Fertilizer management plays an important role in obtaining satisfactory yields from maize. In addition, fertilizer management is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture and protecting the environment. This research was conducted by split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Main factor was integrated with chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels that included 100, 75, 50, 25% quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers and with zero and 100% of biological fertilizers. Sub factor was three types of maize hybrids including Single cross 704, Single cross Karon 701 (SLD 45/1/2-1× MO17), Single cross Mobin (SLD 45/1/2-1× SLH 2/29/14/2-4/1). Analysis of variance indicated effect of fertilizer on all measured traits instead seed oil percentage and chlorophyll index was significant but effect of hybrids on all traits instead seed protein percentage was not significant. Interaction effect of treatments on seed yield, seed protein percentage and seed oil percentage was significant at 5% and 1% probability level, respectively. According result of mean comparison effect of different level of fertilizer treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had highest amount of Biological yield (26.49 t.ha-1), harvest index (56.71%), protein yield (1.19 t.ha-1), oil yield (1.18 t.ha-1), and chlorophyll index (53.04), although hybrid SC.704 by 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had higher seed yield (15.14 t.ha-1), seed protein percentage (9.98%) and seed oil percentage (9.48%). Finally according result of this research use up biological fertilizers with half the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers is the greatest help towards sustainable agriculture. تفاصيل المقالة

This research set out to evaluate the effect of combined biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on some corn hybrids. To this end an experiment was conducted as split plot on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were included: use of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels: 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer and sub plots included three corn hybrids: single cross 704 hybrid, Mobin hybrid and Karoun hybrid. Chemical fertilizers used included urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin for biological fertilizer. Results showed that Karoun hybrid in 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer treatment had the highest grain yield, and biological yield and protein percent and the lowest number of grain per row, grain yield, plant height and biological yield belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid treatment. Highest 1000 grain weight belonged to Karoun hybrid and the lowest protein percent was in Mobin hybrid. Finally results revealed that single cross 704 and Karoun hybrids in number of grain per row and protein yield and Mobin hybrid and single cross 704 in 1000-grain weight were not significantly different. Single cross 704 hybrid only in protein percent was higher than other hybrids. Finally consummation of biological fertilizers with 50% organic fertilizer produced the highest grain yield. تفاصيل المقالة

In order to study the source limitation and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain in dual-purpose (forage and grain) barley, a field experiment was carried out in Iran, Ahvaz region. The experimental design was split plot in randomized complete block with three replications. Application rates of nitrogen at four levels (60, 120, 180 and 220 kg.ha-1 N) were as main plots, while sub plots were three harvesting levels (no cutting crop, cutting at five and 10 cm above ground level). Spikelet removal from one side of spike was done to determine source limitation. Results indicated that foliage removal (FR) from five and 10 cm above ground level reduced grain yield 32% and 15.8%, respectively. Highest grain yield (530 g.m-2) was obtained by using 120 kg.ha-1 N treatment. Source limitation was increased with harvesting 28% and 23% in cutting crop from 5 and 10 cm level, respectively. Grain yield was generally reduced with increasing source limitation in dual-purpose barley crop. In cutting treatments, minimum source limitation was obtained with 120 kg.ha-1 N. The contribution of dry matter translocation pre-anthesis assimilates to grains was reduced by foliage removal treatments, due to reduction in vegetative growth at anthesis stage. Contribution of dry matter remobilization and current photosynthesis to grain yield were increased (11%) and reduced (8.7%) respectively by foliage cutting at 5 cm above ground level. تفاصيل المقالة

In order to identify the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield andseed growth indices of some bread and durum wheat genotypes, a field experiment wasconducted in 2013-2014 in Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center.The experiment was designed as a split plot with three replications. Nitrogen applicationrates (50, 100 and 150 kg N.ha-1) were assigned in the main plots and the subplots consisted of six wheat genotypes (Bread; Verinak, Star, Chamran and Durum;Karkheh, D-84-5, D-83-8). Results indicated that seed yield, seed protein percentage,seed effective filling rate, remobilization of dry matter and the current photosynthesis,1000 seed weight and seed effective filling period between genotypes were significant.Maximum and minimum seed filling rate was related to Karkheh genotype in 150 kgN.ha-1, and Verinak in treatment of using 50 kg N.ha-1. The effect of nitrogen levels onseed effective filling period was not significant. The maximum duration of seed fillingwas devoted to Verinak genotype and the minimum one was for Karkheh genotype.Chamran genotype, by using 150 kg N.ha-1, had maximum seed yield while Verinakgenotype, using 50 kg N.ha-1 had minimum seed yield. Maximum 1000 seed weight wasdevoted to Karkheh genotype in treatment of using 150 kg N.ha-1, also the minimum1000 seed weight was that of Star genotype in treatment of using 100 kg N.ha-1. Themaximum seed protein percentage was observed at D-84-5 line, in 150 kg N.ha-1, andminimum amount of protein was in Chamran and Karkheh in 50 kg N.ha-1. A positiveand significant correlation observed between seed yield and seed weight, the currentphotosynthesis rate and remobilization rate. In general, according to Khuzestan climateconditions, planting Chamran genotypes by using 150 kg N.ha-1, can led to an appropriateyield and it is highly suggested. تفاصيل المقالة

