ی. در این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی سبز شدن بذر و بنیه گیاهچه سه جمعیت گونه آویشن به وسیله روش های پرایمینگ، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1394 در آزمایشگاه، بانک ژن موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور انجام گرفت. در این آزمایش فاکتور الف شامل: سه جمعیت گونه آویشن (Thymus lancifolius) فاکتور ب شامل: تیمارهای اسموپرایمینگ( پلی اتیلن گلایکول6/0و 9/0مگاپاسگال)، هورمونال پرایمینگ (اسید جیبرلیک 250 و 500 پی پی ام، ماتریکس پرایمینگ (ورمیکولیت1درصد )، هیدرو پرایمینگ ( آب مقطر)، شاهد (بدون پرایمینگ) بودند. پس از کشت بذرهای پرایم شده در سطح گلدان ها و رشد آنها در شرایط گلخانه، صفات رویشی شامل درصد و سرعت سبز شدن، طول ریشه چه، ساقه چه، گیاهچه، شاخص بنیه، وزن تر و خشک، درصد وزن خشک و نسبت طول ریشه چه به طول ساقه چه اندازه گیری شد. نتایج بین جمعیتها نشان داد که بیشترین درصد و سرعت سبز شدن به مقدار(63/66) در دو جمعیت مرکزی اراک و فارس مشاهده شد. صفات سبز شدن جمعیت اراک از دو جمعیت دیگر بیشتر بود. بیشترین درصد سبز شدن با اثر تیمار ورمیکولیت (82/55) بدست آمد. بیشترین سرعت سبز شدن با اثر تیمار اسید جیبرلیک 250 پی پی ام (75/5) بدست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که روش ماتریکس پرایمینگ(ورمیکولیت) و هورمونال پرایمینگ (اسید جیبرلیک 250 و 500 پی پی ام موثرترین روشها بودند. بنابر‌این این‌ دو روش برای اهلی کردن و استقرار مناسب گیاهان دارویی توصیه می‌شوند. تفاصيل المقالة

ی. در این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی سبز شدن بذر و بنیه گیاهچه سه جمعیت گونه آویشن به وسیله روش های پرایمینگ، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1394 در آزمایشگاه، بانک ژن موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور انجام گرفت. در این آزمایش فاکتور الف شامل: سه جمعیت گونه آویشن (Thymus lancifolius) فاکتور ب شامل: تیمارهای اسموپرایمینگ( پلی اتیلن گلایکول6/0و 9/0مگاپاسگال)، هورمونال پرایمینگ (اسید جیبرلیک 250 و 500 پی پی ام، ماتریکس پرایمینگ (ورمیکولیت1درصد )، هیدرو پرایمینگ ( آب مقطر)، شاهد (بدون پرایمینگ) بودند. پس از کشت بذرهای پرایم شده در سطح گلدان ها و رشد آنها در شرایط گلخانه، صفات رویشی شامل درصد و سرعت سبز شدن، طول ریشه چه، ساقه چه، گیاهچه، شاخص بنیه، وزن تر و خشک، درصد وزن خشک و نسبت طول ریشه چه به طول ساقه چه اندازه گیری شد. نتایج بین جمعیتها نشان داد که بیشترین درصد و سرعت سبز شدن به مقدار(63/66) در دو جمعیت مرکزی اراک و فارس مشاهده شد. صفات سبز شدن جمعیت اراک از دو جمعیت دیگر بیشتر بود. بیشترین درصد سبز شدن با اثر تیمار ورمیکولیت (82/55) بدست آمد. بیشترین سرعت سبز شدن با اثر تیمار اسید جیبرلیک 250 پی پی ام (75/5) بدست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که روش ماتریکس پرایمینگ(ورمیکولیت) و هورمونال پرایمینگ (اسید جیبرلیک 250 و 500 پی پی ام موثرترین روشها بودند. بنابر‌این این‌ دو روش برای اهلی کردن و استقرار مناسب گیاهان دارویی توصیه می‌شوند. تفاصيل المقالة

