language during immediate writing tasks and enhancing retention. Nevertheless, consistent and regular practice in utilizing recently learned vocabulary is necessary for it to become effective in long-term written expression. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
45 - IELTS Writing Skills Training and EFL Learners’ Identity Construction: Link to Selves-theory
Sanaz Farnia Neda Fatehi Rad Hassan ShahabiWriting academically which has recently attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics, is a complex process for many candidates. Among the four language skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it needs ideology transfer, the main element of th أکثرWriting academically which has recently attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics, is a complex process for many candidates. Among the four language skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it needs ideology transfer, the main element of the theory. This paper made an effort to examine the effect of training on IELTS writing skill on Iranian EFL students' construction of the possible selves in the future. In doing so, an experimental study was employed and 90 candidates of both genders were chosen to participate based on cluster sampling method. The instrument of the study was a related questionnaire (Zadshir et al., 2020) which was used to check the expected possible selves of the participants. Descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run to analyze data. Findings of the study indicated that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after treatment. That is to say, training on IELTS writing skills had a remarkable effect on Iranian EFL students’ construction of the possible selves and the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners, teachers and learners have been discussed. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
46 - Investigating the Nexus of TBLT and Automatic Corrective Feedback: Implications for Second Language Writing
Nafis Hosseinpour Fateme Raeesi Fariba Rahimi EsfehaniTask-based language teaching (TBLT) and Automatic Corrective Feedback (ACF) are two pedagogical approaches that intersect in the realm of language learning and teaching. However, the integration of ACF into TBLT has not been thoroughly investigated, especially in seco أکثرTask-based language teaching (TBLT) and Automatic Corrective Feedback (ACF) are two pedagogical approaches that intersect in the realm of language learning and teaching. However, the integration of ACF into TBLT has not been thoroughly investigated, especially in second language writing. The current study, hence, was an attempt to explore the relationship between TBLT and ACF on the overall quality of L2 writing among a group of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, a number of 120 EFL learners were selected to participate in the study. The participants were subsequently allocated randomly into five groups: two control groups and three experimental groups. A preliminary writing assignment, serving as the pre-test, was administered to all groups. In this task, learners were instructed to rewrite the reading passage from unit 6A of the American File book, which was designated as a descriptive writing task. Subsequently, the participants received the required intervention over three sessions in the experimental groups. The distinctions among the experimental groups pertained to the types of task repetition employed. When needed, the participants sought assistance from Grammarly as an ACF. Participants in the control group did not experience any types of task repletion nor automated corrective feedback. Once the treatment sessions concluded, participants were administered the same pre-test as a post-test to gauge any alterations in the quality of their writing. Data analysis entailed a series of t-tests. Findings indicated that, on the whole, the three writing tasks accompanying ACF impacted the quality of writing among EFL learners similarly. Recommendations for future research were also put forward. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
47 - L1 and L2 Peer-scaffolding Techniques Affecting on EFL Learners' Writing Skill: Link to Cognitive Learning Theory
Mousa Ghonchepour Azar Bagheri Masoudzade Akram Shekarian BehzadiScaffolding and its relationship to second or foreign language learning has been studied in different aspects of interaction such as teacher-student or student-student interaction, called peer-scaffolding. Peer-scaffolding as its name suggests refers to student-student أکثرScaffolding and its relationship to second or foreign language learning has been studied in different aspects of interaction such as teacher-student or student-student interaction, called peer-scaffolding. Peer-scaffolding as its name suggests refers to student-student help and cooperation in a situation that one student is more knowledgeable than the other. The researchers of the present study noticed the empty place of examining the effectiveness of peer scaffolding on language learners' writing skill in the extant literature. With a view to this, the main aim behind this study was to analyze the impact of peer scaffolding in L1 vs. L2 on Iranian EFL learner's writing development. To achieve this aim, out of 55 students who were selected based on available sampling, 44 of them participated in this study. That is to say, a pre-test of writing was administered to the participants at the beginning of the term to examine homogeneity of students. Then, they were randomly assigned in the two experimental groups (22 Ss in each). Posttest of writing in the form of essay writing was performed and scores were obtained and analyzed using SPSS Software. Careful analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between applications of the two languages in peer scaffolding writing. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between peer-scaffolding and student’s writing skill scores. The findings have some implications for EFL teacher education researchers, policy makers, curriculum developers, and teachers. تفاصيل المقالة
سند
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
الروابط
المراكز ذات الصلة
دعامة
الصفحات الرسمية
حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1445