تحلیل نقش اسناد فرادستی و قوانین برنامه های توسعه جمهوری اسلامی ایران در حفاظت از محیط زیست
الموضوعات :
زینب عصمتی
1
(استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
تهمینه عدالت جو
2
(استادیار دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی وحد تهران غرب.)
الکلمات المفتاحية: حقوق بشر, حق برمحیط زیست, برنامه های توسعه, محیط زیست, قانون اساسی,
ملخص المقالة :
حمایت قانونی از حق بر محیط زیست ابزاری در جهت نیل به حفاظت محیط زیست است. حق بر محیط زیست سالم به طور وسیعی در قوانین اساسی کشورهای در حال توسعه به رسمیت شناخته شده است. اما عدم انطباق اسناد بالادستی نظیر قانون اساسی، سیاست‌های کلی نظام و برنامه‌های توسعه و عدم یکپارچگی این قوانین در انطباق بامحیط زیست، از جمله چالش‌های این حوزه محسوب می‌گردد. در قانون اساسی در اصل50 بحث محیط زیست مورد تاکید قرار گرفته و نقشه راه را تدوین گردیده است. در این اصل، حفاظت محیط زیست وظیفه عمومی تلقی می شود. موضوع محیط زیست در برنامه های مختلف توسعه، مورد توجه برنامه ریزان و سیاستمداران قرار گرفته است. علم به این که چه مقدار از تکالیف یک برنامه تحقق یافته است، می تواند ما را به سوی یک برنامه ریزی بهتر در آینده رهنمون سازد. در این مقاله، سعی شد تا احکام مرتبط با حوزه محیط زیست از برنامه های توسعه استخراج شده و عملکردهای صورت گرفته در آن حوزه مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می دهد که در برنامه‌های توسعه در حوزه محیط زیست، یا مواردی از برنامه اصلا اجرا نشده یا این که در صورت اجرا، خیلی ناقص بودند، لذا کارآمدی لازم را نداشتند. در حوزه محیط زیست چالش‌هایی وجود دارد که باید با دید نقادانه به آنها نگریست تا علاوه بر رفع چالش‌ها از مشکلات این بخش کاسته شود. نظام حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران هم در نظر و هم در عمل مبتنی است بر پذیرش تلویحی حق بشر به محیط زیستی سالم، ولی برای این که این شناسایی و ابتناء از فواید عملی کامل برخوردار گردد ،نهادهای مختلف حکومتی اعم از تقنینی ،اجرایی و قضایی باید در ارتقای وضعیت موجود همت گمارند.
1. Philosophy , H , 1995, Compilation and development of human rights in the international community " Journal of Legal Research, No. 16 - 17, pp. 95 - 95. (In Persian)
2. Aghaee, B, 1997, Human Rights Culture, Tehran, Danesh Ganj Publication, pp.3. (In Persian).
3. Habibi, M., H, 2004, the right to enjoy a healthy environmentas as the right to humanity, the Journal of Law and Political Sciences, No.60, 136. (In Persian)
4. amirarjmand, A, 1995, Conservation of the Environment and International solidarity, Journal of Law Research, No. 15, pp. 349. (In Persian)
5. Islamic, R, 2015, human rights education, Tehran, majd publishing, p 41-42. (In Persian)
6. Seyed M. Ghari S. Fatemi, 2009, Human Rights in the contemporary World (VolumeI), Tehran: shahr-e Danesh Publication, Second Edition, p. 41. (In Persian)
7. Amir Arjmand, A, 1995, Environmental Protection and International Solidarity, Legal Reaserch Journal, No. 15, p. 349. (In Persian)
8. Taghizzadeh Ansari, M, Environment Criminal Law, Tehran, Gomes Publishing House, 1997. p. 41. (In Persian)
9. Ghasemi, N, 2005, Environment Criminal Law, Jamal-e-Haq Publication, Second Edition, p. 25. (In Persian)
10. Berssin, Patrick, - (2005) Environment as a human right: The international Journal of human right, vol 43, p. 22. (In Persian)
11. Habibi, M , 2003 , The right to a healthy environment as the human right, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 60, pp. 161-162. (In Persian)
12. Naghizadeh, A, 2012, Study of the right to the environment and the right to development in the Additional environmental conventions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, , Journal of Tadbir, p. 5 . (In Persian)
