List of articles (by subject) Environment
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Open Access Article
1 - Identifying future climatic change patterns at basin level in Baja California, México
Teodoro Teodoro Carlón Allende Erna López Granados Manuel MendozaBackground and objective: The global average surface temperature increased by about 0.6°C, and global sea level increased by 15 to 20 cm during the last century. As the temperature rise, crops and forests will experience failure. In Baja California, Mexico, there is MoreBackground and objective: The global average surface temperature increased by about 0.6°C, and global sea level increased by 15 to 20 cm during the last century. As the temperature rise, crops and forests will experience failure. In Baja California, Mexico, there is no systematic evaluation of the spatial variability of future temperature and precipitation. The aim of this research was to identify how the precipitation and temperature will change in the basins according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate projections.Materials and methods: We used the MPI ECHAM5 model scenarios A2 (pessimistic) and B2 (optimistic) of total annual precipitation (TAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) for 2030 and 2050; we also used the HADGEM1 model, (scenarios A2 and B2) of TAP and MAT (2030-2050). All procedures were carried out in a geographic information system.Results and conclusion: We evaluate for the first-time which basins at the peninsula will be more affected by changes in TAP and MAP. The relative increase of MAT per basin depicted a trend north to south. The highest values reaching 6.0° to 6.5°, the minimum values are around 2.0°. The reduction of TAP will be 21 mm from the baseline to 2030. The model also depicted an increase in TAP in the south of the peninsula (12-40 mm). The northern basins will suffer by reduction of water availability, especially for agriculture activities. The southern basins could be affected more by flooding and landslides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Analysis of dust changes using satellite images in Giovanni NASA and Sentinel in Google Earth Engine in western Iran
Narges Ghane Ezabadi Susan Azhdar Ali Akbar JamaliBackground and objective:Dust is one of the most important destructive climatic phenomena that cause great damage to human health and the environment every year. In Iran, due to having a 23% share of dust storms in the world and the transfer of dust from Iraq and Saudi MoreBackground and objective:Dust is one of the most important destructive climatic phenomena that cause great damage to human health and the environment every year. In Iran, due to having a 23% share of dust storms in the world and the transfer of dust from Iraq and Saudi Arabia, it is necessary to study it. Dust storms in Iran during the last few years have been a serious crisis in the western and south-western provinces of the country, including Khuzestan province, and have had dangerous consequences in the fields of environment, health, and economy.Materials and methods:This study examines the changes in the dust during the last 40 years (1980-2020) in the western and south-western regions of Iran and Iran's neighbors (Kuwait, east and southeast of Iraq, and northern Saudi Arabia). And its relationship to wind stress and vegetation has been investigated using MERRA-2 satellite imagery and model maps from the Giovanni site. Dust monitoring from June 2018 to February 2021 has also been analyzed through Google Earth Engine, a specialized web-based remote sensing system.Results and conclusion:The results show that during the 40 years under study, especially from 2020 to 2010, the volume of dust and wind stress in the study area has increased significantly. Also, dust, vegetation, wind stress have had related changes over 40 years, so that wind stress is directly related to the amount of dust and increases its effects. Also, in areas with more vegetation, there is less dust. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Evaluating the changes in Gavkhuni Wetland using MODIS satellite images in 2000-2016
Maryam Zarei Mahdi Tazeh Vahid Moosavi Saeideh KalantariBackground and objectives:The changes in desert areas depend on climate condition and water balance of upstream watershed. satellite image can help us in distinguishing the trend of areas of Playa wetland.And with achieving these trend, both the status of the non-conven MoreBackground and objectives:The changes in desert areas depend on climate condition and water balance of upstream watershed. satellite image can help us in distinguishing the trend of areas of Playa wetland.And with achieving these trend, both the status of the non-conventional water resources will be identified and this information can be used in wind erosion management.Materials and methods:In the present study, the changes in Gavkhuni Wetland was evaluated using MODIS satellite images from 2000 to 2016. For this purpose, after performing the required modifications on the satellite images, they were classified and their changes in studies time intervals were detected. Since the changes of desert areas depend on the humidity variations, the TVDI، MTVDI، VTCI indices were calculated to enhance the satellite images. The indices along with the bands of MODIS images were used in classification. The classification was done in August and March (maximum changes in desert areas and wet age) during 16 years. Due to the large number of used images, coding in MATLAB software was used to facilitate calculation of these parameters.Results and conclusion:The results indicated that on August and March, the desert areas faced the descending precipitation, which led to reducing water right. In the studied intervals, in 78.98% of the study areas, no changes were observed and the maximum changes (15%) was for a wet edge. Evaluating the validity of the maps revealed that the Kappa coefficient and total validation were respectively 95% and 96%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A novel method for Sentinel-2 satellite images radiometric calibration
