Effects of Water Stress on Seedling Growth and Physiological Traits in Four Thyme Species
الموضوعات :Ali Sepahvand 1 , Aliashraf Jafari 2 , Fatemeh Sefidkon 3 , Sepideh Kalatejari 4
1 - PhD student, Department of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
3 - Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
4 - Department of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Field capacity, Thymus pubescens, lacnifolius, daenenesis, kotschyanus Drought,
ملخص المقالة :
Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the survival, growth and production of various crops and medicinal plants in the different habitats of Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on seedling growth and physiological traits in four native thyme species as (Thymus kotschyanus, T. dianensis, T. lancifolius and T. pubescens). A factorial experiment was conducted using thyme species as main factor and three levels of water stresses namely well-watered (90% of field capacity), mild (70% FC) and severe drought stress (40% FC) as the second factor based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications in 2018, Khorramabad, Iran. Data collected for 14 morpho-physiological traits of the seedlings. The result of analysis of variance showed significant effects of species and water stress levels for all of the traits (p <0.01). The species by water stress interaction effects were significant for all of the traits except, carbohydrates and peroxidase indicating that the thyme species had different responses to water stress. Results of means comparison between water stress levels showed that the values of root length, root dry weight, root volume and physiological traits, as: leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates, proline content and catalase activity were increased by drought stress and the higher values were observed in 40% FC, indicating that by increasing drought stress both root growth parameters and many physiological traits were significantly increased in all of the species, but, the leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf pigments decreased. Results of species by water stress showed that the higher values of root length were obtained in T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius in severe stress (40% FC), respectively. However, in the same species, the higher values of roots dry weights were obtained in the mild stress (70% FC), respectively. For physiological traits, the higher values of (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates content and leaf pigments were obtained in T. lancifolius, indicating that this species was more tolerated to drought stress than the other species. It was concluded that species of T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius had produced longer roots in the severe drought stress. However, T. daenensis, due to higher areal part production and essential oil yield in the field, was recommended for domestication and cultivation in dryland farming system and semi-stepic rangelands of Iran.
Alaei Sh., Melikyan A., Kobraee S. And Mahna N., 2013. Effect of Different Soil Moisture Levels on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica, Agricultural Communications, 1(1): 23-26.
Amini Dehaghi, M.,Babaee, K., 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, proline content and Thymol percentage of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Jour. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 26(2): 239-251. (In Persian).
Azimi, R., Heshmati, G. A. and Kianian, M. K., 2018. Effects of Drought Stress and Mycorrhiza on Viability and Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Journal of Rangeland Science, 8(3): 253-260.
Bates, LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil.; 39(1): 205-207.
Bauer, K., Garbe, D. and Surburg, H., 1997, Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 214.
Begum, F.A. and Paul, N. K. 1993. Influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard. J Agon. Crop Sci., 170: 136-141.
Chaves M.M, Flexas J., Pinheiro C. 2009. Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann Bot 103:551–560.
Elstner, E.F., Youngman, R., Obwald, W. 1995. Superoxide dismutase. In Bergmeyer J, Grabl BM (eds) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis vol. III. Enzymes oxidoreductases, 3rd. Weinheim: Verlag-Chemie. pp: 293-302.
Flexas J, Bota J, Loreto F, Cornic G, Sharkey TD. 2004. Diffusive and metabolic limitations to photosynthesis under drought and salinity in C3 plants. Plant Biology 6: 1–11.
Ghorbanali, M and Niakan, M. 2007. The effect of drought stress on soluble sugar, Total protein, proline, phenolic compound, chlorophyll content and rate Reductase Activity in soybean Glycine max Cv. Gorgan3. Iranian Journal of biology. 5: 537-550. (In Persian).
Ghorbani Javid, M., Moradi, F., Akbari, G. and Dadi, I. 2006. The role of some metabolites on the osmotic adjustment mechanism in annual cut leaf medic (Medicago laciniata L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 8: 90-103. (In Persian).
Irigoyen, J. J., Emerrich, D. W. & Sanchex-Diaz, M. 1992. Alfalfa leaf senescence induced by drought stress. Photosynthesis hydrogen metabolism lipid peroxidation and ethylene evolution Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 64-72.
James, T. K., A. Rahman, Douglas, J. A. 1991. Control of weeds in five herb crops. In Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference,; 44:116-120.
Jamzad, Z. 2009. Thymes and Satureja species of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands publication, Tehran, Iran, p.171.
Kabiri R., Hatami A., Oloumi H., Naghizadeh M. Nasibi F., Tahmasebi Z. 2018. Foliar application of melatonin induces tolerance to drought stress in Moldavian balm plants (Dracocephalum moldavica) through regulating the antioxidant system. Folia Hort. 30(1): 155-167.
Kaiser, W.M. 1989. Effect of water deficit on photosynthesis capacity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 71: 142-149.
