List of articles (by subject) Financial Accounting
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Open Access Article
1 - Salience Theory and Pricing Stock of Corporates in Tehran Stock Exchange
Parvaneh Khaleghi Mohammadali Aghaei Farzin RezaeiHow the investors react to the received information plays a crucial role in determining the return of stock exchange market. Supply and demand based upon incorrect decisions lead to the price deviation of inherent values. This paper aims to study the impact of salience MoreHow the investors react to the received information plays a crucial role in determining the return of stock exchange market. Supply and demand based upon incorrect decisions lead to the price deviation of inherent values. This paper aims to study the impact of salience phenomenon on disproportionate pricing and investor overreaction in the corporates in Tehran stock exchange. Research methodology is correlative. Statistical sample involves 120 corporates accepted by Tehran stock exchange during 2012-2016. To test the hypotheses, a regression analysis method has been selected. Research findings have indicated that there exists a promising phenomenon in Tehran stock exchange causing the investors overreaction followed by the disproportionate pricing and also, the results have shown that the impact of salience is different on strong and weak information environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A Feasibility Study of Dissecting Stock Price Momentum Using Financial Statement Analysis
hamid bodaghi Rezvan Hejazi Mohammad Reza MehrabanpourThis paper sought to address the feasibility of dissecting stock price momentum in the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange using financial statement analysis (FSA). Different variables including those related to profitability, financial leverage and liquidity, and ope MoreThis paper sought to address the feasibility of dissecting stock price momentum in the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange using financial statement analysis (FSA). Different variables including those related to profitability, financial leverage and liquidity, and operating efficiency were used in this analysis. The study sample consisted of 130 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2008-2019. The results showed that fundamental factors affected stock price momentum for one year in the winning portfolio and for two years in the losing one; after this period, financial information did not have a significant effect on stock price momentum. Therefore, stock price momentum performance is a function of the conformance of the past price performance to fundamentals. The results from investment strategies based on the past price performance-fundamentals conformance indicated that fundamentals cause a significant difference in stock excess returns in winning and losing portfolios. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of Conservative Reporting on Investors' Opinion Divergence at the Time of Earnings Announcement
Dariush Mokhtari Kajori Reza JamkaraniThis research aims to investigate the effect of conservative reporting on the investors' opinion divergence at the time of earnings announcement in a 5 year period during 2012-2016; the required data have been collected from Tehran Securities and Stock Exchange Organiza MoreThis research aims to investigate the effect of conservative reporting on the investors' opinion divergence at the time of earnings announcement in a 5 year period during 2012-2016; the required data have been collected from Tehran Securities and Stock Exchange Organization and the population is consisted of 585 corporates-years which have been selected by the systematic removal sampling. To investigate the research hypotheses, linear regression and correlation were used and to analyze data and test the hypotheses, Eviews software has been utilized. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that the conservative measures are negatively related to the proxies of investors' opinion divergence at the time of earnings announcement and the relationship is stronger when the corporate reports bad news; also, conservation information content is stronger when the market is shocked by an announcement.Key words: Investors' opinion divergence at the time of earnings announcement, conservative reporting, bad news Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Predict the Stock price crash risk by using firefly algorithm and comparison with regression
Serveh Farzad Esfandiar Malekian Hossein Fakhari Jamal GhasemiStock price crash risk is a phenomenon in which stock prices are subject to severe negative and sudden adjustments. So far, different approaches have been proposed to model and predict the stock price crash risk, which in most cases have been the main emphasis on the fa MoreStock price crash risk is a phenomenon in which stock prices are subject to severe negative and sudden adjustments. So far, different approaches have been proposed to model and predict the stock price crash risk, which in most cases have been the main emphasis on the factors affecting it, and often traditional methods have been used for prediction. On the other hand, using Meta Heuristic Algorithms, has led to a lot of research in the field of finance and accounting. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to model the Stock price crash risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange using firefly algorithm and compare the results with multivariate regression as a traditional method. Of the companies listed on the stock exchange, 101 companies have been selected as samples. Initially, 19 independent variables were introduced into the model as input property of the particle accumulation algorithm, which was considered as a feature selection method. Finally, in each of the different criteria for calculating the risk Stock price crash risk, some optimal variables were selected, then using firefly algorithm and multivariate regression, the stock price crash risk was predicted and results were compared. To quantify the Stock price crash risk, three criteria for negative skewness, high fluctuations and maximum sigma have been used. Two methods of MSE and MAE have been used to compare the methods. The results show that the ability of meta-meta-heuristic methods to predict the risk Stock price crash risk is not generally higher than the traditional method of multivariate regression, And the research hypothesis was not approved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigating the relationship among information asymmetry, dividend policy and ownership structure
Mohammadreza Khabazkar Foomani Ahmad SarlakThe purpose of a financial manager in dividend policy is to maximize the wealth of its owners while providing adequate funds for the company. In this research, the aim is to determine the relationship between information asymmetry, dividend policies and ownership struct MoreThe purpose of a financial manager in dividend policy is to maximize the wealth of its owners while providing adequate funds for the company. In this research, the aim is to determine the relationship between information asymmetry, dividend policies and ownership structure. After designing information asymmetry evaluation indicators, the transaction information has been collected from the Stock Exchange in the five year period of 2011-2015. A statistical sample of 155 companies was selected using a systematic elimination method, which was a total of 775 years-firm. In this research, linear regression and correlation were used to analyze the hypotheses of the research. What can be said in the summing-up and conclusion of the general test of research hypotheses is that the company with a higher information asymmetry is less likely to pay dividends, as well as government-affiliated companies with higher information asymmetry pay more dividends compared to non-governmental corporations. Finally, the results indicated that structural reform in order to increase the transparency of information leads to a positive moderating effect on the relationship between information asymmetry and dividend policies Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigating the effect of rounding and revision in predicting earnings per share on investors' attention
Ayat Bijani Iraj NouriBecause in the theory of economics, the value of a company is based on the current value of future cash flows and profit is used as a substitute for cash flows, profit forecasting is of particular importance. In the research, the effect of rounding and revision in predi MoreBecause in the theory of economics, the value of a company is based on the current value of future cash flows and profit is used as a substitute for cash flows, profit forecasting is of particular importance. In the research, the effect of rounding and revision in predicting earnings per share on the investors' attention in Iran has been investigated. After designing the investors' attention assessment indexes, the transaction information was collected from the Stock Exchange in the five-year period of 2011-2015. The statistical sample consists of 120 companies selected by systematic elimination method and totally obtained 600 year-firm. In this research, linear regression and correlation were used to investigate the hypotheses of the research and Eviews software was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. What can be said in the summing up and conclusion of the test of research hypotheses is that predicting the earning per share influences investors 'attention, as well as the revision of the earnings per share influences the investors' attention. On the other hand, research studies show that the rounding in interaction with the revision in predicting earnings per share can also affect the investors' attention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Impact of Speculative Bubble on Stock Returns in Companies Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange
Soheil Ali Hadi YazdiRecent studies show that individual investors tend to speculate on stock markets and hold shares with a lottery-like return. For this speculation of people have a significant impact on stock returns, individual investors must trade the same shares with the same time. Th MoreRecent studies show that individual investors tend to speculate on stock markets and hold shares with a lottery-like return. For this speculation of people have a significant impact on stock returns, individual investors must trade the same shares with the same time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the speculative bubble on the stock returns of companies in Iran. Following the design of the speculative bubble specification indexes, the transaction information was collected from the stock market in the five-year period from 2011 to 2015 and a sample of 106 companies was selected by systematic elimination method, which totaled 530 year-company. In this research, linear regression and correlation analysis were used to analyze the hypotheses of the research. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, Eviews software was used. What can be said in the summing-up and conclusion of the general test of research hypotheses is that there is a speculative bubble in the Tehran Stock Exchange index. In addition, the speculative bubble has an impact on stock returns, and this effect has been confirmed in conditions of market boom and downswing. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the documents referred to in the theoretical framework of the research and financial literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effect of Financial Distress on the Investment Behavior of Companies Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange
Roya Ahmadi Hamidreza KordloeiThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of financial distress on investment behavior for the years of 2011 to 2016. The statistical population of the research is Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the systematic elimination method, 104 companies have been MoreThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of financial distress on investment behavior for the years of 2011 to 2016. The statistical population of the research is Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the systematic elimination method, 104 companies have been selected as the statistical sample. In this research, financial distress is independent variable and corporate investment behavior is dependent variable and investment opportunities is considered as interactive variable. The present research is an applied research and in terms of methodology is a correlational study. In this research, for collecting data and information, library method and in the research data section, financial statements, explanatory notes and monthly magazine of stock exchange, and in order to describe and print the data collected, descriptive and inferential statistics and to analyze the data, pre-test variance analysis, F-limmer test, Hausman test and Jarck-Bera test, and then multivariate regression test for confirmation and rejection of research hypotheses (EViews software) were used. The results showed that firms with less investment opportunities tend to be less likely to invest, in addition distressed financially firms with more investment opportunities are more likely to increase investment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Ambiguity Theory and Asset Pricing: Empirical Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange
Zeynab Ramzi Radchobeh Javad Rezazadeh Hossein KazemiModern portfolio theory is based on the relationship between risk and return and in this paper, specific uncertainty conditions are introduced as ambiguity which affects the asset pricing. Also, the relationship between risk, ambiguity and return is examined. First, amb MoreModern portfolio theory is based on the relationship between risk and return and in this paper, specific uncertainty conditions are introduced as ambiguity which affects the asset pricing. Also, the relationship between risk, ambiguity and return is examined. First, ambiguity is estimated by the means of three-variable and main component method, trading volume, ask-bid spread, error of earnings forecast and afterwards, it has been used to examine the interaction between risk, ambiguity and return. Current research method is correlative descriptive and statistical sample consisted of 120 corporates accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012-2017. To test the hypotheses, regression analysis has been utilized. Results revealed the existence of ambiguity in Tehran Stock Exchange, which affects the asset pricing negatively Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Presenting a New Bankruptcy Prediction Model Based on Adjusted Financial Ratios According to the General Price Index
Naimeh Jebelli Iman Dadashi Mohammad Javad Zare BahnamiriIn a volatile economic environment, financial decision making is always associated with risk. Bankruptcy, as one of the most important risks, has a significant impact on the interests of the firm's stakeholders, so presenting appropriate bankruptcy forecasting patterns MoreIn a volatile economic environment, financial decision making is always associated with risk. Bankruptcy, as one of the most important risks, has a significant impact on the interests of the firm's stakeholders, so presenting appropriate bankruptcy forecasting patterns is of the utmost importance. In this study, after reviewing the theoretical literature and selecting the financial ratios used in previous bankruptcy prediction models as the variable input of the initial model, the financial ratios were adjusted based on the price index and then, using the LARS algorithm, the ratios that have the highest ability to differentiate between bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms were identified, and finally, using the SVM and Naive Bayesian algorithms, the final bankruptcy prediction model was developed. For this purpose, the data of 50 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange who had experienced bankruptcy for at least one year from 2008 to 2018 under Article 141 of the Commercial Code were used. The results show that the adjusted financial ratios based on the price index in the model presented by SVM algorithm can be a very good predictor for bankruptcy of companies with an accuracy of 99.4%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Reporting Quality of Financial Information Based On Behavioral and Value Accounting
Roya Izi Mansoor Garkaz Parviz Saeidi Alireza MatoofiThe purpose of this research is to provide a model for reporting quality of financial information based on behavioral and value accounting of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange which is based on Structural Equation Modeling. This research in terms of applied purp MoreThe purpose of this research is to provide a model for reporting quality of financial information based on behavioral and value accounting of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange which is based on Structural Equation Modeling. This research in terms of applied purpose is applied research and in terms of data collection method is post-semi experimental research in the field of proofing accounting research with deductive- inductive approach. The statistical population of this is including the sample of 128 listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2007 and 2017. The behavioral characteristics of managers (hidden variables) is measured by observable variables of myopia, opportunistic behavior and over confidence of managers and the value content of accounting information (hidden variable) is evaluated by the observable variables of relevance of profit and relevance of book value. And reporting quality of financial information is also investigated based on the scores accrued to each company and the announcement published by the Tehran Stock Exchange based on the companies' rating in terms of the quality of reporting and proper notification. After insuring the acceptable fitness of the measurement pattern and the structure of research in both approaches; Structural Equations Modeling and regression, the results indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between the behavioral characteristics of managers and the reporting quality financial information. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between value content of accounting information and reporting quality of financial information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Impact of Audit Quality on Earnings Management: An Experimental Study with Evidence from IPO
