A Study of the Challenging Sociocultural Variables Affecting EFL Learners’ Identity in an Iranian Context
الموضوعات :هاجر مقدسی حاجی آباد 1 , شعله کلاهی 2 , بهدخت مال‌امیری 3
1 - گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: language learning, identity diffusion, identity formation, sociocultural variables, language hegemony,
ملخص المقالة :
The present research probed the sociocultural challenging variables which may affect EFL learners’ identity formation during their language studies in an Iranian context. A thorough analysis of the literature encompassing EFL teachers’ opinions and EFL coursebook analyses was performed to develop a comprehensive view of the recognized sociocultural domains and variables. Furthermore, an open-ended questionnaire was designed and distributed among 50 adolescent male and female EFL learners at the age range of 13-21 years (M=16) as Erickson’s identity confusion stage to identify the newest sociocultural challenging variables in the present Iranian context. The result of the research led to compilation of a Sociocultural Variables Inventory presenting an extended range of variables operating in the context of Iranian EFL learners’ identity formation. The inventory could act as a basis for research in the fields of TEFL, sociolinguistics, cultural studies, and further interdisciplinary research.
Aliakbari, M. (2005). The Place of Culture in Iranian ELT Textbooks at the High School Level. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 163-179
Amerian, M., & Sadeghi, A.R. (2014). Challenging Cultural Topics In ELT Books In Iran: Comparative Analysis Of The Attitudes Of Humanities’ Professors. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 8(3), 65-89. http://www.jss-isa.ir/article_21459_ea84176440ea89bc1cdebf833d9dcdce.pdf
Asgari, A. (2011). The Compatibility of Cultural Value in Iranian EFL Textbooks. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 2(4), 887-894. DOI: 10.4304/jltr.2.4.887-894
Bakhtin, M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin, TX: University of Minnesota Press
Barghouthi, R.M. (2008). Global English Hegemony And The Question Of Culture In The Palestinian Educational Context. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Birzeit University). Available from: https://fada.birzeit.edu/bitstream/20.500.11889/1788/1/thesis_57.pdf
Belz, J. (2002). Second Language Play As A Representation of The Multi-Competent Self in Foreign Language Study. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 1, 13–39. DOI: 10.1207/S15327701JLIE0101_3
Berry, J. W. (2001). A Psychology of Immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 615–631. DOI:10.1111/0022-4537.00231
Bhugra, D., Bhui, K., Mallett, R., Desai, M., Singh, J., & Leff, J. (1999). Cultural Identity & Its Measurement: A Questionnaire for Asians. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 244-24. DOI: 10.1080/09540269974438
Block, D. (2007). The Rise of Identity in SLA Research, Post Firth & Wagner (1997). The Modern Language Journal, 91(5), 863–76
Brogan, R. (2009). Identity Development. In E. M. Anderman. & L.H. Anderman. (Eds.), Psychology of Classroom Learning: An Encyclopedia (pp. 478-481). New York: Gale
Brokerhof, I. M., Bal, P. M., Jansen, P., & Solinger, O. N. (2019). Fictional Narratives and Identity Change: Three Pathways through Which Stories Influence the Dialogical Self. In M. M. Puchalska-Wasy, P. K. Oleś & H. J. M. Hermans (Eds.), Dialogical Self: Inspirations, Considerations and Research (pp. 29-57). Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning & Teaching. New York: Pearson Education
Campbell, L. (1997). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Retrieved
from http://venus.va.com.au/suggestion/sapir.htm
Canagarajah, A. (1999). Resisting Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collett, J.M. (2014). Negotiating an Identity to Achieve in English: Investigating the Linguistic Identities of Young Language Learners. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley]. UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r04p0w5
Danielewicz, J. (2001). Teaching Selves: Identity, Pedagogy, and Teacher Education. New York: State University of New York Press
Djikic, M., Oatley, K., Zoeterman, S., & Peterson, J. B. (2009). On Being Moved by Art: How Reading Fiction Transforms the Self. Creativity Research Journal, 21(1), 24-29
Duff, P.A., & Uchida, Y. (1997). The Negotiation of Teachers’ Sociocultural Identities & Practices in Postsecondary EFL Classrooms. TESOL Quarterly, 31(3), 451-486. DOI: 10.2307/3587834
Elmes, D., (2013). The Relationship between Language and Culture. National institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya International Exchange and Language Education Center. http://www2.libnifsk.ac.jp/HPBU/annals/an46/46-11.pdf
Erikson, E.H. (1977). Childhood and Society. London: Paladin
Eysenck, M.W. (2004). Adolescence, Adulthood, and Old Age. In Michael, W.E. (Ed). Psychology: An International Perspective. Hove, UK; New York: Psychology Press
Fialho, O. (2012). Self-Modifying Experiences in Literary Reading: A Model for Reader Response. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Alberta]. https://doi.org/10.7939/R3561V
Fishman, J.A. (Ed). (1999). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. New York: Oxford University Press
Ghahari, S. (2014). The Impact Of Studying English Language and Literature At Universities on Cultural Development: Cultural Intelligence Or Home Culture Detachment? Foreign Language Research Journal (Pazhuhesh-E Zabanha-Ye Khareji), 3(2), 287-312. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=513740
Gu, M. M. (2010). The Discursive Construction of College English Learners' Identity in Cross-Cultural Interactions. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 7 (4), 298-333
Hariri, M. (2014). The Effect of Foreign Language Learning on Iranian EFL Learners' Cultural Perception. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 3(5), pp. 265-267
Holland, D., Lachicotte, W., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Hortobágyi, I. (2009). The Role Of Identity In Intercultural Communication. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, 2 (51), 257-262
Jahantigh, F. M., & Abdi, H. (2015). Proficiency Level in English & Self-Identity Alienation: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners. International Journal of Language Learning & Applied Linguistics World, 9(2), 240-253. www.ijllalw.org/finalversion9219.pdf
Jain, A., Lata, P., Goyal, A.R., Khandelwal, S., & Jaine, G. (2015). Socio-Cultural Impact of Film Celebrities on Teenagers: An Empirical Study. International journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 11(3),308-322
Khatib, M., & Rezaei, S. (2013). The portrait of an Iranian as an English Language Learner: A Case of Identity Reconstruction. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 2(3), 81-93
Khatib, M., & Abbasi-Talabari, F. (2018). A Model of Iranian EFL Learners' Cultural Identity: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(2), pp 89-131
Koç, M. (2006). Cultural Identity Crisis in the Age of Globalization and Technology. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(1),37-43
Krauss, M. (1991). The World's Languages In Crisis. Language, 68(1), 4-10
Liu, X. (2013). The Influence of Video Games on 21st Century Youth Identity. [Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Victoria]. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4940
Lule, J. (2013). Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication. NewYork: Flat World Knowledge.