In the sub-tropics, water and nitrogen are the most important factors limiting the grain yield of maize. The effect of nitrogen (N) rates and drought stress at different growth stages of maize were investigated. Nitrogen treatments consisted of 100, 150, and 200 kgN.ha-1 from the urea source while water stress treatments were composed of irrigation-off since the early 10-leaf stage to emergence of 50% tassel (vegetative), irrigation-off since the emergence of 50% tassel to the end of pollination (reproductive), and well watered plots. Drought condition at both vegetative and reproductive growth stages reduced grain yield 35% and 45%, respectively. Number of kernel per ear and kernel weight also reduced significantly with drought stress especially in reproductive stage. The highest response of maize yield to N fertilizer was observed in treatment with optimal irrigation; however, the increase of N particularly in vegetative stress somewhat led to decrease of drought stress effects on grain yield. Drought stress at vegetative and reproductive stages increased resource limitation with the rate of 67.1% and 77.25%, respectively. Drought stress at both stages caused significant decrease in chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content. In general, the highest negative effect of drought stress on grain yield and physiological traits occurred at reproductive stage and increasing the amount of nitrogen cannot compensate these reductions. تفاصيل المقالة

Fertilizer management is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture and protecting the environment. To evaluate the effect of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative traits of corn hybrids a farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in 2013. Main plots were Included: use of the chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels (F1: 100% urea + 0% Nitroxin; F2:75% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F3:50% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F4: 25% urea + 100% Nitroxin) and the sub plots consisted three maize hybrids (H1: Single Cross 704, H2: Mobin, H3: Karoun). According result of analysis of variance effect of fertilizer treatments on seed yield,100 seed weight, number of seed per unit area and oil yield was significant at 1% probability level, but effect of hybrid on all measured traits (instead oil percentage and oil yield) was significant. Also interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead number of rows per ear) was significant. The mean comparison results indicated that the highest seed yield and 100 seed weight was belonged to 50% urea with 100% Nitroxin application treatment, also between different hybrids the highest seed yield and 100 seed weight belonged to Karoun. Interaction effect of treatments revealed the treatments of chemical fertilizer (50%) +biological fertilizer (100%) + single cross 701 (Karoun) had highest seed yield and can be advised to farmers. According to result of factor analysis five independent factors justify 98.5% of the data changes and the number of seed per row and number of seed per area was positively correlated with seed yield and the difference in yield among the studied populations was mainly due to the diversity of number of seed per area. تفاصيل المقالة

Bio-fertilizers are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize plantroots and benefit plants by providing growth promotion. This investigation was aimedat determining the effect of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application on growth, inoculationand yield production of corn hybrids. An experiment was conducted as split plot on thebasis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were Included:use of the chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels (F1: 100% urea +0% Nitroxin; F2:75% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F3: 50% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F4: 25%urea + 100% Nitroxin) and the sub plots included three maize hybrids (H1: SingleCross 704 hybrid, H2: Mobin hybrid, H3: Karoun hybrid). Chemical fertilizers usedincluded urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin as biologicalfertilizer. The results showed that the highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight wasallocated to 50% urea with 100% Nitroxin application. Single cross 704 at the level of100% chemical fertilizer had the highest number of seeds per ear, number of seeds perrow and inoculation percentage. Seed yield had positive and significant correlationwith seed number per ear, number of seed per row, seed weight and ear length. Alsolength of ear without a seed trait had the significant negative correlation by number ofseed per row and ear length at 5% probability level, which shows a decrease length ofear without a seed by increasing ear length and seed number per row. Finally applicationof N fertilizer level at 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer andKaroun hybrid was recommended. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Humic acid is a natural polymeric composition which is produced as a result of decaying organic matters in soil, peat and lignin to increase crop product. OBJECTIVES: Assessment the effect of different irrigation regime and humic acid on red bean production and correlation coefficient between measured traits. METHODS: Current research was done via split plots experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Main factor consisted irrigation halt at three levels (I1: Complete irrigation or control, I2: halt irrigation at flowering stage, I3: halt irrigation at pod stage) and humic acid foliar application dosages at three levels (H1: Control, H2: using 1.5 L.ha-1, H3: 3 L.ha-1 humic acid) belonged to subplots. RESULT: The effect of irrigation halt and humic acid on biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod and 100 seed weight were significant. Mean comparison result of interactions effect of treatments revealed the highest seed yield (3758.4 kg.ha-1) was in complete irrigation with 3 L.ha-1 humic acid consumption and the lowest one (2170.1 kg.ha-1) belonged to irrigation halt at flowering stage. So, this reduction in the irrigation at flowering stage was about 6% by consumption of 3 L.ha-1, and was improved to 38%. CONCLUSION: flowering stage is the most critical stage of growth of red beans in response to irrigation regimes and foliar application of humic acid could be used as a new method to decrease damage caused by halt irrigation, so halt irrigation in pod stage with use 3 L.ha-1 humic acid is recommended to achieve maximum yield. تفاصيل المقالة