Maryam Akbaryan Fard Hamidreza Vakilifard Hashem NikoumaramAccording to a method of earnings management activities that administrators can manage reported earnings from the definition of real activity. In particular they can be located across time and activities in a way that accounting period to achieve a certain revenue targe MoreAccording to a method of earnings management activities that administrators can manage reported earnings from the definition of real activity. In particular they can be located across time and activities in a way that accounting period to achieve a certain revenue target. Conservative attitudes of auditors in presenting their views about the independence of the auditor can considered as a remarkable point in the audit function. The Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of audit quality on earnings management real time IPO companies. For this purpose, the data of 128 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2007 to 2017 were evaluated. The results indicated that the audit quality increases in the year of initial public offerings. The results also demonstrated that there is a significant and positive relationship between the audit fees in the year of initial public offerings and the audit fees in the year after the initial public offerings. Also findings of the research show that earnings management through accrual items has a positive and significant relationship with initial stock offerings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Surplus Free Cash Flow and Earnings Management: The Moderating Role of Auditor Size
Ahmad Abdollahi Yasser Rezaei PitenoeiThis Study seeks to scrutinize whether surplus free cash flow is correlated with earnings management, if auditor size moderates this relationship. To do so, modified Jones discretionary accrual model (1995) and audit firm size are used as audit quality indicator to meas MoreThis Study seeks to scrutinize whether surplus free cash flow is correlated with earnings management, if auditor size moderates this relationship. To do so, modified Jones discretionary accrual model (1995) and audit firm size are used as audit quality indicator to measure earnings management. The research hypotheses are built upon a sample of 103 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2017 and then tested using multiple regression model based on panel data techniques. The results reveal that earnings management is significantly associated with surplus free cash flow. Furthermore, the findings confirm that auditor size exerts no significant impact on the relationship between surplus free cash flow and corporate earnings management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Impact of Managers’ Optimism on the Relationship between Patience of Major Shareholders and Information Influence Management
Hossein Rostami Farzin Rezaei Abdolsamad KhalatbariBehavioral financial knowledge deals with the behavior of investors and other users in the capital market. According to the financial knowledge, it is no longer expected that only factors such as accounting information and macroeconomic variables will affect decision-ma MoreBehavioral financial knowledge deals with the behavior of investors and other users in the capital market. According to the financial knowledge, it is no longer expected that only factors such as accounting information and macroeconomic variables will affect decision-making but also a variety of behavioral variables including manager’s optimism, information influence management, patience of major shareholders and other investors' biases can have an impact on the prices and stock returns. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of managers' optimism on the relationship between the patience of major shareholder and information influence management. This study attempts to investigate the relationship between these behaviors and information influence management by measuring the degree of major shareholders patience and managers’ optimism. This is a descriptive post-event research. The study population consisted of the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (n = 87) between the years 2008 and 2017. Multivariate regression was used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed no significant relationship between the major shareholders patience and the information influence management (high, low, balanced). Further, it was found that managers’ optimism has a significant effect on the relationship between the major shareholders' patience and the information influence management (balanced level) and no significant relationship was observed between two other levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - To study the effect of audit market concentration on auditors' job stress and audit quality of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) Listed Companies
Farhan Bengoriz narges Khosravipoor Nurooz NoroolahzadehAudit market concentration causes to decrease the scope of companies' au-thorities for selecting the audit institutions but instead it increases the power of auditors' market that it turns, leads to a decrease in quality and an increase in auditors' stress. The purpose MoreAudit market concentration causes to decrease the scope of companies' au-thorities for selecting the audit institutions but instead it increases the power of auditors' market that it turns, leads to a decrease in quality and an increase in auditors' stress. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of audit market concentration on auditors's job stress and audit quality of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) Listed Companies performed on a total of 97 companies between the years of 2013-2017. In order to evaluate the audit market concentration, the ratio of company's audit fees to total industry audit fees was used. The Accruals Quality model was also used to evaluate the audit quality. The results of the study showed that the audit market concentration had a negative and significant effect on the audit quality so that with the increase in audit market concentration, the audit quality is decreased. Also it was found that the audit market concentration had a posi-tive and significant effect on the auditors' job stress: it means that the in-crease of concentration on audit market as a result of time pressure can in-crease the auditors' job stress and thus the risk of financial statement assess-ment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A Corporate Perspective on Effect of Asymmetric Verifiability on Investors’ Expectation Differences
Erdal Karapinar Said Mosai Faeqeh TaherinejadInvestigating the performance of companies is one of the most important issues for the users of accounting information. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence about the effect of asymmetric appropriateness on investors' expectations. The results of the resear MoreInvestigating the performance of companies is one of the most important issues for the users of accounting information. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence about the effect of asymmetric appropriateness on investors' expectations. The results of the research on accepted companies In the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2012 to 2016. To collect data, a library method was used and referring to financial statements, explanatory notes and monthly stock exchange of the Stock Exchange. Using Cochran sampling method, 120 firms were selected as the statistical sample. To analyze the data, multivariate regression analysis was used to confirm the rejection and research hypotheses (ivyz software). The results showed that asymmetric accountability leads to different expectations of investors about the company's outlook, and the negative relationship between asymmetric verification (conservatism) and investors' controversy is weaker with the release of good news and gets worse by the publication of bad news. The results are consistent with the documentation referred to in the theoretical framework of financial research and literature, such as the theory of vision and the concepts of behavioral and financial behavior, and the publication of good and bad news has a significant role. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Effects of the CEO’s Perceptual Bias in Economic Decision-Making and Judgment on the Capabilities of the Financial Reporting Quality
Mohsen Heydari Mohammadreza AbdoliThe current research sets out to identify and scrutinize the impact of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and economic decision-making on the reporting quality of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Adopting a mixed method, the present study first MoreThe current research sets out to identify and scrutinize the impact of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and economic decision-making on the reporting quality of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Adopting a mixed method, the present study first seeks to detect the components and indices of CEO’s perceptual biases via critical appraisal and with the special participation of 10 accounting experts. Afterwards, the rec-ognized indices are set to undergo a Delphi analysis given the mean and the coefficient of agreement. The verified indices are then adapted to the ac-counting models and analyzed in the form of research hypotheses. The re-sults of qualitative analysis using Delphi method verify the reliability of 16 indices out of 22 ones. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the association between the indices of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and econom-ic decision-making, and the primary proxies of financial reporting, namely reliability and competitiveness is tested. The findings reveal that the indices of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and economic decision-making exert a significantly negative effect on financial reporting reliability and competitiveness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Institutional Ownership, Business Cycles and Earnings Informativeness of Income Smoothing: Evidence from Iran
Omid Faraji Mohammad Reza Fathi Sahar Motahari Kia Fatemeh Younesi Motie Seyed Hasan Masoudi AlaviManagers engage in income smoothing either to communicate private information about future earnings to investors (informativeness hypothesis) or to distort financial performance for opportunistic purposes (opportunism hypothesis). Business cycles and the monitoring role MoreManagers engage in income smoothing either to communicate private information about future earnings to investors (informativeness hypothesis) or to distort financial performance for opportunistic purposes (opportunism hypothesis). Business cycles and the monitoring role of institutional ownership may affect the earnings informativeness of income smoothing. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of business cycles and institutional ownership on the earnings informativeness of income smoothing. 140 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange are selected as the sample over the period 2010-2016. The results showed that, during recession, income smoothing does not effectively communicate information about future earnings and thus earnings are less informative. Moreover, higher levels of institutional ownership are associated with a decrease in their monitoring role and decrease in the earnings informativeness of income smoothing. Finally, the results suggested that the relationship between institutional ownership and the earnings informativeness of income smoothing is not significantly affected by business cycles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Moderating Role of Firms characteristics on the Relationship between Working Capital Management and Financial Performance
Hassan Zalaghi Maryam Godini Kefsan mansouriOptimal working capital management can positively effect on the Firm performance, but this relationship can be affected by major characteristics of the firm, making an important subject for research. This research investigates the moderating role of firm characteristics MoreOptimal working capital management can positively effect on the Firm performance, but this relationship can be affected by major characteristics of the firm, making an important subject for research. This research investigates the moderating role of firm characteristics on the relation between working capital management and financial performance of the firms listed in TSE during 2008 – 2017 period. Based on existing researches, three characters are considered as moderating variables in this research include firm size, debt ratio, and Governmental ownership. Financial performance and working capital management are measured using return on assets (ROA) and cash conversion cycle (CCC), respectively. We use from multivariate regression model with panel data for test of research hypotheses. The Results of this study show that, firm size affects the Relation between CCC (as a measure of working capital management) and ROA (as a measure of firm performance). However, debt ratio and Governmental ownership don’t any significant effect on the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of firms Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Prediction the Return Fluctuations with Artificial Neural Networks' Approach
Masoud Taherinia Mohsen Rashidi BaghiTime changes of return, inefficiency studies performed and presence of effective factors on share return rate are caused development modern and intelligent methods in estimation and evaluation of share return in stock companies. Aim of this research is prediction of ret MoreTime changes of return, inefficiency studies performed and presence of effective factors on share return rate are caused development modern and intelligent methods in estimation and evaluation of share return in stock companies. Aim of this research is prediction of return using financial variables with artificial neural network approach. Therefore, the statistical population of this study includes 120 listed companies in Tehran stock securities during 2005 to 2017. Independent variables in this research are market variables (Earning quality, free cash flow) and dependent variable is share return. The obtained outputs from estimation of the artificial neural networks and results obtained from estimation, using of this method with evaluation scales concerning random amount and comparing it with adjusted R, we found that there is meaningful relation between the associated variables and return. However, such network has the least error than other networks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Role of Financial Instruments and Derivatives Disclosure on the Excess Return and Company Value Based on Iran Accounting Standards
Mojtaba Chavoshani Babak Jamshidinavid Mehrdad Ghanbari Afshin BaghfalakiBased on IFRS laws, British companies have started providing their reporting systems according to International Standards Requirements regarding disclosing their financial derivatives since January 2005. In 2013, Iran revised its Accounting Standard No. 15 to include th MoreBased on IFRS laws, British companies have started providing their reporting systems according to International Standards Requirements regarding disclosing their financial derivatives since January 2005. In 2013, Iran revised its Accounting Standard No. 15 to include the derivative instruments. The present study aims at investigating the effect of this revision on financial derivatives and instruments, and the effect of earning management on the relationship between the level of financial derivatives and instruments and risk-adjusted discount rates. From generalized least squares regression panel data, it was found that based on the first hypothesis, the companies which disclose their financial instruments based on No. 15 internal standard have a lower risk- adjusted discount rate, implying an increase in profit and a price rise in the markets. The findings also confirmed the second hypothesis, attesting to the effect of earning management on the relation-ship between financial derivatives and instruments disclosure and excess return. Findings of the research third hypothesis represent that there is a direct meaningful relationship between disclosure level of financial instruments and company value. So, it can be concluded that instruments` disclosures and financial derivatives can decrease risk-adjusted discount rate and increase companies` values in terms of standard number 15. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Free Cash Flow, Institutional Ownership and Long-Term Performance
Yasser Rezaei Pitenoei Mohammad GholamrezapoorPerformance appraisal is a process which help shareholders make informed and optimal investment decisions. In recent decades, a long stream of research has devoted particular attention to the importance and impact of financial decisions on firm performance and firm valu MorePerformance appraisal is a process which help shareholders make informed and optimal investment decisions. In recent decades, a long stream of research has devoted particular attention to the importance and impact of financial decisions on firm performance and firm value. The present study thus is primarily concerned with investigating the association between free cash flow and institutional ownership and long-term performance of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period of 2012-2016. Moreover, firm size, financial leverage and sale grows serve as the control variables of the research. A number of 89 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected, and then the research hypotheses were tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results reveal that firm long-term performance is not significantly correlated with free cash flow, yet it has a significant relationship with institutional ownership. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Explain and Prioritize Information Disclosure Factors related to Sustainable Development Accounting with Fuzzy Approach
Mohammadreza Abasi Astamal Mehdi Zeynali Rasoul Baradaran Hassanzadeh Younes NahandiThis research was conducted with the aim of explain and prioritize information disclosure factors related to sustainable development accounting with fuzzy approach" in 2019 of companies active on the Iranian Stock Exchange. Qualitative data were obtained through the stu MoreThis research was conducted with the aim of explain and prioritize information disclosure factors related to sustainable development accounting with fuzzy approach" in 2019 of companies active on the Iranian Stock Exchange. Qualitative data were obtained through the study of research and credible sources in the field of sustainable development accounting and using coding through content analysis, the initial variables of the model were identified; 61 indicators were extracted from the initial codes in 4 dimensions including: environment, social factors. Economic and governance factors were categorized. In the quantitative section, the statistical population of the study included knowledgeable and professional and academic experts in the field of ac-counting. Using the targeted sampling method, 25 experts were selected as statistical samples. In the quantitative part, using fuzzy Delphi technique in one step, the indicators were screened. In the next step, prioritization of criteria and sub-criteria was done by hierarchical analysis method with fuzzy approach; among the main criteria, environmental dimension with weight 0.405 in rank 1 The social dimension with a weight of 0.296 was ranked 2nd, the economic dimension with a weight of 0.186 was ranked 3rd and the leadership dimension with a weight of 0.113 was ranked 4th. Finally, based on the calculated final weight, the strategic approach to environmental impacts with a weight of 0.955 in the first place, management and efficiency in consumption in the second place, social development and humanity in the third place and management Waste and waste came in fourth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Comparability of Financial Reports and Negative Skewness of firm-Specific Monthly Returns: Evidence from Iranian firms