Mirsardou, T., Kavousi, E., & Ebrahimzadeh, R. (2008). Investigating Sociocultural Factors Affecting Identity Crisis of Youth's. Journal of Social Studies (Pajouheshname Oloume Ejtem'i), 2(1). Retrieved from http://magiran.com/view.asp?Type=pdf&ID=874799&l=fa.
Mohammadi, A. (1997). Introduction: A Critical Reader in International Communication & Globalization in a Postmodern World. In A. Mohammadi. (Ed.), International Communication & Globalization (pp. 1–6). London: Sage.
Navas, M., Garcia, M.C., Sanchez, J., Rojas, A.J., Pumares, P., & Fern&ez, J.S. (2005). Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM): New Contributions With Regard To the Study Of Acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 21–37. Doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.001
Norton, B. (1995). Social Identity, Investment, & Language Learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 9–31. DOI: 10.2307/3587803
Norton, B. (2006). Identity as a Sociocultural Construct in Second Language Education. In Cadman & K. O'Regan (Eds.), TESOL in Context [Special Issue], 22-33
Norton, B. (2010). Language & Identity. In H. Hornberger. & S.L. McKay. (Eds.), Sociolinguistics & Language Education (pp. 349-269). Bristol: Multilingual Matters
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G (2012). Self, Self-Concept, & Identity. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney. (Eds.), Handbook of Self & Identity (pp. 69-104). New York: The Guilford Press
Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U. (2008). Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation Of Digital Natives. New York, NY: Basic Books
Pavlenko, A., & Lantolf, J. (2000). Second Language Learning As Participation & The (Re) Construction Of Selves. In Lantolf. (Ed.), Sociocultural Theory & Second Language Learning (pp. 155–177). Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pishghadam, R., & Navari, S. (2009). Cultural Literacy in Language Learning: Enrichment or Derichment. Paper presented at 1st International Conference on Languages, Malaysia. Retrieved from: profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1007558.pdf
Pishghadam, R., & Sadeghi-Ordoubody, M. (2011). Culture & Identity Change among Iranian EFL Teachers. Ozean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), pp 147-162.
Rassokha, M. (2010). Language Identity: Issues of Theory & Practice. Asian Englishes, 13(1), 20-33. DOI: 10.1080/13488678.2010.10801270
Rogoff, B. (2003). The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2012). Multiple Identities within a Single Self: a Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Internalization within Contexts & Cultures. In . R. Leary & J. P. Tangney. (Eds.), Handbook of Self & Identity (pp. 225-246). New York: The Guilford Press
Sam, D.L., & Berry, J.W. (2006). (Eds). The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press
Shaw, A. (2010). What Is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies Communication, 5(4) 403-424. DOI: 10.1177/1555412009360414
Shliakhovchuk, E., & Garcia, A.M. (2020). Intercultural Perspective on Impact of Video Games on Players: Insights from a Systematic Review of Recent Literature. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(1), 40-58. DOI 10.12738/jestp.2020.1.004
Steinkuehler, C. A. (2006). Why Game (Culture) Studies Now? Games and Culture, 1, 97-102
Thompson, S. A. (1984). Bilingual Dictionaries and the Notion of 'Lexical Categories' in Chinese. In R.R.K. Hartmann, (Ed.)., LEXeter '83 Proceedings: Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography, Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 282-288.
Villegas-Torres, P., & Mora-Pablo, I. (2018). The Role of Language in the Identity Formation of Transnational EFL Teachers. HOW, 25(2), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.25.2.418
Vygotsky (1978). Mind In Society: The Development Of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Zareie, Gh., Babayi, A.A., & Seyyedi-Noughabi, R. (2014). Identity Construction & English Learning: A Case Study of EFL learners. Language and Translation Studies Periodical (Faslnameye Motaleate Zaban Va Tarjome), 46 (2). DOI: 10.22067/lts.v46i2.37319
