بررسی توزیع مکانی خطر بیابان‌زایی منطقه سبزوار با استفاده از مدل IMDPA
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعی
اسماعیل سیلاخوری
1
(دکتری، بیابان‌زدایی، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
مجید اونق
2
(استاد، ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.)
امیر سعدالدین
3
(دانشیار، مدیریت منابع آبخیز، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.)
کلید واژه: رخساره ژئومورفولوژی, منطقه سبزوار, شدت خطر بیابان‌زایی, مدل IMDPA,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: بیابان‌زایی مسئله‌ای جهانی، با پیامدهای جدی برای تنوع زیستی، ایمنی محیط‌زیست، ریشه کنی فقر، ثبات اجتماعی- اقتصادی و توسعه پایدار در سراسر جهان می باشد. مناسب ترین روش برای تعیین شدت خطر بیابان‌زایی، استفاده از مدل های تجربی است. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین توزیع مکانی خطر بیابان‌زایی منطقه سبزوار با استفاده از مدل IMDPA و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی است. روش بررسی: به‌منظور بررسی شدت بیابان‌زایی در منطقه سبزوار، از تمام معیارهای مدل IMDPA استفاده گردید. برای این منظور، ابتدا نقشه واحدهای کاری (رخساره های ژئومورفولوژی) با استفاده از نقشه های شیب، زمین شناسی، پوشش گیاهی، کاربری اراضی، تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست 5 و گوگل ارث در 4 واحد، 10 تیپ و 96 رخساره تهیه گردید. سپس در هر واحد کاری، با استفاده از مدل IMDPA شاخص ها ارزش دهی شد و از میانگین هندسی آن ها ارزش هر معیار تعیین گردید. ارزش هر گروه از میانگین هندسی معیارهای آن مشخص؛ و از میانگین هندسی ارزش گروه ها، نقشه شدت بیابان‌زایی منطقه به دست آمد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، که معیارهای آب و آبیاری و فرسایش با میانگین وزنی 94/2 و 72/2 بیش ترین تأثیر را در بیابان‌زایی منطقه داشتند. منطقه سبزوار با استفاده از این مدل به دو کلاس متوسط (II) و شدید (IV) تقسیم شد، که بیش ترین سطح منطقه را کلاس متوسط (07/85 درصد) پوشش داد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: منطقه سبزوار از روند ژئومورفولوژیکی متنوعی از کوهستان تا پلایا برخوردار می‌باشد و تقسیم بندی آن به دو کلاس بیابان‌زایی نشان دهنده آسان گیری مدل IMDPA در تهیه نقشه خطر بیابان‌زایی است. دلیل این امر را می توان در شاخص های متنوع، میانگین هندسی و کلاس بندی نامتوازن جستجو کرد. نقشه خطر مذکور به همراه شاخص ها کلیدی مؤثر در بیابان‌زایی منطقه سبزوار می توانند در جهت مهار بیابان‌زایی و نیل به توسعه پایدار مورداستفاده برنامه ریزان قرار گیرند.
Background and Objective: Desertification is a global issue with serious implications worldwide on biodiversity, eco-safety, poverty eradication, socio-economic stability, and sustainable development. The most efficient methods for assessing desertification intensity are experimental methods. The aim of this study was to assess desertification hazard in Sabzevar using the GIS and IMDPA model. Method: The IMDPA model was applied to evaluate the desertification intensity in Sabzevar. For this purpose, first the land unit map (geomorphologic facies) was created using slope, geology, vegetation cover, land use, Landsat 5 and Google Earth satellite images in 4 units, and 10 types and 96 facies were identified. Then, in each work unit, all the criteria were valued based on the selected indices which resulted in the qualitative mapping of each criterion based on the geometric mean of the indices. The mapping of each group was done based on the geometric mean of the studied criterion. Then, the desertification intensity map of the region was obtained using a geometric average of all groups. Findings: The results showed that water, irrigation, and erosion have the most severe impact on desertification with weighted means of 2.94 and 2.72, respectively. Sabzevar was divided into two classes of moderate (II) and intensive (IV) classes, with the largest area covered by the moderate class (85.07 %) Discussion and Conclusion: Sabzevar has a diverse variety of geomorphologic terrains from high mountains to Playa, and dividing it into two classes indicates the simplicity of the IMPDA in preparing desertification. The reason for this peculiarity is the diverse features, geometric mean and unbalanced classification. The mentioned hazard map along with key factors in desertification can be used by the related managers for combating desertification and moving towards sustainable development in Sabzevar.
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- Goudie, A.S., (2011) Desertification. Encyclopedia of Environmental Hhealth: 30-35.