Mehdi Safari GerayliThe present study aims to investigate the relationship between comparability of financial reports and negative coefficient of skewness of firm-specific monthly returns. In this study, to measure the financial statements comparability, De Franco et al. (2012) model is em MoreThe present study aims to investigate the relationship between comparability of financial reports and negative coefficient of skewness of firm-specific monthly returns. In this study, to measure the financial statements comparability, De Franco et al. (2012) model is employed. Sample includes the 425 firm-year observations from companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2017 and research hypothesis was tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results indicate that financial statements comparability mitigates negative skewness of stock return. Our findings are robust to alternative measure of stock price crash risk, individual analysis of the research hypothesis for each year and endogeneity concern. The current study is almost the first study which has been conducted in emerging capital markets, so the findings of the study not only extend the extant theoretical literature concerning the stock price crash risk in developing countries including emerging capital market of Iran, but also help investors, capital market regulators and accounting standard setters to make informed decisions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Management Demographic Characteristics, Auditor Choice and Earnings Quality: Empirical Evidence from Iran
Mehdi Safari Gerayli Davood Hassanpour Hasan ValiyanRecent accounting and management literature shows that demographic character-istics of top management and corporate performance are related. Accordingly, using a two-stage least squares regression model (2SLS), this study examines the relationship between some managemen MoreRecent accounting and management literature shows that demographic character-istics of top management and corporate performance are related. Accordingly, using a two-stage least squares regression model (2SLS), this study examines the relationship between some management demographic characteristics including CEO tenure, gender and level of education with earnings quality and auditor choice. Sample includes the 420 firm-year observations from companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2017 and research hypothesis was tested using multivariate regression models. The results show a significant and positive association between managers education level and higher auditor quality choice. In addition, we find that firms with female directors in the composition of the board of directors and with higher education levels, have higher earnings quality. The current study is almost the first study which has been conducted in Iran, so the findings of the study not only extend the extant theoretical literature in developing countries including emerging capital market of Iran, but also help investors, capital market regulators and accounting standard setters to make in-formed decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Opaque Information, Deviation from Target Leverage and Speed of Adjustment
Abbas Aflatooni Kefsan mansouriInformation opacity leads to information asymmetry. In this situation, in providing their own financial needs, firms face limitations and inevitably provide their financial needs from the debt market by signalling private information to it. In addition, information opac MoreInformation opacity leads to information asymmetry. In this situation, in providing their own financial needs, firms face limitations and inevitably provide their financial needs from the debt market by signalling private information to it. In addition, information opacity affects the leverage adjustment speed. This research investigates the effect of information opacity on deviation from target leverage and its’ adjustment speed during 2003 - 2017 in 131 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. To estimate the research models, we use the regression analysis with panel data approach, the approach to control the effects of years and industries and the generalized method of moments with system estimator (system GMM). The research results show that the increase in information opacity increases (decreases) the positive (negative) deviation from target leverage. Also, research findings indicate that the increase in information opacity decreases the adjustment speed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Chaotic Test and Non-Linearity of Abnormal Stock Returns: Selecting an Optimal Chaos Model in Explaining Abnormal Stock Returns around the Release Date of Annual Financial Statements
Reyhaneh Enayayi Taebi Alireza Mehrazeen Mehdi Jabbari NooqabiFor many investors, it is important to predict the future trend of abnormal stock returns. Thus, in this research, the abnormal stock returns of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were tested since 2008- 2017 using three hypotheses. The first and second hypot MoreFor many investors, it is important to predict the future trend of abnormal stock returns. Thus, in this research, the abnormal stock returns of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were tested since 2008- 2017 using three hypotheses. The first and second hypotheses examined the non-linearity and non-randomness of the abnormal stock returns ′ trend around the release date of annual financial statements, respectively. While, the third hypothesis tested the potential of the chaos model in explaining future abnormal returns based on the past abnormal returns around the release date of the annual financial statements. For this pur-pose, BDS, Teraesvirta Neural Network, and White Neural Network tests were used to investigate its non-linearity. In addition, Lyapunov exponent, correlation dimension, Dickey-Fuller, and Hurst exponent tests were used for testing non-randomness and the fitness of AR, SETAR, and LSTAR models to determine the optimal model in explaining the abnormal returns utilizing R software. Results of these tests represented a non-linear and non-random process and chaos in the abnormal stock returns, implying the predictability of abnormal stock returns. Also, among three used chaos models, the LSTAR model had lower error and more predictability than the other two models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Mediating Effect of Information Asymmetry and Agency Costs on the Relationship Between CSR and Investment Efficiency
Rohollah Arab Mohammad Gholamrezapoor Elyas TorajThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility and investment efficiency with particular emphasis on the mediating role of agency cost and information asymmetry in a sample of 121 firms listed on the Tehran St MoreThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility and investment efficiency with particular emphasis on the mediating role of agency cost and information asymmetry in a sample of 121 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the time period from 2012 to 2017. The research hypotheses are tested using multivariate regression analysis based on panel data and Eviews software. The results indicate that corporate social responsibility is negatively correlated with investment inefficiency. In other words, corporate social responsibility leads to reduced investment inefficiency. Also, information asymmetry plays a mediating role in the relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and underinvestment, whereas the variable of agency cost mediates the association between corporate social responsibility disclosure and overinvestment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Impact of Financial Characteristics on Future Corporate Risk-Taking Behavior
Stojan Radenovic Pejman HasaniOrganizational risk is often defined as a change in the flow of profit, or as a sys-tematic or non-systematic changes in the stock return flow. The risk taking of management is conceptualized as the actual investment decisions that are indictors due to uncertainty resul MoreOrganizational risk is often defined as a change in the flow of profit, or as a sys-tematic or non-systematic changes in the stock return flow. The risk taking of management is conceptualized as the actual investment decisions that are indictors due to uncertainty results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial characteristics on future corporate risk taking behavior. After designing the indicators for assessing financial characteristics, the transaction data were collected from the Stock Exchange in the five-year period of 2011-2015. A sample of 111 companies was selected by sampling method based on the Cochran formula, which resulted in a total of 555 year-firm observations. In this study, linear regression and correlation were used to investigate the hypothesis, and for analyzing data and hypothesis testing, we used Eviews software. What can be said in the summing-up and conclusion of the general test of research hypotheses is that the disproportionate changes in sales costs, advertising costs, rental costs, liquidity, financial leverage, and disproportionate changes in capital costs have a positive impact on future corporate risk taking behavior. In addition, other results indicate a negative impact of disproportionate changes in sales growth, inventory, liquidity, and asset turnover on future corporate risk-taking behavior. The results obtained in this paper are consistent with the documentation referenced in the research's theoretical framework and financial literature.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Effect of Industry Type on the Relationship between Financial Reporting Transparency and Financial Health in Tehran Stock Exchange
Gholamreza Taherpour Ali Khozain Arash Naderian Gemadverdi Gorganli DojiThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of industry type on the relationship between financial reporting transparency and financial health in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population included companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during MoreThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of industry type on the relationship between financial reporting transparency and financial health in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population included companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2005 to 2016. By systematic elimination, 79 companies from 5 industries were selected as statistical sample and were tested by composite regression of hypotheses. Results of significant coefficients test based on fitted regression equations indicated a significant positive relationship between financial reporting transparency and financial health. The moderating relationship of industry type was also confirmed on the relationship between financial reporting transparency and financial health. Hence, business continuity and profitability (financial health) will be greater by investing in companies that have greater financial reporting transparency. Thus, the relationship between financial reporting transparency and financial health is high in industries of automobile, auto part, basic metals, chemicals, cement, lime and plaster, and pharmaceuticals, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Analyzing the efficiency of capital market relative to the decreas-ing and increasing information of the components of accounting earnings
Leila Lak Allah Karam Salehi Mehdi Basirat Ahmad Kaab OmeirThis research investigates the capital market's efficiency relative to the decreasing and increasing information the components of cash and accrual of the accounting earnings. In the accrual accounting system, accounting earnings includes two components of cash and accr MoreThis research investigates the capital market's efficiency relative to the decreasing and increasing information the components of cash and accrual of the accounting earnings. In the accrual accounting system, accounting earnings includes two components of cash and accrual. Information about decreasing and increasing values of the normal and abnormal portion of the changes in financial assets as a cash component is compared with the information on the decreasing and increasing amounts of discretionary and non-discretionary accruals. The required data was extracted from the financial statements of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2003 to 2017. In order to estimate the research models from the regression with the combined data as well as the equations system, the simultaneous equations system with the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) approach are utilized and then some experiments are implemented to evaluate the research hypotheses by using Mishkin’s test. The results reveal that the capital market is inefficient in terms of the increasing information (positive portion) of accrual and discretionary accruals and information on abnormal changes in financial assets (increasing and decreasing), but rather on the information (negative) of discretionary and non-discretionary accruals and abnormal changes in the financial assets (increasing and decreasing). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - CEO Risk-Taking Incentives based on Environmental Sustainability
Mohsen Rashidi BaqhiIn this study, I try to examine the effect of environmental sustainability on CEO risk taking. Prior research, however, has struggled to establish this relation empirically; moreover, some evidence points to the possibility that the CEO risk appetite is lower for firms MoreIn this study, I try to examine the effect of environmental sustainability on CEO risk taking. Prior research, however, has struggled to establish this relation empirically; moreover, some evidence points to the possibility that the CEO risk appetite is lower for firms with sustainable environment. The opportunistic approach of managers leads to decisions about personal interests and imposing costs on shareholders by decreasing risk taking. In order to investigate the issue, data on companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2008-2018 were extracted and a panel regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. Consistent with expected relation between CEO risk taking and the environmental sustainability, It decreases with respect to CEO opportunistic approach. Managers may benefit from increased fluctuations in risk orientation, but are more sensitive than shareholders and have less restrictive choice that avoids higher risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Idiosyncratic Risk and Disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility: Emphasizing the Role of Corporate Governance
Khatereh Kargarpour Vali Khodadadi Alireza Jorjorzadeh Allah Karam Salehi Ahmad Kaab OmeirIn this study, the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR ) disclosure on idiosyncratic risk has been investigated concerning three stakeholder theory, information asymmetry, and risk management. It also goes further and explores the impact of some corporate gov MoreIn this study, the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR ) disclosure on idiosyncratic risk has been investigated concerning three stakeholder theory, information asymmetry, and risk management. It also goes further and explores the impact of some corporate governance mechanisms such as ownership structure, board characteristics, and incentive contracts on this relationship. To achieve the research objectives, 142 companies from Tehran Stock Exchange were selected through the systematic elimination method from 2010 through 2018 and the research hypotheses were tested using a combined data regression model with an integrated approach. The results show that CSR disclosure; by increasing transparency, reducing uncertainty, stakeholder satisfaction, and positive market signaling; reduces idiosyncratic risk. It was also found that the ownership concentration and managers’ remuneration by reducing CSR reporting lead to increased idiosyncratic risk, but government ownership, the duality of the CEO’s duties, the independence of the board of directors and the managers' equity decrease the corporate idiosyncratic risk by increasing CSR reporting. However, the effect of managers' remunerations and state ownership on the relationship between CSR reporting and corporate idiosyncratic risk was not confirmed at the 95% confidence level. Overall, from a theoretical viewpoint, a good corporate governance system can improve the quality of CSR, thereby improving corporate social reputation and reducing corporate idiosyncratic risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The power indexes of the CEO and the performance of the company under pressure based on product market competition
Majid Aliabadi Fatemeh Sarraf Roya DarabiThe purpose of this study was to "Identify and explain the relationship between the power indicators of the CEO and the performance of the company under pressure based on the product market competitiveness in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange". According MoreThe purpose of this study was to "Identify and explain the relationship between the power indicators of the CEO and the performance of the company under pressure based on the product market competitiveness in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange". According to this research, the 10-year period of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was investigated in 1395-1386. The data of 135 companies were analyzed using regression test using SPSS 20 and Eviews 7. The results show that the efficiency of management & integrity of management Is effective on the performance of the company in the companies under pressure on the basis of product market competition, but the effect of management conservatism was not confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Information Asymmetry with Emphasis on the Role of Financial and Managerial Criteria Based on Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Networks
