تحلیل محتوا و تحلیل ثانویه سند تاریخ شفاهی شهرهای جدید ایران
محورهای موضوعی : برنامه ریزی شهری
نسیم قاسمی
1
,
حمیدرضا صارمی
2
*
,
آرش بغدادی
3
1 - گروه شهرسازی،دانشکده فنی و مهندسی،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،شهر قدس، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
3 - گروه شهرسازی،دانشکده فنی و مهندسی،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،شهر قدس، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: شهرهای جدید, تاریخ شفاهی, تحلیل محتوا, شهرسازی,
چکیده مقاله :
احداث شهرهای جدید به معنای قرن بیستمی آن، یکی از سیاستهای شناختهشده در عرصه دانش شهرسازی است. بازخوانی تجربه تاریخی استقرار شهرهای جدید در ایران بر مبنای اسناد دستاول تاریخ شفاهی؛ گامی مفید بهمنظور ارزیابی کلیت این تجربه است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل محتوایی کمّی و کیفی سند تاریخ شفاهی شهرهای جدید ایران جهت شناخت نقطه نظرات کارشناسی مجریان و متولیان مستقیم این سیاست است. رویکرد این پژوهش آمیخته و روشهای مورداستفاده شامل بر تحلیل محتوای کمّی سند پایه پژوهش یعنی کتاب «تاریخ شفاهی شهرهای جدید ایران 1368-1398»، کدگذاری باز 39 گفتگوی کارشناسی و نیز تحلیل کیفی 316 مقولات محوری به کمک تحلیل ثانویه و بررسی تطبیقی نتایج با یکدیگر است. در دوره سی سال موردبررسی، دورههای چهارم (1392-1398) و دوره دوم (1376-1384) به ترتیب دارای بیشترین تعداد مقولات محوری شناساییشده میباشند. ازلحاظ مضمونی نیز مقولات «جمعیت و نرخ رشد آن» در ادوار اول تا سوم دارای بیشترین تمرکز در سطوح مدیریت اجرایی شهرهای جدید بوده ولی در دوره چهارم موردبررسی این مقوله جای خود را مقوله سیاستهای کیفی و نوین شهرهای نسل نو داده است. نگاهی بر یافتههای تجمیعی مقولات نیز نشاندهنده برتری خوشه «مضامین و مؤلفههای نهادی» در هر چهار دوره موردبررسی بهعنوان مضمون نخست است که تاکنون در تیررس نگاه پژوهشهای قبلی قرار نداشته و از این نظر گویای اهمیت وافر این مقوله شناساییشده است. درمجموع، «تاریخ شفاهی شهرهای جدید در ایران» سندی مهم در بازخوانی تجارب در موضوع شهرهای جدید بهویژه شهرهای نسل نخست این نوشهرها است. قرائت و خوانش صورت گرفته، گویای امکان تحلیل ثانویه این سند و استخراج مجموعه موضوعات، چالشها و راهبردهای شهرهای جدید از منظر مجریان و ارائه تحلیلهای جدیدتر از روند اجرایی همراه با پیشنهادهایی بهمنظور پیشبرد بهتر این سیاست در آینده است.
Building new towns in the 20th century sense is one of the well-known policies in the field of urban planning knowledge. Rereading the historical experience of establishing new towns in Iran based on first-hand oral history documents is a useful step in order to evaluate the totality of this experience. The aim of the present research is to analyze the content of the oral history of the new towns of Iran in order to understand the expert opinions of the implementers and direct guardians of this policy. The approach of this research is mixed and the methods used include quantitative content analysis of the basic document of the research, namely the book "Oral History of New towns of Iran 1990-220", open coding of 39 expert conversations, as well as qualitative analysis of 316 core categories with the help of secondary analysis and comparative analysis of the results with each other. In the 30-year period under review, the fourth periods (2012-2020) and the Second period (1998-2006) respectively have the largest number of identified core categories. From the thematic point of view, the categories of "population and its growth rate" in the first to third periods have the highest concentration in the levels of executive management of new towns, but in the fourth period under investigation, this category has been replaced by the category of qualitative and innovative policies of new generation towns. A look at the cumulative findings of the categories also shows the superiority of the "institutional themes and components" cluster in all four studied periods as the first theme, which has not been in the crosshairs of previous researches, and from this point of view, it has been identified as the abundant importance of this category. In sum, "Oral history of new towns in Iran" is an important document in rereading the experiences of new towns, especially the first generation these new towns. The reading shows the possibility of a secondary analysis of this document and extracting a set of issues, challenges and strategies of new cities from the point of view of the executives and providing a newer analysis of the implementation process along with suggestions to better advance of this policy in the future.