- Biroudian, Nader. 2001. Principles of Desert Resources Management. Rashad Publication. 205 pp. (In Persian)
- Dawelbait, M. and Morari, F., (2012) Monitoring desertification in a Savannah region in Sudan using Landsat images and spectral mixture analysis, Journal of Arid Environments, 80: 45-55.
- UNCCD, (1994) Status of Ratification and Entry into Force. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Paris.
- Zhu, Z.D., Chen, G.T., (1994) Sandy Desertification in China. Science Press, Beijing.
- Zhao, H.L., 2012. Desert Ecology. China Science Press, Beijing.
- Zhao, H.L., Li, J., Liu, R., Zhou, R., Qu, H., Pan, Ch., (2014) Effects of desertification on temporal and spatial distribution of soil macro-arthropods in Horqin sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, Geoderma 223–225: 62–67.
- UNCCD Brochure., (2012) Desertification land degredation and drought (DLDD) – some global facts and figures, http://www.un.org/.
- Ekhtessassi, M.R., and Sepehr. A., (2011) Methods and models of desertification assessment and mapping. Yazd University Press, 286p. (In Persian)
- Feiznia, S., Gooya, A.N., Ahmadi, H., and Azarnivand, H., (2001) Investigation on Desertification Factors in Hossein-Abad Mish Mast Plain and a Proposal for a Regional Model, Biaban, 6 (2): 1-6. (In Persian)
- Hoseini, S.M., Ekhtesasi, M.R., Shahriyari, A.R., and Shafiei, H., (2010) Study of current and potential desertification status with emphasis on wind erosion criterion using MICD method (Case Study: Niatak Region of Sistan). Journal of Range and Watershed Management. Iranian journal of natural Resources. 63:2. 165-181. (In Persian)
- Tabatabaie-Zadeh, M., (2010) The comparison of desertification intensity potential using MICD and IMDPA methods with emphasis on wind erosion (Case Study: Fakhr-Abad of Mehriz). A thesis of MSc in University of Tehran, 92p. (In Persian)
- Abrisham, E., (2004) Assessment and mapping of desertification using FAO-UNEP, ICD and MICD models in Fakhrabad-Mehriz (Yazd), A thesis of MSc in combating desertification, University of Tehran, 130p. (In Persian)
- Rezaee Rad, N., (2009) The Study of desertification potential Cheshme Khan Basin by IMDPA method. A thesis of MSc in combating desertification, University of Tehran, 110p. (In Persian)
- Niko, S.H., (2011) Assessment of potential desertification, land degradation to identify the effective factors by using IMDPA method (Case study: Damghan region). A thesis of PhD in combating desertification, University of Tehran, 233p. (In Persian)
- Zolfaghari, F., Shahriari, A, R., Fakhireh, A., Rashki, A.R., Noori, S., and Khosravi, H., (2011) Assessment of desertification potential using IMDPA model in Sistan plain. Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 91: 97-107. (In Persian)
- Silakhori, E., (2014) Mapping of desertification hazard intensity based on soil index using ESAs methodology in Mazinan of Sabzevar, Emergency Management, 57 (6): 57-63. (In Persian)
- Hashemi, Z., Pahlevanravi, A., and Miri, A., (2011) Evaluating the present situation of desertification in Zahak region of Sistan based on water erosion criteria. Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 91: 68-79. (In Persian)
- Vali, A.A., Mousavi, S.H., SadatAhmadi, S.M, (2015), Assessment of Desertification Intensity in Masjed Soleiman Basin Using IMDPA Model, Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 4 (9): 43-56. (In Persian)
- Parvari, S.H., Pahlavanravi, A., Moghaddam Nia, A.R., Dehvari, A., and Parvari, D., (2011) Application of Methodology for Mapping Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) to Desertification in Dry Bed of Hamoun Wetland (Iran), International Journal of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, 1 (1): 65-80.
- Elena Topa, M., Iavazzo, P., Terracciano, S., Adamo, P., Coly, A., De Paola, F., Giardano, S., Giugni, M., and Eric Traore, S., (2013) Evaluation of sensitivity to desertification by a modified ESAs method in two sub-Saharan peri-urban areas: Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Saint Louis (Senegal), Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 15.
- Silakhori, E., (2013) Assessing desertification hazard (comparing MICD and IMDPA models), risk and developing management plan in Sabzevar region, Iran, a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. in Natural Resources – Arid Zone Management, Collage of Range and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Scienses and Natural Resources, 172 p. (In Persian)
- Zehtabian, Gh., Khosravi, H., and Masoudi, R., (2016) Models of Desertification Assessment (Criteria and Indices), University of Tehran Press, 268 p. (In Persian)