Mohammad Amir Golshani Mehrdad Ghanbari Babak Jamshidi Navid Forouzan Mohammadi YarijaniThis paper addresses the absence of a suitable criterion for measuring information asymmetry between managers forecasting earnings and analysts forecasting earnings through statistical methods. Besides, this paper aims to provide a model of information asymmetry, emphas MoreThis paper addresses the absence of a suitable criterion for measuring information asymmetry between managers forecasting earnings and analysts forecasting earnings through statistical methods. Besides, this paper aims to provide a model of information asymmetry, emphasizing the role of financial and managerial criteria. This is applied qualitative and quantitative research (mixed method). The library method is used to prepare and formulate theoretical bases. In addition, the field method is used for collecting data to measure and identify indices and modeling. Factor analysis was used to analyze the data, following identifying the dimensions and variables of financial and managerial criteria of information symmetry to eliminate extraneous factors and classify. The following five main dimensions were determined, including corporate profit forecast, corporate governance, capital market, capital return, and management characteristics of the company. Then, the modeling was done using fuzzy mathematics through triangular numbers, Mamdani implication, and center of gravity methods. The final results of the study of the company listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange show that the level of information symmetry in the range of zero to 100 equals 55.1, to predict the company's profit is 48.54; corporate governance is 56.95; the capital market is 1/59; capital return is 61.07, and managerial characteristics of the company are 67.84. Finally, we examined the factors affecting the information asymmetry obtained from fuzzy neural networks. The findings show a higher prediction accuracy of fuzzy neural network methods than other related prediction methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Stock Price Drift from the Content of Projected Earnings Information Resulting from Quarterly Operations: Evidence of the Contradiction Between Timeliness and Profitability
Saeed Safari Bideskan Alireza Mehrazeen Abolghasem Masih AbadiFinancial statements should have general objectives rather than specific group interests. The possibility of forecasting earnings based on seasonal performance instead of the previous year's earnings and in terms of the contradiction between timeliness and the ability t MoreFinancial statements should have general objectives rather than specific group interests. The possibility of forecasting earnings based on seasonal performance instead of the previous year's earnings and in terms of the contradiction between timeliness and the ability to verify earnings can be a new and thought-provoking issue. The present study examines stock price drift from the content of projected earnings forecast for quarterly operations. The research hypotheses were tested through univariate regression, multivariate regression and correlation coefficient tests using Eviews software. Findings of this study indicate that 1- Profit forecast based on quarterly performance has more verifiability than the previous year (profit stability). 2- The Verifiability of the year profit is more than the profit forecast based on the 9-month performance. 3- Stock price drift is expected on the day after the announcement of earnings and there are changes in earnings compared to the forecast of the previous season. 4- No relationship was observed between the volumes of shares traded the next day and the announcement of the forecasted profit and the changes in the profit compared to the forecast of the previous season. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Implementation of Performance-Based Budgeting Using the Combined Technique of Best-worst Method (BWM) and Robust Optimization
Maryam Bahadori Ghodratallah Taleb nia Mohammad Hossein Ranjbar Mahnaz Barkhordari AhmadiOne of the priorities of reforming the economic structure of the country is to reform the budgeting of state-owned companies. Performance-based budgeting (PBB) emphasizes the importance of identifying measurable results from costs and can enhance the transparency and ac MoreOne of the priorities of reforming the economic structure of the country is to reform the budgeting of state-owned companies. Performance-based budgeting (PBB) emphasizes the importance of identifying measurable results from costs and can enhance the transparency and accountability of public sector budgeting. The main purpose of the research is to present a model of budgeting in Hormozgan Province Gas Company that maximizes the desirability of budget allocation in terms of budgeting constraints. The present study, by investigating the theoretical foundations and factors affecting the PBB, uses the linear programming problem by the BWM with robust optimization approach. To achieve this goal, the linear programming mathematical model was applied to implement PBB and the executive units officials (administrators) survey and interview tools and questionnaires based on the Best Worst Method (BWM) was used to solve the problem of budgeting and to determine short-term goals, executive programs and products. The research results showed that the model can reduce the budget deviation index and improve the performance of the company by forecasting the budget of operational activities. Regarding the uncertainty of the company's resources, the model is capable of predicting the optimal budget for the coming years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - To Study The Effect of Investor Protection on Future Stock Price Crash Risk
Hassan Valian Fatemeh Jalali Mehdi Darvishan Mohamad Mehdi MohamadiManagers are responsible for providing financial statements and they might try to make a good picture of their firm's conditions. Therefore, they try to delay the disclosure of bad news and release the good news as soon as possible. The ten-dency of managers toward hidi MoreManagers are responsible for providing financial statements and they might try to make a good picture of their firm's conditions. Therefore, they try to delay the disclosure of bad news and release the good news as soon as possible. The ten-dency of managers toward hiding bad news increases the stock price crash risk. The protection of investor is one of the factors that can prevent from falling stock price, because it restricts the managers and majority shareholders in frauding and hiding bad news. Thus, the main purpose of the present research is to study the effect of investor protection on future stock price crash risk. In this research, 89 companies from listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2017 were tested. The results obtained from the research's hypothesis test showed that protecting the rights of investors has a negative effect on the stock price crash risk. In fact it can be concluded that with the increase of the investor protection, the firms are obligated to disclose the high-quality accounting information and present more transparent financial reporting, as a result, the information asym-metry will be reduced and by creating a flow of information between the manag-ers and the investors and thus failure to accumulate bad news in the company, the risk of the stock price crash will be also reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Evaluation of the Capability of the Regression & Neural Network Models in Predicting Future Cash Flows
Bahman Talebi Rasol Abdi Zohreh Hajiha Nader RezaeiCash flow and profit are two important indicators for measuring the performance of a business unit. The future prediction was always a necessity in everyday life, and one of the subjects in which “The Prediction” has a great importance is economical and fina MoreCash flow and profit are two important indicators for measuring the performance of a business unit. The future prediction was always a necessity in everyday life, and one of the subjects in which “The Prediction” has a great importance is economical and financial problems. The purpose of the present study is to predict future cash flows using regression and neural network models. Sub – separated variables of the accruals and operational cash flows were used to investigate this prediction. For this purpose, data of 137 accepted stock exchange companies in Tehran during 2009 to 2017 has been studied. In this study, Eviews9 software for regression model and Matlab13 software for Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Networks (MANN) with Error back propagation algorithm were used to test the hypotheses.The findings of the research show that both regression and neural network models within proposed variables in the present study have the capability of predicting future cash flows. Also, results of neural network models' processes show that a structure with 16 hidden neurons is the best model to predict future cash flows and this proposal neural network model compared with regression model in predicting future cash flows has a better and accurate function. Furthermore, in this study, it was noticed that accruals of assets compared with debt accrual and variables of operating cash flows with accrual components were more predictive for future cash flows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Using Contingency Approach to Improve Firms’ Financial Performance Forecasts
Saman Mousanezhad Esfandyar Mohammadi Rahmatolah Mohammadipour Farshad SabzalipourOne of the challenging issues for investors and professionals is appropriate models to evaluate financial situation of the firms. In this regard, many models have been extracted by researchers using different financial ratios to resolve these issues. However, choosing a MoreOne of the challenging issues for investors and professionals is appropriate models to evaluate financial situation of the firms. In this regard, many models have been extracted by researchers using different financial ratios to resolve these issues. However, choosing a model based on the conditions and users’ needs is complex. The main objective of this study is to identify the effect of contingency variables on the firms’ financial performance forecasting models. The statistical population of the research includes all firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2011-2018, among which 154 firms were selected. The research data were collected from firm's financial statements and other source. Multiple Discriminant Analysis and Logit Regression model were used to test the research hypotheses. According to the results of discriminant analysis, environmental uncertainty and firm size positively improve the predictive power of the firm's financial performance, and business strategy and business competition don’t improve the predictive power of the firm's financial performance. Also, the results of logit regression indicated that environmental uncertainty, business strategy, and firm size improve predictive power of the firm's financial performance; but, business competition don’t improve predictive power of the model. The results of comparing the two methods showed that the Discriminant analysis method outperformed the logistic regression method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Financial Performance Evaluation of Companies Using Decision Trees Algorithm and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques with an Emphasis on Investor’s Risk-Taking Behavior
Zinat Ansari Rezvan Hejazi Yaghoob Zeraat kish Zabihallah Khani Masoum AbadiEvaluating the performance of companies using their financial ratios is a challenging task that is expected to become more straightforward by reducing the dimensionality of the data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of companies using a hybrid mo MoreEvaluating the performance of companies using their financial ratios is a challenging task that is expected to become more straightforward by reducing the dimensionality of the data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of companies using a hybrid model for investment-related decision making through which the mean value of various financial ratios are calculated based on the investor's risk-taking behavior so that the number of all criteria is reduced to one single value for each alternative. To do so, a sample of 172 companies listed in Tehran Stock Ex-change was selected from 2008 to -2018. Firstly, the financial ratios were prioritized using decision trees regression analysis (type CART) and TOPSIS Technique. The results showed that Gross Profit Margin and Debt to Equity Ratio are the most and the least important factors, respectively. Then, using OWA (Ordered Weighted Averaging Aggregation) operator, the role of investor’s risk-taking behavior was investigated, and the results showed that investor’s risk-taking behavior changes the outcome of the decision-making process significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Effect of Peer Performance, Future Competitive Performance, and Factors of Correlation with Peer Companies on Manipulation of Abnormal Real Operations
Amin Rahmani Majid Zanjirdar Hamidreza GhiabiThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of peer performance, future competitive performance and factors of correlation with peer companies on the manipulation of abnormal real operations. The research subjects included listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 20 MoreThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of peer performance, future competitive performance and factors of correlation with peer companies on the manipulation of abnormal real operations. The research subjects included listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2013-2017. In total, 128 companies were selected as the statistical sample using systematic elimination approach. Peer performance, future competitive performance, and factors of correlation with peer companies were independent variables of the research, whereas the manipulation of abnormal real operations was the dependent variable. This was an applied research in terms of use and a correlational study regarding methodology. Data were collected using the library method, and explanatory notes, financial statements, and monthly journal of stock exchange were considered in the data section. Moreover, descrip-tive and inferential statistics were exploited to describe and summarize the col-lected data. Furthermore, data analysis was performed using variance heterogene-ity tests, F-Limer, Hausman, and Jarque and Bera tests, followed by the applica-tion of the multiple regression test for confirming or rejecting the research hy-potheses (Eviews Software). According to the results of the study, peer perform-ance, future competitive performance, and factors of correlation with peer compa-nies affected the manipulation of abnormal real operations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - An Investigation into the Effect of CEO’s Perceptual Biases on Investment Efficiency and Financing Constraints of the Iranian Listed Firms
Hajar Fallah Mohsen Hamidiyan Nurooz NoroolahzadehEfficient market hypothesis predicts that capital markets are beset with cer-tain biases which result from wrong estimation, and negatively influence shareholders’ expectations for higher returns, which in turn affects invest-ment efficiency, financial constraints MoreEfficient market hypothesis predicts that capital markets are beset with cer-tain biases which result from wrong estimation, and negatively influence shareholders’ expectations for higher returns, which in turn affects invest-ment efficiency, financial constraints and corporate performance efficacy in competitive markets, and eventually mitigates firm value. The present study aims at examining the impact of CEOs’ perceptual biases on investment efficiency and financing constraints of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2013-2017. Earnings forecast error and CEOs’ overconfidence biases serve as the measure of CEO’s perceptual biases, the model developed by Biddle et al (2009) is employed to proxy for investment efficiency, and KZ model is also adopted to calculate financing constraints. The results reveal that both earnings forecast error and overconfidence biases negatively affect investment efficiency, while they positively influence cor-porate financing constraints. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Identification and Refinement of Effective Factors of Financial Reporting Transparency of Firms Listed on Iran Stock Exchange
Hosein Moghadam Zahra Lashgari Negar Khosravipour Gholamreza Farsad Afsaneh TavangarThis study aimed to identify effective factors of financial reporting transparency (FRT) of companies using knowledge analysis and selected the final effective factors from them using the ANP analytic network process. In this regard, 16 professors and pundits in financi MoreThis study aimed to identify effective factors of financial reporting transparency (FRT) of companies using knowledge analysis and selected the final effective factors from them using the ANP analytic network process. In this regard, 16 professors and pundits in financial and reporting areas were selected as the experts. Then, these factors were assessed, refined, and categorized in three survey stages using Delphi method. First, 20 factors were extracted from the literature review based on the knowledge and content analysis: institutional ownership, independence of the board of directors, the lack of ownership concentration, size of the board of directors, information quality, information accuracy, profit fluctuation, sales margin, return on assets, return on investment, asset turnover, company value, competition, age of company, size of company, technology, current ratio, quick ratio, cash flow and asset liquidity. Further, the identified factors were categorized, assessed and refined based on the survey results from the experts’ opinions using Delphi and ANP analytic network process methods. Results showed following 10 out of 20 factors, identified using the content and knowledge analysis, as the effective factors of FRT: institutional ownership and independence of the board of directors (corporate governance mechanisms), information accuracy and profit fluctuation (financial analysis), return on assets and return on investment (financial performance), competition and age of company (environment), and cash flow and asset liquidity (liquidity). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Impact of Effective Corporate Governance on the Relationship between Tax Gap and Future Profit Changes in Iranian Economy