Abbas Bashiri Hasan Hasani Moghaddam Mohamad Javad Khodam Seyyed Mohammad Afghahi Hassan TabarsiBackground and objective: Absolute and Relative Models of Radiometric Corrections Due to the relative information provided from different parts of the globe, there are always errors when correcting images, which has led many researchers to develop local models or design MoreBackground and objective: Absolute and Relative Models of Radiometric Corrections Due to the relative information provided from different parts of the globe, there are always errors when correcting images, which has led many researchers to develop local models or design tools to obtain information about the situation of Atmospheric of the area under study when the satellite passes. The present study aims to present a new method for radiometric correction of satellite images.Material and methods: To apply the proposed method for correcting the calibration of satellite images, a sun-photometer was first designed and developed that can obtain atmospheric data and attenuate sunlight in the range of 400 to 950 nm in a hyperspectral mode. Sentinel-2 satellite images related to the city of Tehran were selected as a sample and in 2 days with clean and high pollution, data were obtained and the coefficients obtained were applied through a sun-photometer.Results and conclusions: Based on made assessments, the importance of radiometric corrections based on local information for satellite images become more apparent. Evaluation of the research results shows the high capability of the designed sun-photometer in accurately assessing the attenuation of sunlight in different spectral. The amount of sunlight attenuation in the green band is more than the blue and red bands, which indicates the type of urban pollution in the region, which had the greatest impact on the green band and the least impact on the red band. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Dust time series analysis using long-term monthly images of MERRA2 satellites and Sentinel5 images in Google Earth Engine
Mohamad Reza Dehestani ArdakaniBackground and objective:The dust phenomenon is one of the important climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which causes human and financial losses to humans. In recent decades, due to long-term droughts, the incidence of dust has increased. Consid MoreBackground and objective:The dust phenomenon is one of the important climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which causes human and financial losses to humans. In recent decades, due to long-term droughts, the incidence of dust has increased. Considering that Iran is one of the centers affected by particulate matter and the damage caused by this phenomenon affects our country, special attention should be paid to the issue of increasing particulate matter. The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in the dust, vegetation density, and wind conditions in the geographical region of south and southeast of Iran and its neighbors, Afghanistan and Pakistan.Materials and methods:Through NASA Giovanni online modeling and the use of MERRA-2 satellite imagery to study dust and wind stress and the MODIS-Terra satellite to study vegetation. During the last 40 years from 1980 to 2020, the state of dust and wind stress was examined. Vegetation has also been studied over the past 20 years and 10-year periods from 2000 to 2020. Dust monitoring from June 2018 to February 2021 was also analyzed using Google Earth Engine, using long-term monthly images of Sentinel5 satellites.Results and conclusion:The results show that with increasing the amount of dust, the percentage of vegetation, increases, and decrease in wind stress. Although plants and wind have had a good trend in these years, this increase in dust can be due to lower water levels and increased dust collection sites as a result of not observing the water level of wetlands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Evaluation of groundwater quality in Dayyer city Bushehr using groundwater quality index (GQI)
