A spatiotemporal analysis of the continent-wide contribution of agriculture in CO2-eq production from 1990 to 2019 using the t-map package of R software
Subject Areas : Environment
1 - Department of Agronomy, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: agriculture, Spatiotemporal map, CO2-eq, R programming language, t-map package,
Abstract :
Background and objective: Spatiotemporal maps are suitable tools to convey information to the interested audience. The aim of this paper is to create continent-wide spatiotemporal maps regarding the role of agriculture on CO2-eq production in the period between 1990 and 2019 using the t-map package of R software.Materials and methods:Initial data were obtained from the Internet resources (the FAO, and ARCGIS websites), and after performing some adjustments and modifications i.e. deletion of unnecessary data and matching of the contents of the FAO and ARCGIS data files, as well as combining data files, final data were uploaded to the R software to convert to spatiotemporal maps using the t-map package. Results and conclusion: The results showed a decreasing trend of the share of agriculture in total CO2-eq production from 1990 to 2019. Atthe same time, the amount of agriculture-induced CO2-eq has increased very gradually. On the other hand, the amount of total CO2-eq produced has grown considerably from 1990 to 2019; therefore, it can be concluded that the growth of CO2-eq production in the other economic sectors is higher than that of agriculture. Thus, the first priority should be to curb the growth of CO2-eq production in all economic sectors, especially non-agricultural ones.
Appiah, K., Jianguo, D., & John P. (2018). Causal relationship between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in selected emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 24764-24777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2523-z.
Balogh, J. M. (2020). The role of agriculture in climate change : a global perspective. In: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. https://doi:10.32479/ijeep.8859.
Cahyadi, M. N., Handayani, H. H., Warmadewanthi, I., Rokhmana, C. A., Sulistiawan, S. S., Waloedjo, C. S., Raharjo, A. B., Endroyono, Atok, M., Navisa, S. C., Wulansari, M., & Jin, S. (2022). Spatiotemporal Analysis for COVID-19 Delta Variant Using GIS-Based Air Parameter and Spatial Modeling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031614
Cardone, B., & Di Martino, F. A. (2022). GIS-Based Fuzzy Multiclassification Framework Applied for Spatiotemporal Analysis of Phenomena in Urban Contexts. Information, 13, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050248
Ghane Ezabadi, N., Azhdar, S., & Jamali, A. A. (2021). Analysis of dust changes using satellite images in Giovanni NASA and Sentinel in Google Earth Engine in western Iran. Journal of Nature and Spatial Sciences (JONASS), 1(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.30495/jonass.2021.680327
Grace, J., Mitchard, E., & Gloor, E. (2014). Perturbations in the carbon budget of the tropics. Global Change Biology, 20, 3238-3255. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12600.
Hasanzadeh Saray, M., Baubekova, A., Gohari, A., Eslamian, S. S., Klöve, B., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2022). Optimization of Water-Energy-Food Nexus considering CO2 Emissions from Cropland: A Case Study in Northwest Iran, Applied Energy, Volume 307, 118236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118236.
Huang, J. B., Wang, S. W., Luo Y., Zhao Z. C., & Wen X. Y. (2012). Debates on the Causes of Global Warming. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00038.
Mimi, Z. A., & Jamous, S. A. (2010). Climate change and agricultural water demand: Impacts and adaptations. Afr J Environ Sci Technol, 4,183–91. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST09.174.
Sachs, J., Remans, R., Smukler, S., Winowiecki, L., Andelman, S.J ., Cassman, K. G., et al. (2010). Monitoring the world’s agriculture. Nature, 466(7306), 558–60. DOI: 10.1038/466558a.
Shin, J., Hong, S. G., Lee, S., Hong, S. C., & Lee, J. S. (2017). Estimation of soil carbon sequestration and profit analysis on mitigation of CO2-eq. emission in cropland cooperated with compost and biochar. Appl Biol Chem, 60, 467–472 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-017-0298-4.
Tennekes, M. (2018). tmap: Thematic Maps in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 84(6). DOI: 10.18637/jss.v084.i06.
Verschuuren, J. (2016). The Paris agreement on climate change: Agriculture and food security. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 7(1), 54-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00005389.
Wang, L., Vo, X. V., Shahbaz, M., & Aysegul A. K. (2020). Globalization and carbon emissions: Is there any role of agriculture value-added, financial development, and natural resource rent in the aftermath of COP21? Journal of Environmental Management, 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110712.
Wickham, H. (2010). A layered grammar of graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1198/jcgs.2009.07098.