Rasoul Karami Seyed Ali Vaez Ghasem RekabdarIn most countries, taxation plays a very important role as one of the main means of government in the economy. Most of the state's revenue sources are taxed, through which redistribution for the three purposes of allocating economic benefits. Income and economic stabili MoreIn most countries, taxation plays a very important role as one of the main means of government in the economy. Most of the state's revenue sources are taxed, through which redistribution for the three purposes of allocating economic benefits. Income and economic stability are used. Due to differences in tax laws and regulations and accepted accounting principles and principles, what may be considered from the perspective of income and expense accounting theories may not necessarily be from the perspective of income and expense tax laws. It should be noted, however, that the purpose of determining profits in the preparation of financial statements from an accounting perspective is to Determining the source of tax calculation is different in tax laws (Karbassi Yazdi and Rasekh Saleh, 2013). It accounts for a large share of Iran's GDP, so addressing it can play an important role in achieving the ultimate goals of macro policies (Khajavi et al., 2010). With the formation of agency relations, the conflict of interest between Managers, shareholders on the one hand, and other stakeholders (such as the government) on the other. Yat is not the same as determinate tax (tax gap). Two goals are conceivable. While this gap is expected to affect the quality of reported earnings for investors, the greater the difference, the lower the firm's profitability. And affect future profits of companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Earnings Manipulation and Adjustment Speed towards an Optimal Leverage
Abbas Aflatooni Mahdi Khazaei Zahra NikbakhtThis study examines whether the firms’ leverage adjustment speed is influenced by real and accrual-based earnings manipulation over the period 2006-2019. We find evidence suggesting that the leverage adjustment speed in firms with a higher level of real and accrua MoreThis study examines whether the firms’ leverage adjustment speed is influenced by real and accrual-based earnings manipulation over the period 2006-2019. We find evidence suggesting that the leverage adjustment speed in firms with a higher level of real and accrual-based earnings manipulation is slower than that of other firms. Specifically, we show that under-levered (over-levered) firms with a higher level of earnings manipulation tend to adjust their actual leverage toward an optimal level, faster (slower) than that of other firms. These results are robust to different metrics for real and accrual-based earnings management, an alternative set of leverage determinants, alternative sample periods, and various estimation methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Cash Holding Adjustment Speed: The Role of Managerial Ability and Moderating Role of Political Connections in Tehran Stock Exchange
Mohammad Gholamrezapoor Pouria Kazemi Narjes AmirniyaOptimal cash is an amount of cash that balances benefits of cash holding; and the speed of cash holding adjustment is called the rate of actual cash response to the optimal cash. The question of how fast companies compensate for excess or inadequate cash to the optimum MoreOptimal cash is an amount of cash that balances benefits of cash holding; and the speed of cash holding adjustment is called the rate of actual cash response to the optimal cash. The question of how fast companies compensate for excess or inadequate cash to the optimum level in terms of how closely they hold cash flow and maximize company value has been an important topic of interest for academics and managers in recent years; and they have examined factors affecting the speed of cash holding adjustment. Since company managers play important roles in firm's key decisions such as cash holding, the present study investigated the impact of managerial ability as an important management feature on the speed of cash holding adjustment to an optimal cash flow and study as well as the moderating effect of political connection. To this end, data of on companies during 2013 to 2018 were analyzed using econometric software (Eviews), multivariate linear regression. Results of statistical tests indicated that the managerial ability decreased the speed of cash holding adjustment to an optimal level if the cash rate of a company is higher than its optimal level. Furthermore, In companies with political connections, the negative relationship between managerial ability and the speed of adjusting cash holdings towards the optimal level is higher than other companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Role of Earnings Management in Economic Growth and Corporate Growth Illusion
Leila Zamanianfar Fraydoon Rahnamay Roodposhti Bahman Banimahd Hashem Nikoomaram Zahra DeilamiThe most comprehensive criteria for evaluating management performance is economic value added, accounting added value, and over-valuation, which can best reflect how managers operate because of the information content that they provide. Therefore, considering the import MoreThe most comprehensive criteria for evaluating management performance is economic value added, accounting added value, and over-valuation, which can best reflect how managers operate because of the information content that they provide. Therefore, considering the importance of earnings, this study investigates The Role of Earnings Management in Economic Growth and the Corporate’s Growth Illusion in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2012-2018 using systematic elimination method of information of 150 selected companies. The study data and theoretical foundations were collected through library studies. Hypotheses were tested using correlation method and multivariate regression. The results showed that with increasing in real earnings management, economic value added and accounting added value also increased. Also, with the increase in revenue earnings management, economic value added and accounting added value also increase. But there was no significant relationship between accrual earnings management and income with accounting added value. There is a positive significant relationship between actual earnings management resulting from abnormal and overvaluation operating cash flows and, there is a positive and significant relationship between accrual earnings management and overvaluation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Investigating the role of arbitrage costs and feelings in the relation-ship between fundamental power strategy and stock returns
Mohsen Hashemigohar Mojdeh MansouriThe aim of present study was to investigate the fundamental power strategy in the stock market with the role of arbitrage cost versus feelings in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The spatial domain of this research was the compa-nies listed on the Tehran S MoreThe aim of present study was to investigate the fundamental power strategy in the stock market with the role of arbitrage cost versus feelings in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The spatial domain of this research was the compa-nies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the temporal domain was the years between 2014 and 2019. The present research is among the applied studies and it is descriptive in terms of nature and correlational in term of method. In this study, a library method was used to collect data and information. Based on the systemat-ic elimination method, 139 companies were selected as a statistical sample. De-scriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe and summarize the collect-ed data. To analyze the data, first the variance heterogeneity test, F-Limmer test, Hausman test and Jarque-Bera test were used. Then, multivariate regression test was used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses (Eviews software). The results showed that the fundamental power strategy could predict future returns, and shareholder feeling and arbitrage cost strengthen the relationship between the fundamental power strategy and stock returns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Evaluate the Impact of the Type of Business Strategy on the Readability of Disclosure of Financial Statements of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Zahra Mousavi Ahmad Kaabomeir Saeed NasiriSo far, readabilityof disclosure concepts and the behavioral features of investors have not been addressed appropriatedly in Iran despite their importance and there is not even a suitable tool to measure it in the country. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct resear MoreSo far, readabilityof disclosure concepts and the behavioral features of investors have not been addressed appropriatedly in Iran despite their importance and there is not even a suitable tool to measure it in the country. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct research in Iran to introduce the concept of disclosure readability, its measurement and the impact of business strategy on the readabilityof disclosure of financial statements. Therefore, the current paper evaluated the effect of the type of business strategy on the readability of financial statements of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This is an applied causal (post-event) correlational paper. The statistical population of the study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Using the systematic elimination sampling method, 129 companies were selected as the research sample and were surveyed in a period of 5 years from 2015 to 2019. EViews 9 and regression were used to test the research hypotheses. The results show that the type of business strategy affects the readability of financial statements of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The efficiency of innovative techniques in improving new and traditional standards of corporates’ performance
Kianoosh Mansourkhani Majid Zanjirdar Majid Davoudi Nasr Mohammad IzadikhahInnovation is one of the basic tools of growth strategies to enter new markets, increase market share and create a competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of innovative techniques in improving new and traditional criteria of ICT fi MoreInnovation is one of the basic tools of growth strategies to enter new markets, increase market share and create a competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of innovative techniques in improving new and traditional criteria of ICT field companies’ performance during the years 2013 to 2017. Based on this goal, the research was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on Cochran sampling, 8 companies were selected as a statistical sample. In the first phase, to identify and determine the centers of decision-making units, inputs and outputs of the departments through Delphi method, distribution of questionnaires and aggregation of opinions of individuals and in in the second phase, the classification of model inputs and outputs and weighting of parameters by Delphi method and network analysis process method, and in the third phase of the research, the efficiency of innovative techniques in improving new and traditional performance criteria of ICT fieldcompanies is investigated. According to the results of the present study and in general among 8 sample companies, the first rank of efficiency is awarded to Iran Arqam Company and the 8th rank is awarded to Iran Telecommunication. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Modelling Optimal Predicting Future Cash Flows Using New Data Mining Methods (A Combination of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms)
Bahman Talebi Rasoul Abdi Zohreh Hajiha Nader RezaeiThe purpose of this study was to present an optimal model Predicting Future Cash Flows optimized neural network with genetic (ANN+GA) and particle swarm algorithms (ANN+PSO). In this study, due to the nonlinear relationship among accounting information, we have tried to MoreThe purpose of this study was to present an optimal model Predicting Future Cash Flows optimized neural network with genetic (ANN+GA) and particle swarm algorithms (ANN+PSO). In this study, due to the nonlinear relationship among accounting information, we have tried to predict future cash flows by combining artificial intelligence algorithms. Variables of accruals components and operating cash flows were employed to investigate this prediction; therefore, the data of 137 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during (2009-2017) were analysed. The results of this study showed that both neural network models optimized by genetic and particle swarm algorithms with all variables presented in this study (with 15 predictor variables) are able to provide an optimal model Predicting Future Cash Flows. The results of fitting models also showed that neural network optimized with particle swarm algorithm (ANN+PSO) has lower error coefficient (better efficiency and higher prediction accuracy) than neural network optimized with ge-netic algorithms (ANN+GA). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Investigating the Asymmetric Models of Cash Holding Adjustment Speed: Dummy Variable, Quadratic and Threshold Regression Models
Milad Emamgholipour Archi Seyed Ali Nabavi Chashmi Iman Dadashi Maryam Shafiee KakhkiProving helpful in an efficient management of cash in order to reach optimal cash and clearly explain relevant optimization policies, this study examined the adjustment speed of cash holding using asymmetric models. The sample consisted of 117 firms listed in Tehran Sto MoreProving helpful in an efficient management of cash in order to reach optimal cash and clearly explain relevant optimization policies, this study examined the adjustment speed of cash holding using asymmetric models. The sample consisted of 117 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and their financial details over the 2009-2018 period. Once the optimal level for cash holding was identified, asymmetric models such as the dummy variable approach, the quadratic model, and the threshold regression model were employed to test the adjustment speed of cash holding. The results revealed that cash-rich firms are moving toward optimal cash at a greater speed than cash-poor firms. In addition, the results from the quadratic model showed a non-linear, skewing effect of the cash holding adjustment speed in terms of the different cash levels. Therefore, there is an optimal level of cash holding that enables firms to deviate from the cash target. Should firms fall outside the optimal cash range, cash adjustment will occur at a greater speed, and it will be both partial and asymmetric. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Investigating the Impact of Financial Development Indicators and Economic and International Trade Performance on the Stock and Financial Markets
Sara Maleki Mehrzad Minoie MirFeiz Falah ShamsOne of the goals of researchers and policymakers is to find measures to achieve economic growth. Financial development is one of the policies that many economists recommend in order to achieve economic growth and development. From this perspective, financial development MoreOne of the goals of researchers and policymakers is to find measures to achieve economic growth. Financial development is one of the policies that many economists recommend in order to achieve economic growth and development. From this perspective, financial development is an engine for economic growth, and policymakers should focus on creating and expanding financial institutions and markets. The present study examines the impact of financial development and economic performance indicators including economic growth and international trade in developing and developed countries in the long run from 2001 to 2018. Data collection has been done by two methods, library, and field, to complete the literature and research background, refer to libraries and researches, and for financial and economic data, including financial development indicators in two sections: Bank- Index and Capital Markets Stock-Index, as well as figures for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and international trade from the World Development Index (WDI) databases, are used. Developed countries, due to their technology and power in production, can carry out their industrial production and export to developing countries. However, developing countries do not see long-term equilibrium relationships for economic growth and international trade. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Experimental Comparison of Financial Distress Prediction Models Using Imbalanced data sets
Seyed Behrooz Razavi Ghomi Alireza Mehrazin Mohammad Reza Shoorvarzi Abolghasem Masih AbadiFrom machine learning perspective, the problem of predicting financial distress is challenging because the distribution of the classes is extremely imbalanced. The goal of this study was comparing the performance of financial distress prediction models for the imbalance MoreFrom machine learning perspective, the problem of predicting financial distress is challenging because the distribution of the classes is extremely imbalanced. The goal of this study was comparing the performance of financial distress prediction models for the imbalanced data sets with different proportions. In this study, the data of the previous year before financial distress was used for 760 company year for the time period of 2007-2017. Besides using traditional classifications such as logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, artificial neural network, and the classification models of least square support vector machine with four kernel functions, random forest and the Knn algorithm, the measures of the area under the curve and Friedman and Nemenyi tests were also utilized to determine the average rank and the difference significance of the Auc of the models. For selecting the models´ optimal parameters, the combined method of grid search optimization and cross validation was used. The results of this experimental study showed that for the balanced and imbalanced datasets with lower proportions, the best performance was for the random forest. For more imbalanced datasets, the best performance belonged to the least square support vector machine with sigmoid, radial, and linear kernel functions; performance of Knn algorithm had no significant difference from the other models and the performance of the artificial neural network was average or appropriate. Also, the performances of the linear logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis were weaker than other nonlinear models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Presenting the smart pattern of credit risk of the real banks’ customers using machine learning algorithm.