Lebaschy, D., Sharifi, A., 2010. Growth indices of medicinal plants under drought stress. Medicinal Aromatic Plants Research Iran, 20(3): 249-269. (In Persian).
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn A. R. 1983. Determination of Total Carotenoids and Chlorophylls A and B of leaf in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions 11(5): 591-592.
Lutts,S., Kinet, J.M. & Bouharmont, J. 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice cultivar differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany, 78, 389-398.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A. Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C. and Sohrabi, Y. 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivar. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4(8): 580-585.
Meng J.F., Xu T.F., Wang Z.Z., Fang Y.L., Xi Z.M., Zhang Z.W., 2014. The ameliorative effects of exogenous melatonin on grape cuttings under water deficient stress: antioxidant metabolites, leaf anatomy and chloroplast morphology. J. Pineal Res. 57, 200- 212.
Mirzaee. M., Moeene, V. Ghanati, A. 2013. Effect of drought stress on proline and soluble sugar content in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedling. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26: 90-98. (In Persian).
Moghimi, J., 2005. Introduction of some important range species (suitable for development and improvement of Iran ranges). Ministry of Jahad Agriculture. Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Organization, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
Moradi, M., Moradi, P., Pourmeidani, A., 2015. The effect of different levels of humic acid on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Thymus daenensis under drought conditions. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Saveh. 101 p. (In Persian).
Najafzadeh, R., Rashidi, Z., Shokri, B. and Abdi, H. 2020. Investigation of morphological and ecological and essential oil content variation of some populations of thyme species (Thymus spp.) in the northwest and west of Iran. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 27(2): 291-306. (In
Persian).
Nouraei, KH., Eradatmand, D., Pourmeidani, A., 2013. The impact of drought stress on the three accessions of Thymus kotschyanus. MSc. Thesis. College of Agriculture, Saveh Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran. 128 p. (In Persian).
Pourmeidani, A., Jafari, A.A. and Mirza, M., 2017. Studying Drought Tolerance in Thymus kotschyanus Accessions for Cultivation in Dryland Farming and Low Efficient Grassland, Journal of Rangeland Science, 7( 4) 331-338.
Ranjbar, R., Fanaii, H., Piri, A., 2015. Influence of water stress on morphological characteristics and essential oil content in three accessions of Thymus transcaucasicus. MSc. Thesis. Payam Noor University Zabol, Iran. 127 p. (In Persian).
Rechinger, KH., 1982. Flora Iranica. 1st ed. Academic printing and publishing company. Austria. 542-543.
Ritchie, S. W., Nguyen, H. T. and Holaday, A. S. 1990. Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Sci. 30: 105-111.
Sabih, A., Abad Farooki, A. H., Ansari, S. R., 1999. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil, metabolism in Cymbopogon martini cultivars. Jour. Essential Oil Research.1: 151-157.
Saez, F., 1999. Essential oil variability of Thymus baeticus growing wild in Southeastern Spain. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 27: 269-276.
Safikhani, F., 2006. Effect of water stress on quantity and quality yield of Dracocephalum moldavica under field conditions. Ph.D. thesis of Agronomy, Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran, 187 p. (In Persian).
Salehi Shanjani P., Izadpanah M., Falah Hoseini L., Ramezani Yeganeh M.,Rasoulzadeh L., Kavandi A., Sardabi F., Pahlevani M.R., Amirkhani M. and Seyedian, S.E. 2015. Comparison of the effects of drought stress on pigments, peroxidase, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant enzymes in different accessions of Anthemis tinctoria and Tripleurospermum servanes of Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 28: 126-139 (In Persian).
Sepahvand, A. Jafari, A. A., sefidkon, F. and Kalatejari, S. 2020. Evaluation of growth, essential oil content and composition in four thyme species under dryland farming system in Zagheh, Rangeland, Khorramabad, Iran Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product. In press.
Stahl-Biskup E. 2002. In Thyme: The genus thymus. Essential oil chemistry of the genus thymus- A global view. Taylor and Francis: London, 75-124.
Stahl-Biskup, E. and Saez, F., 2002. Thyme. 1 st. ed. Taylor and Francis. England. 226 p.
Türkan, I., Bor, M., Özdemir, F. and Koca, H. 2005. Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought-tolerant P. acutifolius Gray and drought-sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant Science. 168: 223-231.
Veisipoor, A., Majidi, M. M. and Mirlohi, A. 2013. Response of physiological traits to drought stress in some populations of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 21(1): 87-102. (In Persian).
Yarnia, M., Heydari Sharifabadi, F. and Rahimzadeh Khuii, F. 2001. Effects of adaptive metabolites on water relations of alfalfa cultivars at different salinity levels. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 3: 40-48. (In Persian).
Zargari, A., 1997. Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. Tehran University Press, No: 969, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
Zhang X., Ervin R.H., Evanylo G.K., Haering K.C. 2009. Impact of biosolids on hormone metabolism in drought-stressed tall fescue. Crop Sci. 49: 1893-1901.