This study was conducted to analyze genetic diversity in 15 natural populations of Iranian Agropyron pectiniforme using morphological traits and RAPDs (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA) molecular markers. Five primers out of the 10 were highly polymorphic and produced 128 polymorphic bands ranging in length of 500 to 2200 bp. According to AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) results, there was higher genetic variation between populations (53%) than within (47%) them. Cluster analysis based on RAPD data categorized the populations into five clusters. PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis) results showed the first four coordinates accounted for 95% of the total variation. The scatter of genotypes based on the first two components was agreement with cluster analysis results. There was non-significant mantel correlation coefficient between molecular and geographical data indicating classification of A. pectiniforme based on RAPD marker was not in accord with geographical distribution. With regard to morphological traits, characters including plant height and the number of stems per plants are suitable parameters for selection of potential parents in the breeding programs. The non-significant mantel correlation coefficient between molecular and morphological marker was observed, then suggested that the two marker systems give different estimates of genetic relations among populations. Finally, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the RAPD technique for quantifying genetic distances among A. pectiniforme populations. It was concluded that, there is sufficient genetic variation between Iranian populations of Agropyron pectiniforme which these genotypes can be useful for germplasm improvement and cultivar development. تفاصيل المقالة

چکیده فن‌آوری انجماد برای نگهداری طولانی‌مدت ژرم‌پلاسم گیاهی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. به‌کارگیری این فن‌آوری برای حفاظت مواد گیاهی زمانی سودمند است که باعث تغییرات در ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس آن در گیاه نگردد. گیاه مرزه Satureja sahendicaازگونه‌های در معرض خطر انقراض در ایران است. حفاظت از مواد‌‌‌ژنتیکی این گیاهان ارزشمند، لازم و ضروری است. به منظور بررسی اثر نگهداری در شرایط فراسرد بر پایداری فیتوشیمیایی و نوع و میزان ترکیبات شناسایی شده گیاهان حاصل از بذور تیمار شده به مدت یک هفته در نیتروژن مایع ( 196-) با گیاهان شاهد اندازه‌گیری شد. نخست سرشاخه‌های گلدار گیاهان حاصل از هر دو نوع بذر جمع‌اوری گردید و پس از خشک‌شدن در محیط ازمایشگاه به روش تقطیر با اب، مورد اسانس‌گیری قرار‌گرفت، سپس ترکیبات تشکیلدهنده اسانس‌ها با استفاده از کروماتوگرافی گازی تجزیه‌ای وگاز‌کروماتوگراف متصل ‌به‌ طیف‌سنج‌جرمی و محاسبه شاخص بازداری، مورد شناسایی قرار‌گرفت. تعداد 15ترکیب در اسانس سرشاخه S. sahendica قرار‌گرفته در شرایط فراسرد،شناسایی‌شد. ترکیب‌های عمده در این نمونه، پاراسیمن (3/43%)، گاماترپینن (05/21%)، تیمول (3/18%) و کارواکرول (1/5%)بودند. تعداد13 ترکیب در اسانس سرشاخه مرزه S. sahendica شاهد، شناسایی شد، که از میان انها، پاراسیمن (4/29%)، تیمول (3/28%)، گاماترپینن (19%) و کارواکرول (5/14%) اجزای اصلی اسانس بودند. نتایج نشان داد که از لحاظ نوع و درصد ترکیبات موجود در اسانس تفاوت قابل ملاحظهای بین گیاهان شاهد و گیاهان فراسرد وجود نداشت و با استفاده از فناوری فراسرد می توان بذر این گونه ارزشمند ودر حال خطر را برای مدت زمان بسیار طولانی حفظ و از خطر انقراض این گونه منحصر‌به‌فرد جلوگیری‌نمود. تفاصيل المقالة