13. Naghizadeh, A, 2012, Study of the right to the environment and the right to development in the Additional environmental conventions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Tadbir, p6. ( In Persian)
14. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
15. Habibi, M, 2002, Environment Law, Translation, Tehran University publication, p. 320. (In Persian)
16. Habibi, M, 2002, Environment Law, Translation, Tehran University publication, p. 321,
(In Persian)
17. Habibi, M , 2003 , The right to a healthy environment as the human right, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 60, pp. 156-160. (In Persian)
18. The statements of the Supreme Leader at the meeting of the country's officials and environmental activists March 17, 2015. (In Persian)
19. Human Rights Peace Group, 2012, Human Environmental Rights, Dadgostar Publishing, Second Edition, p. 323. (In Persian)
20. Keyal, M, and Mehrnoush, z, 2004, Articles collection of the First Conference on Environment Law in the Context of the Constitution, Berg Publishin , p. 279. (In Persian)
21. Mashhadi, A, 2015.Major Substantiation of the Right to the Environment in Iranian and French Law, Comparative Law Studies Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 563. (In Persian)
22. Ramezani Ghavam Abadi, M, 2013, Strategic Review of Environment Education in Iran, Essentials and Challenges, Strategic Quarterly, No. 65, , p. 232. (In Persian)
23. Alijani, A.A, 1997, Civil Society in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Conference on the Realization of Civil Society in the Islamic Revolution. (In Persian)
24. Mohajeri, A, Out-of-Court Proceedings in Criminal Matters, Tehran, Majd General Assembly. 1380, p. 70. (In Persian)
25. Khosravi, H, 2017, right to Safe environment in the light of good governance, Journal of Bioethical Ethics, Sixth Year, No. 20, , p. 140. (In Persian)
26. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p. 124. (In Persian)
27. Environment General Policies, the Information Base of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution. (In Persian)
28. Nikkhah, V, Vijeh, M, and Ramazani Ghavamabadi, M, 2017, Analyzing of the legal relationship between the government and the environment in transition to green government, Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 151. (In Persian)
29. Salehi, S, Firoozjayan, , Gholam Razazadeh, F, 2015 Environmental Discourse Analysis of Social-Economic Development Programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Welfare and Social Development Planning, No. 21, p. 73. (In Persian)
30. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 125-126. (In Persian)
31. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 126-127. (In Persian)
32. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 128-129. (In Persian)
33. Dabiri, F, Abbaspour, M, , R, Azad Bakhteh, Bita,2007 Environment Status in the Post-Revolutionary Planning Laws in Iran, Journal of Environment Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, p 96.(In Persian)
34. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 131-132.( In Persian)
35. Goldani, M, Emami Meybodi, A, 2016, Environment status in the five-year development plan from the perspective of seven elected titles, Majles and Strategic Quarterly, Twenty-two year , No. 82, p. 329. (In Persian)
36. Student News Agency of Iran (ISNA). Law of the Sixth Development Plan from the perspective of an Environmental Specialist, Interview with Siavash Agha Khani, 24/3/1395, 95031713965. (In Persian)
_||_
1. Philosophy , H , 1995, Compilation and development of human rights in the international community " Journal of Legal Research, No. 16 - 17, pp. 95 - 95. (In Persian)