Hojjat Tajik Ghodratollah Talebnia Hamid Reza Vakili Fard Faegh AhmadiIn the past, deciding over granting loans to bank customers in Iran would be made traditionally and based on personal judgments over the risk of repayment. However, increase in demands on banking facilities by economic enterprises and families on the one side, and incre MoreIn the past, deciding over granting loans to bank customers in Iran would be made traditionally and based on personal judgments over the risk of repayment. However, increase in demands on banking facilities by economic enterprises and families on the one side, and increased as well as extended commercial competitions among banks and financial and credit institutions in the country for reduction of facility repayment risk on the other side, have caused application of novel methods such as some statistical ones in this context. Now to predict the risk of negligence in banking facility repayment and classification of the candidates, bankers use their customers’ credit ranking. Time efficiency, cost effectiveness, avoidance from personal judgments, and further accuracy in examining the candidates who apply for various funds are of its salient merits of this new combined method. Various statistical methods including biased analysis, logistic regression, non-parametric parallelism, and also some others such as neural networks have been employed for credit ranking. In this research, given the random forest metaheuristic algorithm-based smart pattern of real bank customers’ credit risk (case study: Bank Tejarat) was presented. According to the value of skewness, the data could be stated to have a normal distribution. Based on the observed results, the lowest mean was related to the variable of type of facility and its maximum value, to the amount of facility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Effect of CEO Power on Stock Price Delay
Saeid Baseri Hossein Jahangirnia Mohammad Kashanipour Reza Gholami JamkaraniNews and information reflect on the stock prices rapidly in the capital market. But some factors cause delays in reaching the stock market to its intrinsic value. This study aims to investigate the effect of CEO Power on stock price delay of listed Companies in Tehran S MoreNews and information reflect on the stock prices rapidly in the capital market. But some factors cause delays in reaching the stock market to its intrinsic value. This study aims to investigate the effect of CEO Power on stock price delay of listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to measure the power of the CEO, six different criteria, based on the research of Lisic et al. have been used. For this purpose, data related to 107 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2018 were analyzed. The regression model used in this research has been assessed using panel data with fixed effects approach. The results showed that CEO power has a negative and significant impact on stock price delay. The results also indicate that the powerful executives have more independence and play a more supervisory role over the board of directors; This reduces the infringement of the stakeholder rights and lowers the agency costs. Lower agency costs result in less information asymmetry and lower financial information transparency, and ultimately, reduces the stock price delay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Investigating the Relationship between Political Uncertainty and Market Irregularities: With Emphasis on the Risky Information Environment
Hossin Sharifirad negar Khosravipoor sina kheradyar Mohammadreza Vatanparastinvestors and managers are always faced with uncertainty in the information environment, which uncertainty can be due to factors such as the synchronization of stock returns, extraordinary fluctuations in stock returns and the number of equations. The purpose of this st Moreinvestors and managers are always faced with uncertainty in the information environment, which uncertainty can be due to factors such as the synchronization of stock returns, extraordinary fluctuations in stock returns and the number of equations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the political uncertainty caused by the size of the firm under the influence of risky information environment, the irregular behavior of accruals anomaly and the anomaly behavior of the cost of normal stock equity of companies. For this purpose, the data of 99 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran TSETMC during the years 2009 to 2019 were examined and tested through combined data. The results showed that the political uncertainty caused by the firm size affected the concurrency stock returns with the optional accrual anomaly behavior and the cost of normal stock equity behavior of companies has a positive and signification relationship. The results also showed that the political uncertainty caused by the firm size is affected by the extraordinary fluctuation of stock returns with the optional accrual anomaly behavior and the cost of normal stock equity behavior of companies has a positive and signification relationship. In addition, the political uncertainty caused by the firm size is affected by the number of equations with the optional accrual anomaly behavior and the cost of normal stock equity behavior of companies has a positive and signification relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Providing a model of earning transparency with emphasis on the criteria of the govermance system and performance: an artificial intelligence approach
fardin hafezi Mehrdad Ghanbari babak jamshidinavid Roohollah JamshidpourThe present study is aimed to present a model of earnings transparency with an artificial intelligence approach in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). For this purpose, the data of 167 companies during the years 2011 to 2018 were used to test the resear MoreThe present study is aimed to present a model of earnings transparency with an artificial intelligence approach in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). For this purpose, the data of 167 companies during the years 2011 to 2018 were used to test the research hypotheses. Variable selection test performed using Lasso's artificial intelligence algorithm showed that among the criteria of the audit committee's independence management system, the non-executive managers ratio, gender diversity and among the performance criteria, the ratio of cash holding in the company, operating profit margin and accounts receivable ratio had the highest effect to explain the earnings transparency of companies and also to predict the earnings transparency of the companies in the next year, the LARS algorithm method was used. The results of prediction showed the high power of Lars artificial intelligence algorithm to predict the earnings transparency of the companies listed on Tse. Keywords: Earnings Transparency, Corporate governance and performance criteria, Artificial Intelligence Approach Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Comparative evaluation of the performance of selected portfoli-os based on AHP and Topsis multi-criteria decision-making techniques with Markowitz mean-variance model
Mahmoud HematfarIn this research, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS method (TOP) based on financial criteria, earnings per share, dividend per share, operating cash flow growth, earnings per share growth, beta (systematic) risk, volatility Operating profit, stock liquid MoreIn this research, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS method (TOP) based on financial criteria, earnings per share, dividend per share, operating cash flow growth, earnings per share growth, beta (systematic) risk, volatility Operating profit, stock liquidity and price-to-earnings ratio selected according to the opinions of investment experts, formed a portfolio. Then, the criteria for evaluating the performance of risk-adjusted portfolios according to modern portfolio theory (Sharp, Trainer and Alpha Jensen) were calculated based on monthly stock prices during the 5-year period from 1393 to 1397 and com-pared with the criteria for evaluating portfolio performance according to Marko-witz model. The results showed that the selection of stock portfolio using the mentioned financial criteria and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model leads to the acquisition of adjusted returns with more risk than the Marko-witz optimization model and the TOPSIS model (TOP). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Presenting a Model for Predicting Various Types of Stock Movement Trends in Water-Intensive Industries Using a Decision Tree
Mohammad Bahmani Ali LalbarStock market activists are trying to find and apply methods so that they can increase the profit of their capital by predicting the future stock price. Therefore, it seems necessary that appropriate, correct and scientific-base principles methods are used to determine t MoreStock market activists are trying to find and apply methods so that they can increase the profit of their capital by predicting the future stock price. Therefore, it seems necessary that appropriate, correct and scientific-base principles methods are used to determine the future price of stocks for investors. Economists use econometric methods for forecasting in most cases. Therefore, the aim of this research was to present a new approach in predicting the types of stock movement trends in water-intensive industries using the decision tree approach. The local domain of this research was the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange active in water-intensive industries and the time do-main was during 2016-2020. In the data section, the research was done by collecting the data of the sample companies by referring to the financial statements, explanatory notes and the stock exchange monthly journal; Based on the systematic elimination method, 72 companies active in water-intensive industries were selected as a statistical sample. In order to describe and summarize the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics have been used using the decision tree approach; the results showed that by using the decision tree approach, it is possible to predict the profit, industry and stock price trends in water-intensive industries. The results obtained in this research are consistent with the documents mentioned in the theoretical framework of research and financial literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Presenting financial and non-financial indices model affecting the credit risk on the Maskan Bank.
