فراسوی یادگیری الکترونیکی 1: مفهوم پردازی وب 2 و دلالت های آن بر معرفی الگوی برنامه درسی آموزش مجازی
الموضوعات : پژوهش در برنامه ریزی درسیمحمد جمالی تازه کند 1 , کورش فتحی واجارگاه 2 , محبوبه عارفی 3
1 - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
2 - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
3 - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
الکلمات المفتاحية: پداگوژی 2.0, نظریه ارتباط گرایی, معرفت شناسی دانش ارتباطی, یادگیری الکترونیکی 2.0, وب 2.0,
ملخص المقالة :
شروع قرن بیست و یکم با ظهور فناوری های موسوم به وب 2.0 همراه بوده است. این فناوری ها هر چند با رویکرد کاربست آموزشی شکل نگرفته اند، مفهوم پردازی های جدیدی را در حوزه آموزش مجازی دانشگاهی شکل داده اند. تلفیق و بهره جستن از فناوری های وب 2.0 در یادگیری الکترونیکی، به جهت قابلیت شان در شبکه سازی، تولید دانش ارتباطی و بستر سازی برای یادگیری شبکه ای، عناصر اصلی برنامه درسی (مبانی معرفت شناختی و نظری، رویکرد پداگوژیک، محتوا، سنجش و...) را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. از این رو مقاله حاضر با هدف واکاوی مفاهیم نوین یادگیری الکترونیکی در عصر شبکه و همچنین تبیین دلالت های فضای یادگیری مبتنی بر وب 2.0 برای رویکردهای معرفت شناسی و نظری الگوی برنامه درسی آموزش مجازی انجام گرفت. برای دستیابی به این هدف، از روش مطالعه تحیلی- کیفی استفاده شد. یافته ها نشان می دهد وب 2.0 مفاهیم نوینی را وارد ادبیات حوزه یادگیری الکترونیکی می کند، رویکردهای سنتی برنامه درسی مبتنی بر وب را به چالش می کشد، ملاحظات معرفت شناختی نوینی را مطرح می کند و مبنای نظری متفاوتی را پیشنهاد می دهد.
Ali, I. M., & hussin, R.C. (2013). The design of collaborative learning activities in web 2.0 environment: A review of the field. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 3 (7)
Al-Shehri, S. (2011). Connectivism: a new pathway for theorising and promoting mobile language learning. International Journal of Innovation and Leadership on the Teaching of Humanities, 1 (2)
Al-Taie, N. (2013). The Effect of Using E-Learning Curriculum and Traditional Classroom Curriculum: Comparison & Merits. ICIT 2013 The 6th International Conference on Information Technology. Available at: sce.zuj.edu.jo/icit13/images/Camera%20Ready/E-Technology/765.pdf
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogies. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning .12 (3)
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2012). Learning Technology through Three Generations of Technology Enhanced Distance Education Pedagogy. European Journal of Open, Distance and e-learning.
Barabási, A. L. (2007). Linked: The new science of networks. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. Available at: http://www.bearcave.com/bookrev/linked/
Barnett, R. (2004). Learning for an unknown future. Higher Education Research & Development, 23(3)
Bates, T. (2011). Understanding Web 2.0 and its Implications for E-Learning. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Collis, B., & Moonen, J. (2008). Web 2.0 tools and processes in higher education: Quality perspectives. Educational Media International, 45 (2)
Conole, G. (2010). Review of pedagogical models and their use in e‐learning, available at: http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/2982
Conole, G., & Culver, J. (2010). The design of Cloud works: Applying social networking practice to foster the exchange of learning and teaching ideas and designs. Computers & Education, 54 (3)
Conole, G., & Fill, K. (2005). A learning design toolkit to create pedagogically effective learning activities. Journal of Interactive Multimedia, (8). Available at: http://www-jime.open. ac.uk
Crook, C, et al. (2008). Web 2.0 technologies for learning: The current landscape – opportunities, challenges and tensions. Becta report: Web 2.0 technologies for learning at Key Stages 3 and 4. Available at: http://www.becta.org.uk
Crosslin, M. (2011). When the Future Finally Arrives: Web 2.0 Becomes Web 3.0. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Devis, I. (2005). Web 2.0 and all that. In internet alchemy. Available at: www. Internetalchemy.org
Downes, S. (2005). An Introduction to Connective Knowledge. Available at: http://www.downes.ca
Downes, S. (2005). E-Learning 2.0. eLearn Magazine: Education and Technology in perspective, available at: www.elearnmag.org
Downes, S. (2006). Learning Networks and Connective Knowledge. Available at: www.downes.ca
Downes, S. (2012). Connectivism and Connective Knowledge. Essays on meaning and learning networks. UPAEP
Drachsler, H; Hummel, H., & Koper, R. (2007). Personal recommender systems for learners in lifelong learning: requirements, techniques and model. International Journal of Learning Technology, available at: http://dspace.ou.nl/handle/1820/937
Dron, J. (2006). Social software and the emergence of control. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, New York, Pp 904-908.