Zahra Mojarad Abdul Rahim Pazira Tayebeh TabatabaieBackground and objective:In this study, groundwater resources of Dayyer city in Bushehr province were investigated for the amount of different parameters. The use of nitrate fertilizers in the city of Dayyer and the diversion of agricultural effluents containing these c MoreBackground and objective:In this study, groundwater resources of Dayyer city in Bushehr province were investigated for the amount of different parameters. The use of nitrate fertilizers in the city of Dayyer and the diversion of agricultural effluents containing these compounds to water sources has increased the concentration of nitrate. Calculation of ion ratios showed that weathering was delayed in the aquifers of the city and the infiltration of salt water led to an increase in the concentration of chloride and sodium. The increase in the concentration of other ions, such as calcium and magnesium, has a geological origin.Materials and methods:For this purpose, in three stages (October, November and December 2019), 7 wells located in this city were sampled and the amount of various parameters including electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, total alkalinity, total soluble solids, nitrate concentration, sulfate, Nitrite, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, iron and bicarbonate were determined using standard methods.Results and conclusion:The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and ArcGIS software was used to prepare zoning maps by kriging method. Nitrate and sulfate concentration parameters, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride and bicarbonate concentrations are 17.9-56.4 and 1100-3800 mg/l, respectively, 3740-7460 micro siemens per centimeter, 2240-4480, 2828-1393.8, 635.26-2034.83, 315.12-630.24, 145.44-349.056, 274.19-1068.1, 13-20, 3.12-3.8, and 68.32-131.76 mg/l were obtained. The results showed that except for the parameters of iron concentration (0.03-0.05 mg /l) and nitrite (0.0099-0.03.63 mg /l) and pH (7.13-7.34), The value of the other parameters is too much. Sulfate concentration has increased due to oxidation of pyrite-containing soils and the presence of evaporative minerals such as gypsum. According to the results obtained from the measurement of groundwater quality index, the value of this index is between 51 to 61, which means the average quality of water resources in this city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Strategies for monitoring environmental changes: monitoring and predicting land-use land-cover (LULC) change (Case study: South Pars special economic zone, Iran)
Sadegh Mokhtarisabet Afsaneh ShahriariBackground and objective:In recent years, the importance of modeling and predicting land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes for regional planning and environmental management has grown significantly. This study aims to discover and predict LULC changes in the South Pars' spe MoreBackground and objective:In recent years, the importance of modeling and predicting land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes for regional planning and environmental management has grown significantly. This study aims to discover and predict LULC changes in the South Pars' special economic zone over a 20-year period.Materials and methods:In this study, geographic information system (GIS) and a remote sensing technique (RS) were used to classify satellite imagery and the land change modeler (LCM) for monitoring LULC changes. The CA-Markov model was also used to predict LULC changes. The input data of our model were satellite images from TM sensor (Thematic Mapper) for 1998, and 2008 and OLI sensor (Operation Land Imager) for 2018, and this led us to predict LULC changes for 2028.Results and conclusion:Monitoring the results indicated that the area of the built-up areas was increased by 21.2533 km2 (0.81%) during this period, and the largest reduction area was related to the Bare land with 15,298 KM2 (-1.174%). prediction of LULC changes for 2028 revealed that the area of the Built-up areas is doubled and its area will reach 48.65 KM2 (56%). Water bodies and bare land areas will decrease by 113.13 km2 (-19%) to 165.96 km2 (-12%) respectively. Vegetation cover will increase to 23.24 km2 (65%). These results showed that the study area is susceptible to changes due to environmental and human factors that should be considered in urban and environmental planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Environmental impact assessment of employing intelligent transportation systems on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran (Case Study: Karaj-Chalous axis)
Mohammadreza Samavi Mostafa Panahi Zahra AbediBackground and objective:Transportation is the driving force needed to achieve the goals of economic development and create the well-being of human societies. Modern life requires growth and expansion of the movement. The present research is applied in terms of purpose- MoreBackground and objective:Transportation is the driving force needed to achieve the goals of economic development and create the well-being of human societies. Modern life requires growth and expansion of the movement. The present research is applied in terms of purpose-based classification. The idea of applied research is to develop applied knowledge in a particular field. This study aimed to estimate the environmental effects of reducing CO2 emissions by using intelligent transportation system (ITS) in Iran.Materials and methods:This research is descriptive-correlational in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of this study is the vehicles traveling during the eight busy days of September from 1 am to 00:00 in the Karaj-Chalous axis in 2019 during the study time. No other specific sampling was performed. All calculations and analyzes were performed using Excel and 10Eviews software.Results and conclusion:The results revealed that the application of the intelligent transportation system had decreased travel time on the Karaj-Chalous axis and, therefore, reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The outcomes indicated that the use of the ITS during the eight days of the research had decreased 10,129 tons of carbon dioxide emissions in the Karaj-Chalous axis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Comparison of development trends of Tehran and Isfahan cities and its effects on vegetation, climate and air pollution using GEE, Giovanni
