مناسبات میان حقوق محیط زیست و بحران سیل؛ مورد پژوهی رویکرد تقنینی زیست محیطی جمهوری اسلامی ایران
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
علی مشهدی
1
,
علی بیاتی
2
1 - دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه قم. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه علوم انتظامی امین
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/12/25
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/02/17
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
حقوق محیط زیست,
پیشگیری,
رویکرد تقنینی,
بحران سیل,
چکیده مقاله :
وقوع سیل از منظر حقوق محیط زیست می تواند مورد تحلیل و ارزیابی قرار گیرد. پس از وقوع سیل به ویژه در سال های اخیر، این سئوال اساسی مطرح است که چه رابطه ای میان نظام حقوق محیط زیست و بحران سیل وجود دارد. در این خصوص، در حقوق محیط زیست برای وضعیت پیش، حین و پس از وقوع سیل، قواعد، قوانین و مقررات متعددی پیش بینی شده است. همچنین در حقوق ایران علیرغم تصویب قوانین و مقررات متعدد برای پیشگیری و مقابله با سیلاب، کاستی های متعددی قابل بررسی است. این کاستی ها را می توان به سه دسته هنجاری، نهادی و رفتاری دسته بندی نمود. اهمیت تحلیل مناسبات میان سیل و حقوق محیط زیست، به تأثیر و تأثری برمی گردد که قوانین و نظامات محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی در یکدیگر دارند. از یک سوی نادیده گرفتن و نقض قوانین و مقررات پیشگیرانه محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی می تواند زمینه ساز وقوع این بحران شود.(دیدگاه نخست) از سویی دیگر سیل می تواند اثر مخربی بر محیطزیست داشته باشد.(دیدگاه دوم). هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی مناسبات میان سیل و نظام حقوق محیط زیست است.در این مقاله سعی شده است با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای و قوانین و مقررات و رویه ها، ضمن بیان نظام موجود حقوق محیط زیست، رویکرد تقنینی زیست محیطی جمهوری اسلامی ایران درسه دوره پیش، حین و پس از سیل مورد بررسی قرار گیرند.فرض اساسی این مقاله در پاسخ به سئوال اصلی این است که برای پیشگیری و مقابله با بحران سیل، سه دسته کاستی های حقوقی پیش گفته به ویژه در حوزه قوانین و مقررات و جود دارد و قوانین و مقررات زیست محیطی مرتبط با سیل نیازمند اصلاح و تقویت است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
After the flood, especially in recent years, the key question is what the relationship between environmental law system and the flood crisis?. In this regard, environmental law has been enshrined in the pre, before and after the flood, with numerous rules, laws and regulations. The importance of analyzing the relationship between floods and environmental rights goes back to the impact that environmental laws and regulations and natural resources have on each other. On the one hand, ignoring and violating preventive laws and regulations of the environment and natural resources can lead to the occurrence of this crisis. On the other hand, flooding can have a adverse effect on the environment.In Iranian environmental law, despite the adoption of numerous laws and regulations to prevent flooding, numerous deficiencies can be investigated. These deficiencies can be classified into three categories: normative, institutional, and behavioral. In this paper, the author use an analytical-descriptive approach, library resources, laws and regulations and procedures. While presenting the existing environmental law system, the environmental legal approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the three periods before, during and after the flood to be examined.The basic presumption of this article in response to the main question is that in order to prevent and deal with the flood crisis, there are three categories of legal deficiencies mentioned, especially in the field of laws and regulations, and environmental laws and regulations related to floods need to be amended.
منابع و مأخذ:
Hartmann, T. and Albrecht, J., 2014. From flood protection to flood risk management: condition-based and performance-based regulations in German water law. Journal of Environmental Law, 26(2), pp.243-268.
Kumar, N., Shamim, T., Lall, P., Sagar, S. and Kumar, A., 2009. ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD WITH ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 3(4).
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Kundzewicz, Z.W., Ulbrich, U., Graczyk, D., Krüger, A., Leckebusch, G.C., Menzel, L., Pińskwar, I., Radziejewski, M. and Szwed, M., 2005. Summer floods in Central Europe–climate change track? Natural Hazards, 36(1-2), pp.165-189.
Ahmad, Q.K., 2006. Changement climatique, inondations et gestion des crues: le cas du Bangladesh. Hérodote, (2), pp.73-94.
Shelton, D. and Kiss, A.2010. Judicial Handbook on Environmental Law. Translated by Mohsen Abdollahi, Khorsandi Publications, p 72. (in Persian)
Duvic-Paoli, L.A., 2018. The prevention principle in international environmental law. Cambridge University Press.
Rasid, H., 1993. Preventing flooding or regulating flood levels?: case studies on perception of flood alleviation in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 8(1), pp.39-57.
Colombo, A., Hervás, J. and Vetere Arellano, A.L., 2002. Guidelines on flash flood prevention and mitigation. European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC).
Mashhadi, Ali.2010. Environmental Law Terminology, Khorsandi Publications, Tehran, Iran. P48. (in Persian)
Lucchini, L., 1999. Le principe de précaution en droit international de l'environnement: ombres plus que lumières. Annuaire français de droit international, 45(1), pp.710-731.