Yasanolah Poor Ashraf Sobhan Hoosein Beigy Karam KhaliliProviding credit facilities to clients can be regarded as one of the most important tasks of banks. As a result, the current research is carried out with the aim of developing a model of financial and non-financial factors that influence credit risk in the Maskan Bank. MoreProviding credit facilities to clients can be regarded as one of the most important tasks of banks. As a result, the current research is carried out with the aim of developing a model of financial and non-financial factors that influence credit risk in the Maskan Bank. This study was divided into two sections: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative portion, the Delphi technique was used to identify financial and non-financial variables impacting credit risk in the Maskan Bank by interviewing 18 experts. In the quantitative section, the selected components of the questionnaire were initially created in a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was then presented to 361 legal clients of Maskan Bank from the statistical sam-ple of the quantitative section. The quantitative component was completed using LISREL software and modeling the structural equations of SEM. Three primary components (financial, market, and management) and 33 sub-components were identified as financial and non-financial indicators impacting credit risk based on the results of the qualitative section. The quantitative findings also revealed that the indicators of guarantee status in the financial component, price level in the market component, and manpower motivation and productivity, as well as man-agement continuity and trade in the management component, had the largest factor loads. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Impact of Internal Control Weaknesses on Financial Reporting Risk
mohsen azhdar mohsen dastgir saeid aliahmadiThe main role of financial reporting in capital markets is to provide the necessary conditions for the optimal allocation of resources and making correct and timely decisions. Achieving this goal is possible if the financial statements are consistent with economic reali MoreThe main role of financial reporting in capital markets is to provide the necessary conditions for the optimal allocation of resources and making correct and timely decisions. Achieving this goal is possible if the financial statements are consistent with economic realities or even have the slightest deviation from economic performance. However, over the past few decades, fraud detected in corporate financial reporting has increased the risk of financial reporting. Therefore, the current paper aims at investigating the impact of internal control weaknesses on financial reporting risk in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, using the method of systematic elimination of information related to 143 companies among the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2009 to 2019 was collected. A multivariate regression model based on composite data was used to test the research hypothesis. The research findings show the significant positive impact of internal control weaknesses on financial reporting risk. The results indicate that reducing the weaknesses of internal control can reduce the risk of financial reporting and reduce information asymmetry and consequently improve accountability processes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Assessing the relationship between balance sheet conservatism and profit and loss conservatism with cost of equity capital
mohammad farjamfar Reza Sheikhrabori morteza farhadi sartangiMarkets such as Money Market, Labor market, Commodity market along with Capital market are committed to optimal allocation of capital and financial resources. One of the most important sources of information is financial reports. Investors base their decisions on the ba MoreMarkets such as Money Market, Labor market, Commodity market along with Capital market are committed to optimal allocation of capital and financial resources. One of the most important sources of information is financial reports. Investors base their decisions on the balance between risk and return and are interested in estimating their expected future returns and investments using information reported by the company and other evidence. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and cost of equity capital and evaluate the economic results of accounting conservatism through information perspective. Therefore, in order to achieve the main objective of the research, first the reports and documentation of past performance of the sample member companies have been studied and the required data have been collected. The research hypotheses were then evaluated which consisted of one main hypothesis and two sub-hypotheses, indicating that there is a negative and relatively strong relationship between conserv-atism and capital cost. Differentiating between several aspects of accounting con-servatism and examining the relationship among each aspect and cost of equity capital are new innovation of the present study.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Sustainable Reporting Function and Green Accounting Strategic Consequences (Cross-matrix analysis)
fatemeh karamiverdi Farhad Dehdar Esmail Alibeiki Mohammad Mehdi HosseiniThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the most effective strategic implica-tions of green accounting based on the function of sustainable reporting. In this study, theoretical screening based on similar studies was used to identify the components (strategic consequen MoreThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the most effective strategic implica-tions of green accounting based on the function of sustainable reporting. In this study, theoretical screening based on similar studies was used to identify the components (strategic consequence of green accounting) and research propositions (themes of sustainable reporting function). Then, in order to determine the reliability of research components and propositions through the participation of 12 experts and experts in the field of accounting and financial management, Delphi analysis was used. In the quantitative part, the identified components and propositions in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by interpretive analysis by 17 managers of the top 50 companies in 2009. The results showed that the proposition of sustainable responsibility as the most influential theme of the sustainable reporting function causes the effectiveness of the value consequence in green accounting. This result shows that by developing the dimensions of social responsibility in sustainable reporting, the level of inclusive values in the value functions of green accounting is strengthened and builds trust and confidence in the company's performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - An Integrated Entropy/VIKOR Model for Customer Clustering in Targeted Marketing Model Design (Case Study: IoT Technology Services Companies)
Hossein Teimouri Jalil Gharibi Ali Hossein Zadeh Alireza PooyaNowadays, marketing researchers are constantly striving to identify consumer behavior and therefore to find appropriate solutions for better and more effective sales and increase market share. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is the role of customer clus MoreNowadays, marketing researchers are constantly striving to identify consumer behavior and therefore to find appropriate solutions for better and more effective sales and increase market share. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is the role of customer clustering in designing a targeted marketing model. The research method is applied and exploratory. The statistical population of the study was in the qualitative part of sales and marketing managers of IoT companies who were selected by non-random sampling method and 15 people were interviewed. The quantitative part also included all the customers of the companies surveyed. Due to the unlimited population of Morgan Table 384 persons were selected as the sample size. Data gathering tool was interview and questionnaire, which were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire by the opinions of marketing experts and Cronbach's alpha reliability. Content analysis approach was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part and PLS2 software in the structural part. The results showed that the dimensions of the model in the four main clusters were communication factors, behavioral factors, individual factors, and economic factors. Model performance is very high performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Approach of Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transforms to Stock Return in the Iran Capital Market
Roghayeh Samadi Mohammad Ezazi Reza Tehrani Seyed aligholi Roshan Mohammad Nabi Shahiki TashThe main purpose of this study is to determine the real and dynamic relationship between returns and stock market fluctuations in different time horizons so that its key results can measure the predictive power of returns and stock market fluctuations in determining the MoreThe main purpose of this study is to determine the real and dynamic relationship between returns and stock market fluctuations in different time horizons so that its key results can measure the predictive power of returns and stock market fluctuations in determining the level of economic activity of investors. Accurate measurement of these relationships helps investors predict stock market movements in the future and Develop, plan and implement their own investment strategies in each time horizon. In this research Maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform has been used to investigate the relationships between industries return fluctuations and stock main indices in different time horizons from 2011 to 2020 have been estimated. The results showed that the wavelet variance of the rate of return varies in different industries. The return of investment companies on various time scales is equal to the investment return of the banking industry. The variance of the total index is less on different time scales than the value of the cash index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of information disclosure on market reaction with meta-analysis approach
Shiva Zamani Majid Zanjirdar Ali LalbarThe present research aims to conduct meta-analysis of the effect of information disclosure on market reaction. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the determinants of relations between information disclosure and market reaction, we use MoreThe present research aims to conduct meta-analysis of the effect of information disclosure on market reaction. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the determinants of relations between information disclosure and market reaction, we used meta-analysis methodology as a quantitative statistical method. To perform the meta-analysis method, the scientific magazines all over the world (the published papers relating the research variables from 1990 to 2020) were identified and gathered as statistical population and. As a result, 86 studies were analyzed using systematic removal. The results of the relating studies published during this period indicate that most of these studies are heterogeneous. By classifying these studies based on different measurement criteria of information disclosure and market reaction and also by calculating the intragroup statistics along with identifying the factor of this heterogeneity, we found that these diverse measurement criteria used in the mentioned studies are considered as contradiction factors in research results. We also found that there is no meaningful relation between Non-financial information component, company cycle, type of industry and company size with market reaction whereas there is a meaningful relation between financial information and market reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Investigating the Relationship between Earnings Management and the Stock price bubble of the Firms Accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange
Hassan Zalaghi Masoume Ghasemi Reza Madadian MoezCapital market is considered one of the most important channels in appropriating the financial resources optimally, and any disruption occurs in it will encounter the appropriation of financial resources in the economics of each country with a serious problem. The econo MoreCapital market is considered one of the most important channels in appropriating the financial resources optimally, and any disruption occurs in it will encounter the appropriation of financial resources in the economics of each country with a serious problem. The economic bubble is one of the reasons disrupting capital appropriation. Generally, when there is a difference between the price of a share and its expected price in the future, the economic bubble issue is considered. The economic bubble will face investors by choosing the best investment opportunities. It will finally deviate the process of equipping and appropriating the resources optimally from its principled path. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between earnings management and economic bubble. To achieve this purpose, the number of 109 companies has been studied from 2008 to 2018. The study's hypothesis was tested through a multivariate regression method and panel data method and utilizing Eviews9. The findings show a significant relationship between earnings management and economic bubble, which shows that besides the external factors, the managers' behavior may influence the generation of the economic bubble. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Moderating Role of Managerial Entrenchment to Effect of Technology-Based Capabilities on Product Market Competition: Resource-Based View (DEA)
Hamideh Ajazm Ekrani Mohammadreza Abdoli Hossien BakhshiThe development of knowledge and advancement in technology has created a wide-ranging transformation in societies and has led to changes in the per-formance of companies in order to respond to environmental turmoil and social expectations. In this way, they tried to gai MoreThe development of knowledge and advancement in technology has created a wide-ranging transformation in societies and has led to changes in the per-formance of companies in order to respond to environmental turmoil and social expectations. In this way, they tried to gain a significant competitive advantage over other competitors. The purpose of this study was to investi-gate the moderating role of managerial fortification in relation to the impact of technology-based capabilities on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market: a source-based capabili-ties (DEA). This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data envelopment analysis is a quasi-experimental and post-event research in the field of positive accounting research. Then, based on multivariate regression, the research hypothesis was tested using Eviews software. The statistical population studied in this study consisted of knowledge-based companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019 and 79 companies were selected and reviewed based on systematic screening. The result of testing the research hypothesis is that the technological capabilities have a positive and significant effect on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market. This result demonstrates that the resource-based technology capability based on the source-based capabilities is seen as a resource against stagnation in a competitive environ-ment and helps the company, to maintain flexibility in the face of environ-mental change in order to respond faster, at the same time to develop the company's competitive capacity to create new resources or new and innova-tive products, and to make the company's future more attractive to stake-holders with greater returns and potential risk control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - The Role of Managers' Information Interpretation on Cost Behavior
Akbar Rahbarimoghadm Zahra MadahiThis study aimed to investigate the role of managers' information interpretation on cost behavior. The locative domain of this research is the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2014-2020 and through systematic elimination method, 112 companies have be MoreThis study aimed to investigate the role of managers' information interpretation on cost behavior. The locative domain of this research is the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2014-2020 and through systematic elimination method, 112 companies have been selected as statistical sample. Managers' information interpretation is considered as an independent variable and cost behavior is considered a dependent variable. The current research is applied research, and if the classification of types of re-searches be considered based on the nature and method, the method of the present study is essentially descriptive in terms of the nature, and in terms of the method is considered in correlation researches category. In this study, library method was used to collect data. In the research data section, data was collected through collecting data of sample companies by referring to financial statements, explanatory notes and stock exchange magazine. In order to describe and summarize the data collected, the descriptive and inferential statistics are used. In order to analyze the data, variance heterogeneity pre-test, F Leimer test, Hausman test and Jarque-Bera test and then multivariate regression test were used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses (EVIEWS software). The results showed that the extent of effectiveness of managers’ information interpretation factors, including changes in managers' consensus on profit, changes in public profit information, changes in private profit information, and changes in bias in profit forecasting on cost behavior in potentially competitive conditions are different from de facto competition. The results obtained in this research are consistent with the documents mentioned in the research theoretical framework and financial literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Providing an intelligent credit risk management system of the bank based on the macroeconomic indicators in the country's stock exchange banks
Mohsen ziaee Bidhendy Mehrzad Minooee Mirfeiz FallahshamsThis study focuses on providing an intelligent credit risk management system of the bank in the presence of the macroeconomic indicators using a combined methodology of econometrics and artificial intelligence. In addition to the use of scientific documents and reports, MoreThis study focuses on providing an intelligent credit risk management system of the bank in the presence of the macroeconomic indicators using a combined methodology of econometrics and artificial intelligence. In addition to the use of scientific documents and reports, the panel data related to the annual reports and datasets of stock exchange banks are analyzed by using the MATLAB programming environment. One of the most important results of the this paper is that the proposed approach has been based on the calculations made with the GARCH economic model in which the input values of the component "Inflation rate factor (A4)” have a weight of 0.943734 (equivalent to the membership function "High H"); the component "rate factor Bank deposit (B4)” has a weight of 0.959346 (equivalent to the "High H" membership function); the component “Unemployment rate factor (A3)” has a weight of 0.990343 (equivalent to the "High H" membership function); the component "Exchange Rate Factor (B2)" has a weight of 0.990413 (equivalent to the membership function "High H"); And the component "GDP growth rate factor (A1)” has a weight of 0.959256 (equivalent to the membership function of "high H"); This means that, 5.46 is within a range of 6, i.e. the target variable is exactly in the 91st position (the fifth level of the system output is excellent). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Investigating the Impact of National Currency Value Shocks on the Inflation Structure and Unemployment of the New Keynesian Model Using a Dynamically Computable General Equilibrium Approach
Hediyehsadat Mirsharafodini Abdolmajid Jalaee Mohsen ZayandehroodiThe direct effect of shocks is to create uncertainty in economic variables. These unpredictable fluctuations influence all economic decisions of the government and the private sector. Also, the formation of people's expectations causes these shocks to have dynamic effec MoreThe direct effect of shocks is to create uncertainty in economic variables. These unpredictable fluctuations influence all economic decisions of the government and the private sector. Also, the formation of people's expectations causes these shocks to have dynamic effects on all economic variables. Inflation is a general, disproportionate, and self-inflicted rise in prices that is often irreversible. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of inflation and unemployment of the new Keynesian model with a dynamic general equilibrium approach. Also in this study, dynamic CGE models of long-term relationships related to the decisions of economic institutions such as households and investors were used. Data were analyzed using the proposed practical models. According to the results, inflation in the whole country increases with currency shock. The stronger the currency shock, the stronger the consequent increase in inflation. But unemployment is temporarily reduced by a currency shock. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Sociological Analysis of Accounting Measurement Theories