Mahdieh RezaeyanBackground and objective: Population growth and industrialization of cities have led to the rapid growth of urbanization and development of cities. Today, the evaluation of urban physical development using modern remote sensing techniques can provide basic information t MoreBackground and objective: Population growth and industrialization of cities have led to the rapid growth of urbanization and development of cities. Today, the evaluation of urban physical development using modern remote sensing techniques can provide basic information to planners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of urban development and its effects on changes in vegetation, temperature, rainfall, and air pollution in the two metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan.Materials and methods: In this study, two systems Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Giovanni have been used to analyze indicators such as temperature, vegetation, humidity, and precipitation. NDVI maps and diagrams of two cities in 5- and 10-year periods were produced from MODIS satellite (2000 to 2021) and Landsat 8 (2013 to 2021).Results and conclusion: Urban development and population growth in Tehran have led to an increase in heat islands (LST) and temperature in the region, which has a direct effect on the reduction of snow and rain and, as a result, the reduction of runoff, vegetation, and soil moisture. Due to the development of industrial towns and residential constructions around Isfahan, destructive environmental effects related to vegetation, weather, and pollution in Mashhad, and the increase in urbanization and industry have led to a decrease in the level of vegetation and NDVI in this area. This conclusion was obtained that the obtained results confirm that the development of the cities of Tehran and Isfahan has destructive environmental effects on the weather and vegetation in all directions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Air quality and its impact on climate change in major urban areas across Cairo and Moscow cities
Mohammad Ali Ghoveh Nodoushan Seyedeh Mahtab PormazarBackground and objective:Air pollution and its negative effects on human health have become a major issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosols, in addition, they have MoreBackground and objective:Air pollution and its negative effects on human health have become a major issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosols, in addition, they have consequences on health, cause damage to vegetation and contribute to global climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively monitor air pollutants and make appropriate management decisions to solve this issue. Remote sensing methods, especially Sentinel-5, the latest European Space Agency project (in cooperation with the Netherlands), which enables the recording of images in different spectral bands using the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) sensor, are recognized as a useful tool. A tool for monitoring all kinds of air pollutantsMaterials and methods:In this study, the most significant air contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosol were monitored using Sentinel-5 satellite images for Cairo and Moscow cities in 2022. A large number of level 3 images, collected from Google Earth Engine, were used in this research.Results and conclusion:The results show that due to urban development, an increase in vehicles, and increasing industrial growth, air quality in both cities is in poor condition. The decline in air quality has had a direct impact on climate change in these cities. The most important meteorological effect of climate change is on temperature. According to the results, although Moscow is located in a region with a favorable climate, high LST and rising ground temperatures in recent years can be associated with increased concentrations of air pollutants. In Cairo, the air pollution index was also at an inappropriate level, and the amount of particulate matter in this city is significantly higher than in Moscow, which can be due to the deserts around the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Subsidence risk zoning in Varamin County based on effective criteria using TOPSIS and VIKOR techniques