Eijkman, H. (2011). Dancing with postmodernity: Web 2.0 as a new epistemic learning space. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Elaine, T., & Matthew, A. (2011). Designing social media into university learning: technology of collaboration or collaboration for technology? Educational media international, 48 (3)
Enonbun, O. (2010). Constructivism and Web 2.0 in the Emerging Learning Era: A Global Perspective. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 6(4)
Eskandari, H (2013). Theory and practice of educational media in the digital era. SAMT publication. Tehran
Fiaidhi, J., & Mohammed, S. (2006). Collaborative virtual learning model for web intelligence. Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, (2)
Frydenberg, M. (2011). Teaching and Learning Information Technology through the Lens of Web 2.0. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Greenhow, C; Robelia, B., & Hughes, J. E. (2009). Learning, teaching, and scholarship in a digital age: Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path should we take now? Educational Researcher, (38)
Herbert, M. (2006). Staying the course: A study in online student satisfaction and retention. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 9 (4).
Hodges,V. (2009). Online Learning Environments and Their Applications to Emerging Theories of Educational Technology. Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/boisestate.edu
Huang, L. k. (2010). Planning and implementation framework for a hybrid e-learning model: The context of a part-time LIS postgraduate programme. Journal of librarianship and information science, 42 (1)
Huijser, H & Sankey, M. (2011). You Can Lead the Horse to Water, but …: Aligning Learning and Teaching in a Web 2.0 Context and Beyond. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Hussain, F (2013). E-Learning 3.0 = E-Learning 2.0 + Web 3.0? Journal of Research & Method in Education. 3 (3)
Keen, A. (2007). The cult of the amateur: How today's Internet is killing our culture. New York: Doubleday.
Kim, K; Altmann, J; Hwang, J., & Kim, A. H. H. (2009). Measuring and Analyzing the Openness of the Web 2.0 Service Network for Improving the Innovation Capacity of the Web 2.0 System through Collective Intelligence. Available at: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper
Klamma, R; Chatti, M.A; Duval, E; Hummel, H; Hvannberg, E.H; Kravcik, M; Law, E; Naeve, A., & Scott, P. (2007). Social software for life-long learning. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 10(3)
Kop, R., & Hill, A. (2008). Connectivism: Learning theory of the future or vestige of the past? International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(3)
Lam Y. W. (2008). Blended E-learning Model for Geomatics Curriculum: Design, implementation and Evaluation. Sharing Good Practices: E-learning in Surveying, Geo-information Sciences and Land Administration. FIG International Workshop 2008. Enschede, the Netherlands, 11-13 June
Lee, M. J. W. (2005). New tools for online collaboration: Blogs, wikis, RSS and podcasting. Training and Development in Australia, 32 (5)
Mason, R., & Rennie, F. (2008). E-learning and social networking handbook: resources for higher education. Taylor & Francis
McLoughlin, C., & Lee, M. J. W (2008). The Three P’s of Pedagogy for the Networked Society: Personalization, Participation, and Productivity. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1)
McLoughlin, C., & Lee, M. J. W. (2007). Social software and participatory learning: Pedagogical choices with technology affordances in the Web 2.0 era. In ICT: Providing choices for learners and learning. Proceedings ascilite Singapore 2007. available at: http://www.ascilite.org.au
Mcloughlin, C., & Lee, M. J. W. (2010). Personalized and self-regulated learning in the Web 2.0 era: International exemplars of innovative pedagogy using social software.