Godden, L. and Kung, A., 2011. Water law and planning frameworks under climate change variability: systemic and adaptive management of flood risk. Water resources management, 25(15), pp.4051-4068.
Petit-Boix, A., Sevigné-Itoiz, E., Rojas-Gutierrez, L.A., Barbassa, A.P., Josa, A., Rieradevall, J. and Gabarrell, X., 2017. Floods and consequential life cycle assessment: Integrating flood damage into the environmental assessment of stormwater Best Management Practices. Journal of cleaner production, 162, pp.601-608.
Gilbuena Jr, R., Kawamura, A., Medina, R., Amaguchi, H., Nakagawa, N. and Du Bui, D., 2013. Environmental impact assessment of structural flood mitigation measures by a rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) technique: A case study in Metro Manila, Philippines. Science of the Total Environment, 456, pp.137-147.
Ngo, A.T., 2014. Evaluation environnementale du risque d'inondation dans le delta du fleuve Ha Thanh (centre Viêt-Nam) (Doctoral dissertation).
National Flood Board.2019. Final Report of the National Flood Board on the Legal Dimensions of the 2019 Flood. Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran.657pp.
Alho, C.J. and Silva, J.S., 2012. Effects of severe floods and droughts on wildlife of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil)—a review. Animals, 2(4), pp.591-610.
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Hartmann, T. and Albrecht, J., 2014. From flood protection to flood risk management: condition-based and performance-based regulations in German water law. Journal of Environmental Law, 26(2), pp.243-268.
Kumar, N., Shamim, T., Lall, P., Sagar, S. and Kumar, A., 2009. ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD WITH ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 3(4).
Scarwell, H.J. and Laganier, R., 2004. Risque d'inondation et aménagement durable des territoires (Vol. 916). Presses Univ. Septentrion.
Kumar, N., Shamim, T., Lall, P., Sagar, S. and Kumar, A., 2009. Assessment of Flood with Its Social Consequences and Environmental Law. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 3(4).
Istomina, M.N., Kocharyan, A.G. and Lebedeva, I.P., 2005. Floods: genesis, socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Water resources, 32(4), pp.349-358.
Hickey, J.T. and Salas, J.D., 1995, November. Environmental effects of extreme floods. In US-Italy research workshop on the hydrometeorology, impacts, and management of extreme floods. Perugia (pp. 1-23).
Kundzewicz, Z.W., Ulbrich, U., Graczyk, D., Krüger, A., Leckebusch, G.C., Menzel, L., Pińskwar, I., Radziejewski, M. and Szwed, M., 2005. Summer floods in Central Europe–climate change track? Natural Hazards, 36(1-2), pp.165-189.
Ahmad, Q.K., 2006. Changement climatique, inondations et gestion des crues: le cas du Bangladesh. Hérodote, (2), pp.73-94.
Shelton, D. and Kiss, A.2010. Judicial Handbook on Environmental Law. Translated by Mohsen Abdollahi, Khorsandi Publications, p 72. (in Persian)
Duvic-Paoli, L.A., 2018. The prevention principle in international environmental law. Cambridge University Press.
Rasid, H., 1993. Preventing flooding or regulating flood levels?: case studies on perception of flood alleviation in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 8(1), pp.39-57.
Colombo, A., Hervás, J. and Vetere Arellano, A.L., 2002. Guidelines on flash flood prevention and mitigation. European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC).
Mashhadi, Ali.2010. Environmental Law Terminology, Khorsandi Publications, Tehran, Iran. P48. (in Persian)
Lucchini, L., 1999. Le principe de précaution en droit international de l'environnement: ombres plus que lumières. Annuaire français de droit international, 45(1), pp.710-731.
Godden, L. and Kung, A., 2011. Water law and planning frameworks under climate change variability: systemic and adaptive management of flood risk. Water resources management, 25(15), pp.4051-4068.
Petit-Boix, A., Sevigné-Itoiz, E., Rojas-Gutierrez, L.A., Barbassa, A.P., Josa, A., Rieradevall, J. and Gabarrell, X., 2017. Floods and consequential life cycle assessment: Integrating flood damage into the environmental assessment of stormwater Best Management Practices. Journal of cleaner production, 162, pp.601-608.
Gilbuena Jr, R., Kawamura, A., Medina, R., Amaguchi, H., Nakagawa, N. and Du Bui, D., 2013. Environmental impact assessment of structural flood mitigation measures by a rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) technique: A case study in Metro Manila, Philippines. Science of the Total Environment, 456, pp.137-147.
Ngo, A.T., 2014. Evaluation environnementale du risque d'inondation dans le delta du fleuve Ha Thanh (centre Viêt-Nam) (Doctoral dissertation).
National Flood Board.2019. Final Report of the National Flood Board on the Legal Dimensions of the 2019 Flood. Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran.657pp.
Alho, C.J. and Silva, J.S., 2012. Effects of severe floods and droughts on wildlife of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil)—a review. Animals, 2(4), pp.591-610.