Ali Taheri Moslem Dehnavi EelaghBackground and objective: Subsidence is a crisis that modern societies are currently facing. It has the potential to inflict irreparable damage to the lives and properties of residents, as well as disrupt urban infrastructure, including water, oil, and gas transmission MoreBackground and objective: Subsidence is a crisis that modern societies are currently facing. It has the potential to inflict irreparable damage to the lives and properties of residents, as well as disrupt urban infrastructure, including water, oil, and gas transmission lines. While horizontal displacement is also possible, its extent is typically minor. Subsidence results in the formation of cracks and fissures in the ground, alterations in underground water quality, changes to the Earth's surface topography, and other related issues.Materials and methods: In this study, using the multi-criteria decision-making approach, the seven criteria have been taken into account to produce subsidence risk map. At first, expert opinion on this issue have been used to investigate the effect of different criteria on subsidence. Then the weight of each criterion was obtained using the geometric mean method. Then to combine the layers, VIKOR and TOPSIS fusion techniques were used. To evaluate the implemented method, Sentinel 1 radar images were used to prepare a subsidence map, and a comparison between the two maps has been made.Results and conclusion: The analysis indicated that land use, underground water, and rainfall had the most significant influence on subsidence, with weights of 0.4292, 0.2699, and 0.1473, respectively. In contrast, slope and elevation had the least impact, with weights of 0.0220 and 0.0375, respectively. A subsidence map was successfully produced using Sentinel-1 images and Differential Interferometric Synthetic-Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques, and this map was compared to those obtained through VIKOR and TOPSIS methods, demonstrating a favorable level of compatibility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Desirability study of green space in Yazd city using multi-criteria decision making model
Mohammadreza Zareh Zardeini Mohammad Hassanzadeh NafootiBackground and objective: One of the most important tasks of urban managers is to determine suitable places for the construction of urban service uses, among which green spaces and parks have a special role due to their impact on the health and well-being of citizens an MoreBackground and objective: One of the most important tasks of urban managers is to determine suitable places for the construction of urban service uses, among which green spaces and parks have a special role due to their impact on the health and well-being of citizens and their correct locating guarantees their optimal efficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the green space and parks of Yazd city and determine a suitable place for their construction.Materials and methods: First, the spatial distribution of existing parks and green spaces were examined, and the initial results indicated that the parks were not properly distributed. Then, to identify suitable areas for the construction of parks based on the opinions of experts and similar research, effective criteria and sub-criteria were determined and their importance to each other was obtained from experts through a questionnaire and their relative value was calculated using the AHP method. Then the map of criteria and sub-criteria was collected and GIS-processed and their relative importance were assigned to the relevant raster layers using GIS overlap capability and fuzzy logic, the layers were combined and constraint areas for park construction were removed from the study with the help of Boolean logic.Results and conclusion:The map of the final area capability was prepared in five categories for the construction of a park and green space in which the value of the pixels indicated their suitability. Finally, Aharestan and Mahmoudabad areas were introduced as a priority for the construction of parks and urban green spaces due to population density, access network, inaccessibility to existing parks, and avoidance of incompatible uses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Spatial Land Use Planning Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and GIS in Shandiz Urban Region, Northeast of Iran
Mehrnoush Afshari Ali Bagherzadeh Ehsan AfsharBackground and objective:Inappropriate land use due to changing requirements and pressures leads to the destruction of land resources and increases poverty and other social problems.Materials and methods: The present study evaluated the land suitability for the spatial MoreBackground and objective:Inappropriate land use due to changing requirements and pressures leads to the destruction of land resources and increases poverty and other social problems.Materials and methods: The present study evaluated the land suitability for the spatial development of the Shandiz urban region, northeast of Iran based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS).Results and conclusion: On this basis, the land suitability of the study area for spatial development was estimated and revealed that 12 land uses (22.5% of the region) have high and moderate suitability for spatial development. Our results indicated that the regions with higher suitability for the spatial development of the Shandiz urban region are located in the middle and east parts of the study area. In contrast, the north, south, and west parts of the region have low suitability for spatial development. Our study presents a map of land suitability for the spatial development of the region, which will aid in appropriate planning, quick and safe mitigation measures, and future development strategies based on identifying the environmental factors affecting land suitability in the region. We developed a systematic regional planning approach to identify geographic priorities for on-ground natural resource management actions that most cost-effectively meet multiple natural resource management objectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A review of project planning using the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