2. Aghaee, B, 1997, Human Rights Culture, Tehran, Danesh Ganj Publication, pp.3. (In Persian).
3. Habibi, M., H, 2004, the right to enjoy a healthy environmentas as the right to humanity, the Journal of Law and Political Sciences, No.60, 136. (In Persian)
4. amirarjmand, A, 1995, Conservation of the Environment and International solidarity, Journal of Law Research, No. 15, pp. 349. (In Persian)
5. Islamic, R, 2015, human rights education, Tehran, majd publishing, p 41-42. (In Persian)
6. Seyed M. Ghari S. Fatemi, 2009, Human Rights in the contemporary World (VolumeI), Tehran: shahr-e Danesh Publication, Second Edition, p. 41. (In Persian)
7. Amir Arjmand, A, 1995, Environmental Protection and International Solidarity, Legal Reaserch Journal, No. 15, p. 349. (In Persian)
8. Taghizzadeh Ansari, M, Environment Criminal Law, Tehran, Gomes Publishing House, 1997. p. 41. (In Persian)
9. Ghasemi, N, 2005, Environment Criminal Law, Jamal-e-Haq Publication, Second Edition, p. 25. (In Persian)
10. Berssin, Patrick, - (2005) Environment as a human right: The international Journal of human right, vol 43, p. 22. (In Persian)
11. Habibi, M , 2003 , The right to a healthy environment as the human right, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 60, pp. 161-162. (In Persian)
12. Naghizadeh, A, 2012, Study of the right to the environment and the right to development in the Additional environmental conventions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, , Journal of Tadbir, p. 5 . (In Persian)
13. Naghizadeh, A, 2012, Study of the right to the environment and the right to development in the Additional environmental conventions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Tadbir, p6. ( In Persian)
14. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
15. Habibi, M, 2002, Environment Law, Translation, Tehran University publication, p. 320. (In Persian)
16. Habibi, M, 2002, Environment Law, Translation, Tehran University publication, p. 321,
(In Persian)
17. Habibi, M , 2003 , The right to a healthy environment as the human right, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 60, pp. 156-160. (In Persian)
18. The statements of the Supreme Leader at the meeting of the country's officials and environmental activists March 17, 2015. (In Persian)
19. Human Rights Peace Group, 2012, Human Environmental Rights, Dadgostar Publishing, Second Edition, p. 323. (In Persian)
20. Keyal, M, and Mehrnoush, z, 2004, Articles collection of the First Conference on Environment Law in the Context of the Constitution, Berg Publishin , p. 279. (In Persian)
21. Mashhadi, A, 2015.Major Substantiation of the Right to the Environment in Iranian and French Law, Comparative Law Studies Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 563. (In Persian)
22. Ramezani Ghavam Abadi, M, 2013, Strategic Review of Environment Education in Iran, Essentials and Challenges, Strategic Quarterly, No. 65, , p. 232. (In Persian)
23. Alijani, A.A, 1997, Civil Society in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Conference on the Realization of Civil Society in the Islamic Revolution. (In Persian)
24. Mohajeri, A, Out-of-Court Proceedings in Criminal Matters, Tehran, Majd General Assembly. 1380, p. 70. (In Persian)
25. Khosravi, H, 2017, right to Safe environment in the light of good governance, Journal of Bioethical Ethics, Sixth Year, No. 20, , p. 140. (In Persian)
26. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p. 124. (In Persian)
27. Environment General Policies, the Information Base of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution. (In Persian)
28. Nikkhah, V, Vijeh, M, and Ramazani Ghavamabadi, M, 2017, Analyzing of the legal relationship between the government and the environment in transition to green government, Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 151. (In Persian)
29. Salehi, S, Firoozjayan, , Gholam Razazadeh, F, 2015 Environmental Discourse Analysis of Social-Economic Development Programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Welfare and Social Development Planning, No. 21, p. 73. (In Persian)
30. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 125-126. (In Persian)
31. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 126-127. (In Persian)
32. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 128-129. (In Persian)
33. Dabiri, F, Abbaspour, M, , R, Azad Bakhteh, Bita,2007 Environment Status in the Post-Revolutionary Planning Laws in Iran, Journal of Environment Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, p 96.(In Persian)
34. Jahangard, E,1959, Environment in Development Plans in Iran, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, First Year, No. 2, p 131-132.( In Persian)
35. Goldani, M, Emami Meybodi, A, 2016, Environment status in the five-year development plan from the perspective of seven elected titles, Majles and Strategic Quarterly, Twenty-two year , No. 82, p. 329. (In Persian)
36. Student News Agency of Iran (ISNA). Law of the Sixth Development Plan from the perspective of an Environmental Specialist, Interview with Siavash Agha Khani, 24/3/1395, 95031713965. (In Persian)