Extended abstract
Introduction
Building new Towns as the 20th century Meaning is one of the well-known policies in the field of urban planning knowledge. The construction of new Towns from 1898 to 1950 can be called the 20th century reading of new Towns. Along with the construction of new Towns with the approaches of first-generation new Towns in Iran, second-generation of new Towns have given way to well-known and old satellite, dormitories, independent new Towns. Due to the continuation of this issue, the evaluation of this policy has become very important and it is necessary to turn to new perspectives in this field. Re-reading the historical experience of establishing new Towns in Iran based on first-hand documents is one of the evaluative measures that has received less attention in the country so far. Based on this, first-hand historical documents, like “oral history” documents, are one of the most important and useful documents in this field, which can provide new fields and windows for evaluating the policy of new Towns in Iran. Therefore, rereading the historical experience of establishing new Towns in Iran based on first-hand “oral history” documents is a useful step to evaluate the totality of this experience. "Oral history" as a scientific document and method is legal and has theoretical and practical principles for gathering oral evidence and documents, in which the gathering of historical information is based on a purposeful, active and informed interview. The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of the oral history of the new Towns of Iran in order to understand the expert opinions of the implementers and direct guardians of this policy. This research has two main questions: A- What are the key categories of the expert opinions of the managers and direct custodians of the policy of building new Towns according to the periods of responsibility? B- What do the similarities and differences of the core categories in each of the identified courses show and what do they contain tips and lessons?
Methodology
In this research, several sets of scientific research methods, including the method based on oral history, content analysis, and secondary analysis, were used simultaneously with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. The approach of research is mixed research and the methods used include “quantitative content analysis” of the basic document of the research, namely the book "Oral History of New Towns of Iran 1990-2020", open coding of 39 expert conversations, as well as “qualitative analysis” of 316 core categories with the help of secondary analysis and comparative analysis of the results with each other. In the quantitative part; the methodological technique used is quantitative content analysis, which expands the researcher's understanding of the subject. In this research, Unit of Data Collection of "research data" is the set of targeted specialized conversations included in the mentioned document and the Unit of Analysis is the topics, elements and building blocks of executive management of public new Towns among those conversations. Also, the method of expressing the output of the extracted content is "descriptive". In the qualitative part, the secondary analysis method was used in order to re-read and re-recognize the first-hand research document, which was done with the help of categorizing, grouping and matching open codes identified from the quantitative research stage. The Logic of reasoning of research is "Deductive" and is based on the collective analysis of the set of conversations. Data analysis tools and graphs are also done with the help of manual coding and Excel software.
Results and discussion
The main document has four periods between 1990 and 2020. In the thirty years under review, the fourth periods (2014-2020) and the second period (1998-2006) respectively have the largest number of identified core categories. From the thematic point of view, the categories of "population and its growth rate" in the first to third periods have the highest concentration in the levels of executive management of new Towns, but in the fourth period under investigation, this category has been replaced by the category of qualitative and innovative policies of new generation towns. In addition, in the first period, the bold key categories include "population and population growth rate", "institutional disputes", "house construction and housing provision". In the second period, “the demographic issues of new towns” and “the provision of urban infrastructure” have been prioritized. "Population and growth rate", "urban infrastructure"," Mehr housing project " and "institutional contradictions" have been in the focus of attention in the third period. In the fourth period, compared to the previous three periods, it is possible to see the repetition of bold demographic issues, the urban infrastructure of Mahr housing, institutional conflicts, along with the birth of a new concept of quality policies for new generation Towns. A look at the cumulative findings of the categories also shows the superiority of the "institutional themes and components" cluster in all four studied periods as the first theme, which has not been in the crosshairs of previous researches, and from this point of view, it has been identified as the abundant importance of this category.
Conclusion
In all four investigated periods, the practical dimensions and angles of establishing the policy of new Towns in Iran have been much stronger than the theoretical dimensions and angles covering this policy. Another important point is the accumulation of categories such as the population and the provision of urban infrastructure, to which the issue of “Mehr housing project” is gradually added, and the process of gradually not successfully attracting the population has been accompanied by a wave of contradictions and institutional differences between the various institutions and implementers of this policy in the past three decades. In a way, it can be pointed out that along with the accumulation of inefficiencies in the implementation of the new Towns policy in Iran, the increase in the categories identified in the fourth period can be seen at the same time, and in addition, despite the unresolved set of administrative-institutional challenges of the first generation Towns, the concept of new generation Towns is suddenly born in Iran. This issue has brought a wave of conflict and ambiguity between the challenging policies of new first generation Towns with the perspective of new generation Towns instead of learning from previous experience. According to the more frequent category of institutional discussions such as "institutional conflicts" at the beginning of this policy and "institutional disputes" in the continuation of the implementation of this policy in the last three decades, the most influential intangible and hidden factor of the failure of new Towns in Iran can also be extracted according to quantitative and qualitative data Which is the lack of establishment of "institutional conceptual network" among the national-regional - local levels of the management of these new towns under Iran's urban planning and development system. From this point of view, dealing with the big issue of suitable conceptual network for the management of new Towns in Iran and formulating management models or explaining the management models related to it can be one of the pure and important topics of the next decades of managing new Towns, including the management of first generation or second generation of new Towns in Iran. In general, the recognition of these collective findings can introduce and recount the new and fresher understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of the establishment of new Towns in Iran.
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