Zeinab KarimiBackground and objective: Watershed implementation projects represent crucial infrastructure endeavors in many countries, demonstrating positive impacts in virtually all pilot regions. Each implementation project comprises planning, execution, monitoring, and assessment MoreBackground and objective: Watershed implementation projects represent crucial infrastructure endeavors in many countries, demonstrating positive impacts in virtually all pilot regions. Each implementation project comprises planning, execution, monitoring, and assessment phases. In this context, the overarching goal of project planning is to enhance performance. However, there is no consensus on the best approach to project planning. Consequently, this study conducts a descriptive comparison of two methods: the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The aim is to assist planners in selecting the most suitable method according to their specific needs.Materials and methods: Modern research and the examination of various methodologies have provided the means to plan projects for optimal performance. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of both LFA and PRA methods was conducted, drawing from an extensive body of literature.Results and conclusion: In essence, there is no significant disparity between these two methods. The primary contrast between LFA and PRA lies in the fact that LFA anticipates external factors that may influence project success or failure. Furthermore, all stakeholders impacting the project play a role in pivotal decisions. Hence, it can be argued that LFA addresses the deficiencies and limitations of PRA, presenting itself as an ideal model for optimal decision-making. Consequently, it is recommended that this method be utilized in future research endeavors, particularly in assessing country watersheds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A review of forest biomass estimation and modeling methods by remote sensing
Razieh Hadavand Sadegh Mokhtarisabet Reza Abedzadegan AbdiBackground and objective:Detailed evaluation of biomass using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information systems is very important to manage the forest and its role as a carbon source and climate change. Ground sensing data have made a big change in compiling and exploit MoreBackground and objective:Detailed evaluation of biomass using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information systems is very important to manage the forest and its role as a carbon source and climate change. Ground sensing data have made a big change in compiling and exploiting information about forest biomass, But non-local equations and the use of different radar and optical images, and also huge expenses have caused ambiguities in the accurate estimation of biomass. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of different remote sensing data for modeling and estimating forest biomass.Materials and methods:Today, by using the conducted research and also by examining the conducted methods, it is possible to have an accurate assessment of biomass estimation, which brings the lowest cost and the highest efficiency. In this study, the challenges of the forest biome were investigated by reading numerous domestic and international articles and also with the opinion of natural resources experts in Iran.Results and conclusion:After reviewing the opinions of experts, all the solutions and challenges of the existing methods for estimating and modeling the forest biomass, it was concluded that to increase the accuracy and reduce the costs, the use of remote sensing capabilities can be useful in the assessment of the forest biomass. Decision makers and managers, especially in the natural resources area, can use remote sensing capabilities to prevent crises and monitor forests.Materials and methods: Today, by using the conducted research and also by examining the conducted methods, it is possible to have an accurate assessment of biomass estimation, which brings the lowest cost and the highest efficiency. In this study, the challenges of the forest biome were investigated by reading numerous domestic and international articles and also with the opinion of natural resources experts in Iran.Results and conclusion: After reviewing the opinions of experts, all the solutions and challenges of the existing methods for estimating and modeling the forest biomass, it was concluded that to increase the accuracy and reduce the costs, the use of remote sensing capabilities can be useful in the assessment of the forest biomass. Decision makers and managers, especially in the natural resources area, can use remote sensing capabilities to prevent crises and monitor forests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The relationship between the land surface temperature, changes in the vegetation cover and air pollutants using the Google Earth Engine