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the survival, growth and production of various crops and medicinal plants in the different habitats of Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on seedling growth and physiological traits in four native thyme species as (Thymus kotschyanus, T. dianensis, T. lancifolius and T. pubescens). A factorial experiment was conducted using thyme species as main factor and three levels of water stresses namely well-watered (90% of field capacity), mild (70% FC) and severe drought stress (40% FC) as the second factor based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications in 2018, Khorramabad, Iran. Data collected for 14 morpho-physiological traits of the seedlings. The result of analysis of variance showed significant effects of species and water stress levels for all of the traits (p <0.01). The species by water stress interaction effects were significant for all of the traits except, carbohydrates and peroxidase indicating that the thyme species had different responses to water stress. Results of means comparison between water stress levels showed that the values of root length, root dry weight, root volume and physiological traits, as: leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates, proline content and catalase activity were increased by drought stress and the higher values were observed in 40% FC, indicating that by increasing drought stress both root growth parameters and many physiological traits were significantly increased in all of the species, but, the leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf pigments decreased. Results of species by water stress showed that the higher values of root length were obtained in T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius in severe stress (40% FC), respectively. However, in the same species, the higher values of roots dry weights were obtained in the mild stress (70% FC), respectively. For physiological traits, the higher values of (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates content and leaf pigments were obtained in T. lancifolius, indicating that this species was more tolerated to drought stress than the other species. It was concluded that species of T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius had produced longer roots in the severe drought stress. However, T. daenensis, due to higher areal part production and essential oil yield in the field, was recommended for domestication and cultivation in dryland farming system and semi-stepic rangelands of Iran. تفاصيل المقالة

Strong benefits of species diversity have been demonstrated in mixed cropping on rangelands. In order to determine the best composition of mixed cropping of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with three cool season grass species (Agropyron elongatum, Agropyron desertorum and Festuca arundinacea), on yield and quality traits, an experiment was conducted during two years (2009 and 2010) in Bojnourd, Iran. The used experimental design was a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main factor was different compositions of alfalfa and grasses and sub factor were two intercropping methods (Mixed intercropping and Row intercropping). Dry matter (DM) yield, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and quality traits including Crude Protein (CP), Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC), Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were determined. Results showed that the effects of treatments were significant for all of traits. The highest DM yield was obtained in mixed intercropping ratio of alfalfa 25% +A.elongatum 75% (2317 kg.ha-1) that increased 23.3% compared with alfalfa monoculture treatment. The effects of cropping method were significant for all of traits. The highest CP was obtained by mixed intercropping of alfalfa 75% + Festuca 25% (14.51%). In conclusion, mixed intercropping of alfalfa and Festuca arundinacea produced moderate DM yield coupled with higher quality traits. Whereas, mixed intercropping of alfalfa and A. elongatum produced highest DM yield but lower forage quality. تفاصيل المقالة

Smirnovia iranica (Sabeti) synonym: Smirnovia turkestana (Bunge) is a deciduous perennial bushy species of the Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) family. The species grow on sand dunes of desert areas, having a deep vertical root and very long horizontal or lateral roots. They have an important role in natural vegetation of desert and sand dune stabilization. Limited growing areas, grazing due to good palatability, and foliage quality of the plant have put this species under threat. Seed preservation under cryogenic conditions at -196ºC is an important approach to conserve seeds for a long period. In this study, seeds of the S. iranica were collected from natural habitats of the plants and three pre-cryopreservation treatments including PVS2, Desiccation, and 30%Glycerol were applied before transferring the seeds into liquid nitrogen (LN) at -196ºC for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year (in 2015). Subsequently, the seeds were removed from the liquid nitrogen, imposed to heat shock and evaluated under laboratory, greenhouse and natural habitat conditions. The cryopreserved seeds of various cryopreservation periods germinated normally under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In laboratory conditions, there were no significant differences between periods of seed storage in cryogenic conditions for seed germination trait. The highest seed germination percent (84%) was observed in the desiccation pre-cryopreservation treatment. In pre-cryopreservation treatments as well as cryogenic storage periods under greenhouse conditions, seed germination and seedling establishment were significantly different. In natural habitat, the cryopreserved seeds germinate and grow to normal seedlings and plants. The results showed that S. iranica seeds can be successfully stored in cryogenic conditions for a long period. تفاصيل المقالة