تنش شوری یکی از تنش‌های مهم اثرگذار بر جوانه‌زنی، رشد، تولید و ویژگی‌های کیفی گندم به شمار می‌رود. محققان تنش شوری را تجمع یون‌هایی نظیر سدیم، سولفات و کلر در محیط ریزوسفر بیان نموده‌اند به نحوی که موجب اختلال در رشد طبیعی گیاه شود. تنش شوری از طریق کاهش فشار آماس سلول، ممانعت از انجام وظایف غشاء‌ها، اثر بر فعالیت آنزیم‌ها، ممانعت از فتوسنتز و القای کمبود یون در اثر کاهش انتقال یون‌ها و دیگر فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیکی موجب کاهش رشد، شاخص سطح برگ، زیست توده و عملکرد دانه در گندم می‌شود. ارقام گندم واکنش‌های متفاوت به شوری خاک و آب نشان می‌دهند و میزان تمحل ارقام گندم به شوری با برخی ویژگی‌های فزیولوژیکی مرتبط است. افزایش تحمل به شوری در ارقام گندم نان با کاهش غلظت سدیم در گیاه و همچنین کاهش نسبت عنصر سدیم به پتاسیم در برگ‌ها مرتبط است. جداسازی سدیم در برگ‌ها و ترجیحا" پتاسیم، به وجود ژنومD در گندم‌های هگزاپلوئید مربوط می‌شود. بطورکلی، آگاهی از واکنش‌های فیزیولوژیکی به ویژه در ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به شوری یاری‌گر اصلاح گران نبات برای تولید ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به شوری است. این تحقیق به مطالعه اثر تنش شوری بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی و رشد و نمو گندم پرداخته است. تفاصيل المقالة

به منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه سورگوم شیرین، این پژوهشدر مرکز تحقیقات نیشکر و صنایع جانبی بصورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا گردید. عامل اصلی شامل مقادیر50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن و عامل فرعی شامل مقادیر 60، 90 و 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار فسفر بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر برهمکنش مصرف فسفر و نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه سورگوم شیرین معنی دار نبود. اثر تیمارهای کود نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، وزن هزاردانه و تعداد دانه در خوشه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه با 2500 کیلوگرم در هکتار به تیمار نیتروژن 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار اختصاص یافت و کمترین عملکرد دانه با 1900 کیلوگرم در هکتار مربوط در تیمار نیتروژن 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار فسفر به ترتیب به مقادیر 120 (2300 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و 60 (2000 کیلوگرم در هکتار) فسفر خالص در هکتار اختصاص داشت. بطور کلی، بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار کودی 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 120 کیلوگرم فسفر مشاهده شد که تفاوت این تیمار با ترکیب کودی 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 90 کیلوگرم فسفر معنی‌دار نبود. بنابراین، ترکیب کودی دوم جهت دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب توصیه شد، اگرچه تحقیقات بیشتر در این خصوص مورد نیاز است. تفاصيل المقالة

به‌منظور بررسی واکنش ارقام گندم نان ( Triticum eastivum L.) به میزان بذر مصرفی و مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن این تحقیق در سال 91-1390 در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی شوشتر به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. سه سطح کود نیتروژن 90، 140، 190 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار به‌عنوان کرت اصلی در نظر گرفته شدند. چهار تراکم 400، 500، 600، 700 بذر در مترمربع به‌عنوان فاکتور اول و دو رقم کویر و چمران به‌عنوان فاکتور دوم در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که کود نیتروژن بر کلیه صفات موردمطالعه به‌استثنای شاخص برداشت، اثر معنی‌دار داشت. افزایش میزان نیتروژن باعث افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن شد. اثر تراکم بذر بر کلیه صفات موردمطالعه به‌جز تعداد دانه در سنبله، معنی‌دار بود. افزایش تراکم بذر باعث افزایش ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در مترمربع، تعداد سنبله در مترمربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و شاخص برداشت، اما تعداد پنجه بارور و وزن هزار دانه با افزایش تراکم بذر کاهش یافتند. اثر برهمکنش نیتروژن، تراکم بوته و رقم بر کلیه صفات موردمطالعه به‌جز تعداد دانه در سنبله معنی‌دار بود. به‌طورکلی نتایج نشان داد، رقم چمران در تراکم 500 بذر در مترمربع و 190 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار با تولید 656 گرم دانه در هکتار، بیشترین عملکرد دانه را به خود اختصاص داد. تفاصيل المقالة