Razieh MirfazlolahBackground and objective:The research was conducted to the relationship review of LST and NDVI of the Mashhad and Gorgan cities of Iran using the GEE system based on the Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 5P images from the period between 1/1/2021 and 1/1/2022. The purpose of t MoreBackground and objective:The research was conducted to the relationship review of LST and NDVI of the Mashhad and Gorgan cities of Iran using the GEE system based on the Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 5P images from the period between 1/1/2021 and 1/1/2022. The purpose of this research was to compare the relationship between the temperature of the earth's surface and changes in the vegetation index and its possible relationship with air pollution.Materials and methods:For this purpose, first, the date of certain images and then the desired bands for calculating three variables, earth surface temperature, vegetation index, and air pollution were introduced to it. In the end, a normalized vegetation difference index or NDVI was obtained to calculate surface emissivity and LST land surface temperature map, and an air pollutants map (SO2, NO2, HCHO, CO, Aerosol) was prepared and produced.Results and conclusion:The results showed that the highest average temperature for the cities of Mashhad and Gorgan is 42 and 35 degrees Celsius, and the lowest average temperature is 27 and 17 degrees Celsius, respectively. It can also be seen that the relationship between the temperature of the earth's surface and the amount of vegetation has an inverse relationship. Thus, the lowest temperature is related to the areas with the most vegetation and the highest temperature is related to the barren lands and built areas. By superimposing the surface temperature map and the air pollution map, it was found that high temperature brings more pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - A spatiotemporal analysis of the continent-wide contribution of agriculture in CO2-eq production from 1990 to 2019 using the t-map package of R software
Iman AhmadiBackground and objective: Spatiotemporal maps are suitable tools to convey information to the interested audience. The aim of this paper is to create continent-wide spatiotemporal maps regarding the role of agriculture on CO2-eq production in the period between 1990 and MoreBackground and objective: Spatiotemporal maps are suitable tools to convey information to the interested audience. The aim of this paper is to create continent-wide spatiotemporal maps regarding the role of agriculture on CO2-eq production in the period between 1990 and 2019 using the t-map package of R software.Materials and methods:Initial data were obtained from the Internet resources (the FAO, and ARCGIS websites), and after performing some adjustments and modifications i.e. deletion of unnecessary data and matching of the contents of the FAO and ARCGIS data files, as well as combining data files, final data were uploaded to the R software to convert to spatiotemporal maps using the t-map package. Results and conclusion: The results showed a decreasing trend of the share of agriculture in total CO2-eq production from 1990 to 2019. Atthe same time, the amount of agriculture-induced CO2-eq has increased very gradually. On the other hand, the amount of total CO2-eq produced has grown considerably from 1990 to 2019; therefore, it can be concluded that the growth of CO2-eq production in the other economic sectors is higher than that of agriculture. Thus, the first priority should be to curb the growth of CO2-eq production in all economic sectors, especially non-agricultural ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Intensity evaluation of fire and restoration process of the forest using remote sensing techniques (Case Study: North Ukraine)
Moslem Dehnavi Eelagh Ali TaheriBackground and objective: In recent years, we have witnessed the growth of forest fires due to severe climate changes and increased human activities. These fires impose many destructive effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to identify MoreBackground and objective: In recent years, we have witnessed the growth of forest fires due to severe climate changes and increased human activities. These fires impose many destructive effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and measure the intensity of forest fires and plan for the revitalization of vegetation.Materials and methods: This study aims to investigate the intensity of the fire in the forest areas of northern Ukraine using Sentinel 2 satellite images and using the indicators of different normalized burn ratios (dNBR), relatively different normalized burn ratios (RdNBR), and relativized burn ratio ( RBR) in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform and comparing the results of the extent of the fire area extracted from the indicators with the data available by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). Also, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to investigate the process of forest cover restoration.Results and conclusion: The results showed that the RBR and RdNBR indices in study areas A and B have been able to estimate the fire extent with 1.43% and 5.96% differences compared to EFFIS data. Also, the results of the NDVI index showed that after two years of the fire, in study areas A and B, 76.06% and 58.86% of the damaged forest cover improved, respectively. Manuscript profile