The study presents flavonoids compounds patterns of thirty two Lamiaceae (Mint) taxa from Oshtorankoh located on Zagros Mountains, Iran for understanding flavonoids role in mint chemotaxonomy and their usages as food additive, edible, spices and medicine. This is a novel report of some Iranian Mint taxa flavonoids using two-dimensional paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography methods. Results showed all of the studied taxa contained flavone C-&C-/O-glucosides and flavonoid sulphates. Eight taxa had aglycones while the rest lacked. Quercetin was found in all of taxa except Lamium album ssp. crinitum and Nepeta persica. Stachys setifera had not myricetin while others had. Rhamnetin, tricin and morin were not detected in all taxa exceptional Salvia brachycalyx and Salvia staminea those had. Kaempferol was found in all taxa except Ajuga chamaecistus, Lamium amplexicaule var. amplexicaule, Nepeta persica and Stachys pilifera. All of taxa except six species had luteolin. These results showed aerial parts flavonoids compounds variation in studied taxa can be useful for studying relationships within relatively narrow taxonomic limits, e. g. at the species and genus levels and their importance in chemotaxonomic surveys of mint genera. Also flavonoids compounds presence in studied taxa increase their quality and antioxidant activity as edible, spices and medicinal plants. تفاصيل المقالة

The aim of this research was to determine the germination ability of seeds and seedling vigor of three populations of Mountain thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) species using priming methods. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2016. In this experiment, factor A was: three populations of T. kotschyanus as Tehran, Gazvin and Zanjan, and, factor B had 6 levels of priming as: osmopriming [polyethylene glycol (PEG) 0.6 and 0.9 MPa], hormonal priming [gibberellic acid (GA 250 and 500 ppm], matrix priming (perlite), Hydro priming (distilled water) and control (without priming). The primed seeds were sown on the surface of the pots and growing them in the greenhouse conditions, the emergence traits including the percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, seedling length, seedling vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, root shoot length ratio and seedling dry matter (DM%) were measured. The results of variance analysis between populations showed that the Tehran population with average values of 64.98% sprouting and 4.98 seedlings sprout/per day, had the highest emergence appearance and speed of emergence, respectively. In comparison between treatments, the highest value of speed of emergence (5.40) obtained by using PEG 0.6 MPa. The highest stem and seedling’s length with values of 65.7 mm and 31.4mm were related to hormonal priming GA (250 and 500 ppm), respectively. The highest seedling fresh weight (39.44 g) was obtained by hydropriming. According to the results of this research, it was proved that the methods of osmopriming (PEG), hormonal priming (GA) were effective priming methods تفاصيل المقالة

To study the effects of chilling on dormancy breaking and the increased germination characteristics of Nepeta (germination percent and speed, seedling length, vigor index, wet and dry weight), a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 replications was implemented in a laboratory in 2014. Factor A was the chilling treatment in three levels (control, one-month and two-month pre-chilling of wet seeds at 4°C) and factor B was related to the seeds of 10 different species of genus Nepeta. After chilling, seeds of control were placed in a germinator for 15 days at 20°C and light-to-dark cycle of 16 hours light (1000 lux) to 8 hours dark. The results showed that chilling treatments had significant effects (p<0.01) on germination percent, germination speed, vigor index and fresh weight, but they had no effects on the seedling length. The chilling effects on germination percent showed that one-month chilling had a positive effect on N. haussknechtii with 40% and N. menthoides with 36.5% and two-month chilling had a positive effect on N. haussknechtii with 43%. The two-month chilling effect on germination speed was positive for most species. Generally, one-month chilling had positive effects on the increased seed vigor index of N. betonicifolia, N. haussknechtii and N. menthoidesand by 20.48%, 25.33% and 17.99%, respectively as compared to that of control treatment and two-month chilling had positive effects on the increased fresh weight of N. cataria, N. haussknechtii , N. pungens, N. menthoides andN. crassifolia. تفاصيل المقالة