McLoughlin, C., & Lee, M.J (2011). Pedagogy 2.0: Critical Challenges and Responses to Web 2.0 and Social Software in Tertiary Teaching. In M. Lee & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0 based e–learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching. Availabale at: http://ftp.adfa.edu.au/hass/staff/eijkman.html
Mejias, U. (2005). A nomad’s guide to learning and social software. The Knowledge Tree: An EJournal of Learning Innovation, (7). Available at: http://knowledgetree.flexiblelearning.net.
O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0? Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software, available at: www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6228
O’Reilly, T., & Battelle, J. (2009). Web squared: Web 2.0 five years on. Proceedings of the 6th Annual Web, vol 2.
Oblinger, D. G., & Oblinger, J. L. (2005). Educating the Net Generation [online], An Educause ebook publication available at: http://routes.open.ac.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?
OECD. (2008). New Millennium Learners: Initial Findings on the effects of Digital Technologies on SchoolAged Learners. Paris: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/51/40554230.pdf
Pascu, C. (2008). An Empirical Analysis of the Creation, Use and Adoption of Social Computing Applications. IPTS Exploratory Research on Social Computing. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 23415 EN, available at: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC46431.pdf.
Pettenati, M. C., & Cigognini, M. E. (2007). Social Networking Theories and Tools to Support Connectivist Learning Activities. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 2 (3)
Porter, L. R. (2004). Developing an Online Curriculum: Technologies and Techniques; London: Information Science Publishing.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants, On the Horizon Report. NCB University Press, 9 (5). Available at: http://pre2005.flexiblelearning.net.au
Redecker, C; Ala-Mutka, K; Bacigalupo,M; Ferrari, A & Punie.Y. (2009). Learning 2.0: The Impact of Web 2.0 Innovations on Education and Training in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Available at: http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Rogers, P.C; Liddle, S.W; Chan, P; Doxey, A., & Isom, B. (2007). Web 2.0 learning platform: Harnessing collective intelligence. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8 (3)
Rubens, N; Kaplan, D., & Okamoto, T. (2011). E-Learning 3.0: anyone, anywhere, anytime, and AI. In International Workshop on Social and Personal Computing for Web- Supported Learning Communities (SPeL 2011).
Sahin, M. (2012). Pros and cons of connectivism as a learning theory. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 2 (4)
Satish, M., & Munsung, R. (2004). Enhancing educational learning through some TQM principles. The International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 21 (8)
Sbihi, B., & El Kadiri, K. E. (2010). Towards a participatory E-learning 2.0: A new E-learning focused on learners and validation of the content. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2(1)
Schneider, K. (2010). Choosing a Global Theory for Distance Education. Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/boisestate.edu/edtechtheories
Schneiderheinze, D. (2008). Model for e-learning curriculum: Differences from traditional classroom curriculum models. Southern Illinois University – Carbondale
Selwyn, N. (2007). Web 2.0 applications as alternative environments for informal learning — A critical review. OECD CERIKERIS International expert meeting on ICT and educational performance. Cheju Island, South Korea: Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development.
Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. Available at: http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm
Siemens, G. (2006) Knowing Knowledge, Elearn space everything elearning. Available at: http://www.elearnspace.org/KnowingKnowledge_LowRes.pdf
Siemens, G. (2008). Learning and Knowing in Networks: Changing roles for Educators and Designers. Presented to ITFORUM for Discussion
Siemens,J (2013). Knowing knowledge. Translated by hossein eskandari. Avaye nour publication. tehran
Sims, R. (2006). Online distance education: New ways of learning; new modes of teaching? Distance Education, 27(2).
Smith, M. K. (1999). Learning theory. The encyclopedia of informal education. Available at: www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm in March 2012.
Tham, C. M., & Warner, J. M. (2005). Designing and evaluating E- Learning in higher education: a review and recommendations. Journal of leadership and organizational studies. 11 (2)
Valjataga, T; Pata, K., & Tammets, K. (2011). Considering students' perspective on personal and distributed learning environments. In M. J. W. Lee, & C. McLoughlin (Eds.), Web 2.0-based e-Learning: Applying social informatics for tertiary teaching Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Verhagen, P. (2006). Connectivism: A new learning theory? Surf e-learning themasite, available at: http://elearning.surf.nl/e-learning/english/3793
Wheeler, S. (2011). E-Learning 3.0: Learning through the extended. Smart Web. Keynote Speech for National IT Training Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Availbale at: http://ittrainingconference.files.wordpress.com