Zahra Madahi Reza Gholami Jamkarani Majid Zanjirdar Hasan KheiriDue to the existence of various paradigms and theories in accounting and various methods introduced to measure accounting values, as well as the lack of a complete and well-defined framework of these theories in terms of sociological paradigms, we decided to analyze soc MoreDue to the existence of various paradigms and theories in accounting and various methods introduced to measure accounting values, as well as the lack of a complete and well-defined framework of these theories in terms of sociological paradigms, we decided to analyze sociology from theories. To achieve this goal, we used the content analysis method. In this way, first by examining the schools and theories of sociology and the main paradigm of positivism, interpretiveness, identification and components that were the characteristics of these paradigms were extracted and categorized from the themes and then the outputs were approved by sociology professors. And then accounting measurement theories and various theories using the method of taking notes from books and texts and articles extracted and sociological components in the context of accounting theories are searched and analyzed and at the end of accounting theories according to The extracted themes and their analytical codes are classified and analyzed and interpreted based on the obtained results. The results of the analysis of themes, new theories of accounting measurement tend to interpretism in which the role of the accountant is more prominent and historical cost theory is classified as a positivist sociological theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Design and Formulation of Strategic Liquidity Management Strategies in the Banking Industry (Case study: Rafah Bank)
Alirahm Bagheri Azar Moslemi Masoud Taherinia Ebrahim GivakiThe purpose of this study was to design and formulate strategic liquidity management strategies in the banking industry. In this research, in order to combine qualitative and quantitative data, a sequential integrated exploratory method will be used, according to the cl MoreThe purpose of this study was to design and formulate strategic liquidity management strategies in the banking industry. In this research, in order to combine qualitative and quantitative data, a sequential integrated exploratory method will be used, according to the classification model with emphasis on qualitative data. Therefore, according to its objectives, the present study is part of applied research and in terms of the research process is part of descriptive and exploratory research that was conducted in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population of the present study was the qualitative part of the managers of the Welfare Bank. The sampling method was to achieve theoretical saturation and 25 people were selected as the sample size. Therefore, a survey was used to collect information and according to the data collection, two types of tools were used to review documents, interviews, and questionnaires, and the evaluation method of the questionnaire was performed with a 5-point Likert scale. The Cronbach's alpha questionnaire was used. SWOT analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the Welfare Bank has many opportunities to develop appropriate liquidity management strategies. As it was observed, the chart stretches towards the opportunities and strengths of the offensive situation, which requires strategic planning to use the strengths and opportunities, and 11 strategies were developed for this purpose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Identify and Rank the Factors Affecting Accounting and Auditing Ethics based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods
Hamidreza Abasi Farzaneh Heidarpoor Azita JahanshadThe accounting and auditing profession must acquire the necessary skills in ethical judgment, so that it can consider the well-being of all those affected by its performance. Without strong and moral behaviour, the position of this old art and profession is shaken. This MoreThe accounting and auditing profession must acquire the necessary skills in ethical judgment, so that it can consider the well-being of all those affected by its performance. Without strong and moral behaviour, the position of this old art and profession is shaken. This issue should be considered more by people who want to enter this field and technology than by companies. The main purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting accounting and auditing ethics among accountants and auditors. In order to identify the effective factors, while reviewing the studies, a semi-structured interview was conducted using a qualitative method of theme analysis. The experts interviewed were sixteen university professors and activists in the accounting and auditing profession. A review of the literature, research, and interview results reveals nine key themes that categorize the factors influencing corporate accounting and auditing ethics. In this research, key factors have been identified and then the fuzzy Delphi technique has been used to rank and find the importance of the factors. The results showed that government and legal, economic, individual, social, cultural, corporate governance, organizational and intelligence factors are involved in accounting and auditing ethics, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Stock Liquidity and Return Predictability; Is There a Connec-tion? (Evidence from an Emerging Market)
Mojtaba Alifamian Ali Eshaghzade Abdolkarim MalekniaThis study examines the relationship between stock liquidity and return predicta-bility of 116 publicly-traded firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). To this end, we constructed a dated-regular frequency of time series with total 40128 stock-firm observations. After calc MoreThis study examines the relationship between stock liquidity and return predicta-bility of 116 publicly-traded firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). To this end, we constructed a dated-regular frequency of time series with total 40128 stock-firm observations. After calculating daily bid-ask spreads and stock returns, the observations were classified based on liquidity into three classes and the return predictability was investigated across different classes using a set of parametric tests. The results exhibit signs of return autocorrelation and non-independence over three liquidity groups. Our findings didn’t show a connection between stock liquidity and market efficiency. The Hurst exponent also revealed mean reversion of returns series across different liquidity classes. We conclude that stock liquidity doesn’t play a significant role in market efficiency and return predictability of stocks in TSE. In case of TSE as other emerging markets, due to the small num-ber of traders (the need for more trading activity) and low market making activi-ties, both the cost of trading increases and the reaction to stock price information is delayed, resulting in predictability of price /return. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Developing an Integrated ISM and DEMATEL Method for Eco-nomic and Political Factors Influencing Investors' Decision-Making in Investing in the Stock Exchange
Mehdi Saemipour Naghi Fazeli Khosro MakaraniThis study examines the political and economic factors influencing the decision of investors in the stock exchange. For this purpose, first, by using the Meta Synthesis method, the factors affecting investment decisions were extracted from previous researches and then, MoreThis study examines the political and economic factors influencing the decision of investors in the stock exchange. For this purpose, first, by using the Meta Synthesis method, the factors affecting investment decisions were extracted from previous researches and then, using Delphi technique, the identified features were evaluated and approved by experts. Then, using DEMATEL method, the relationships between the factors were analyzed, and finally, the sequence and rank of each factor were determined based on the Interpretive Structural Modeling method. Based on the results obtained from the DEMATEL method, "Foreign political news and revolutionaries" and "International economic revolutionaries" are the most influential factor on other factors and "Predicting the country's economic situation in the future" is the most influential factor among other factors. Also, the results of the Interpretive Structural model approach show that Political factors such as the "Comments of political officials", "Iran's political relations with other countries" and "Internal Security and Stability" have the greatest impact on investment decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Presenting a model of the relationship between monetary policies, capital structure and banks' risk-taking
Ayub Tabani Hossein Badiei Saeed Moradpour Mohammad Hossein RanjbarThe main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between monetary policies, capital structure and risk-taking of listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, to measure the monetary policies, the indicator of legal reserve rate have been used MoreThe main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between monetary policies, capital structure and risk-taking of listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, to measure the monetary policies, the indicator of legal reserve rate have been used. The sample consists of 21 banks listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2012 to 2018. In this study, the data were extracted from the Rahavard Novin 3 software and then classified by Excel software, and after calculating the variables, finally, through Eviews10 software, the multivariable regression model and panel data was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that there is significant negative relationship between monetary policies and banks' risk-taking with in 95% confidence level. In addition, other findings indicated existence of a significant positive relationship between monetary policies and bank capital structure. However, the research results show that there is no significant relationship between bank capital structure and banks' risk-taking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Portfolio optimization using gray wolf algorithm and modified Markowitz model based on CO-GARCH modeling
Fahime Jahanian Ahmad Mohammadi seyyed ali paytakhti oskooe Aliasghar MottaghiPortfolio optimization which means choosing the right stocks based on the highest return and lowest risk, is one of the most effective steps in making optimal investment decisions. Deciding which stock is in a better position compared to other stocks and deserves to be MorePortfolio optimization which means choosing the right stocks based on the highest return and lowest risk, is one of the most effective steps in making optimal investment decisions. Deciding which stock is in a better position compared to other stocks and deserves to be selected and placed in one's investment portfolio and how to allocate capital between these stocks, are complex issues. Theoretically, the issue of choosing a portfolio in the case of minimizing risk in the case of fixed returns can be solved by using mathematical formulas and through a quadratic equation; but in practice and in the real world, due to the large number of choices in capital markets, the mathematical approach used to solve this model, requires extensive calculations and planning. Considering that the behavior of the stock market does not follow a linear pattern, the common linear methods cannot be used and useful in describing this behavior. In this research, portfolio optimization using the gray wolf algorithm and the Markowitz model based on CO-GARCH modeling has been investigated. The statistical population of the current research included the information of 698 companies from the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2011 to 2020. First, the optimal investment model is presented based on the gray wolf algorithm, and After extracting the optimal model, the efficiency of the gray wolf algorithm is compared with the Markowitz model based on CO-GARCH modeling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The role of effective variables on the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency
Nazanin Bashirimanesh Zohreh ArefmaneshThe present study explained the effective components' role in the relationship between investment efficiency and tax avoidance. The study's statistical population is the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Using the systematic elimination sampling method, 128 com MoreThe present study explained the effective components' role in the relationship between investment efficiency and tax avoidance. The study's statistical population is the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Using the systematic elimination sampling method, 128 companies were selected as the research sample in the 8 years between 2014 and 2021. Data for measuring the variables were collected from the Codal website and the companies' financial statements; preliminary calculations were made in Excel; then, the research hypotheses were analysed and tested using a multivariate regression model with panel data in Stata and Eviwes software. The results show that tax avoidance has a negative effect on investment efficiency. Also, the comparability and readability of financial statements have an inverse effect on the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency. It can be concluded that the comparability and readability of financial statements weaken the inverse relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency. Other findings showed that the company's information environment has a direct and significant effect on the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency, and competitive power does not significantly affect the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Providing the optimal model for stock selection based on momentum, reverse and hybrid trading strategies
Seyed Saadat Hosseini Asgar Pakmaram Nader Rezaei Rasol AbdiMomentum strategy, despite its outstanding performance, offers different results at different time intervals. In this study, we aimed to provide an opti-mal model for stock selection based on momentum, reverse and hybrid trad-ing strategies using the data panel model. T MoreMomentum strategy, despite its outstanding performance, offers different results at different time intervals. In this study, we aimed to provide an opti-mal model for stock selection based on momentum, reverse and hybrid trad-ing strategies using the data panel model. The present research method was applied on the information of 180 companies in the period 2011 to 2021 was used to estimate the model. (Eviews12) software has been used to estimate the models. Based on the results of 8 time periods of 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months based on different momentum and inverse strategies and a combination of loser, winner and loser-winner, winner-loser were analyzed. According to the data panel method, the studied strategies in small companies give more additional returns to investors than large companies. Also, based on the results of hybrid strategies, investors will receive more additional returns in the long run than simple momentum strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Providing a model for measuring the impact of economic policy uncertainty on information asymmetry
Mehdi Avazzadeh Taziani Mohammad Hossein Ranjbar Hossein Badiei Bizhan AbediniThe role of the capital market is fundamental and decisive in the economy of all countries [6]. Studies show that in the capital market, prices are determined based on macroeco-nomic variables[2]. Accordingly, In this study is to provide a model for measuring the impact MoreThe role of the capital market is fundamental and decisive in the economy of all countries [6]. Studies show that in the capital market, prices are determined based on macroeco-nomic variables[2]. Accordingly, In this study is to provide a model for measuring the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on information asymmetryn.The research method is applied and has been made to present a model for measuring the effect of EPU on information asymmetry in the EVIEWS12 and MATLAB2021 software environment. The research time period is determined from 2011 to 2020 and 101 companies are selected based on the applied restrictions to estimate the model. In this study, 40 variables affecting EPU are entered into the According to the results of BMA, the most important variables affecting the EPU is provided[2]. Based on the principal components approach, the EPU index is calculated using the most important variables affecting this variable. Then, with the GARCH model, the uncertainty part of the EPU index is extracted, and finally, using the powerful nonlinear TVPFAVAR model, the shock caused by the EPU variable on the information asymmetry indices in the research period is analyzed. The results show that the shock caused by the fluctuation of the variable of EPU has increased the index of information asymmetry in recent years. Based on the results, EPU shock on the index of information asymmetry has had a stronger effect on in the short and long term information asymmetry than the medium term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A Study of the Effective Factors on Error of Forecasting Technical Analysis Indicators in Iran Stock Exchange (NNARX Approach)
Hamed Tavakolipour Faegh Ahmadi Bizhan Abedini Mohammad Hossein RanjbarIt is well documented that using linear models to forecast plenty of financial observations due to their nonlinearity is not satisfactory. Therefore, in this paper, the technical analysis indicators are forecasted using Neural Network Auto-Regressive model with eXogenou MoreIt is well documented that using linear models to forecast plenty of financial observations due to their nonlinearity is not satisfactory. Therefore, in this paper, the technical analysis indicators are forecasted using Neural Network Auto-Regressive model with eXogenous inputs (NNARX). Then the effect of different factors (economic, systematic risk, company's properties and corporate governance) on their forecasting error (eRSI, eMA1, eMA2 and eMACD) was investigated. For this purpose, required data were collected using the removal sampling method for 323 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2014-2020. In addition, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was applied to measure the error of forecasting technical analysis indicators. NNARX and dynamic panel data models (GMM) were used to study the effective factors on the error of forecasting technical analysis indicators. Results indicated that the error of forecasting technical analysis indicators is less than 0.1 and has sound accuracy. Also, the company's size and corporate governance indicators didn't significantly affect the error of forecasting technical analysis indicators. In addition, financial leverage doesn't significantly affect eRSI and eMACD but has a significant inverse effect on eMA1 and eMA2. On the other hand, return on assets has a significant inverse effect on eRSI, eMA1, eMA2 and eMACD. Also, economic recession and prosperity, inflation fluctuations, exchange rate fluctuations and systemic risk have a significant positive effect on eRSI, eMA1, eMA2 and eMACD. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - A mathematical model to predict corporate bankruptcy using financial, managerial and economic variables And compare it with other models
Jafar Zarin Babak Jamshidinavid Mehrdad Ghanbari Afshin BaghfalakiMany studies have been conducted in the field of bankruptcy prediction; But in most of them only financial ratios are used. However, in Iran, many non-financial factors affect bankruptcy. The main purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model in which financi MoreMany studies have been conducted in the field of bankruptcy prediction; But in most of them only financial ratios are used. However, in Iran, many non-financial factors affect bankruptcy. The main purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model in which financial and non-financial indicators such as management and economics factors are used to predict bankruptcy. In this study, 44 variables that had the greatest impact on bankruptcy forecast were selected and with confirmatory factor analysis, a questionnaire was developed and sent to experts in the fields of management, accounting and economics to rank the impact of these variables. The statistical sample of the study includes 200 bankrupt and non-bankrupt companies listed in the period 2009-2018. After collecting the questionnaires using the OLS regression estimation method, the variables that had a factor load of less than 0.5 were eliminated and in the final model 9 main variables. The research model identified 95% of bankrupt companies and 93% of non-bankrupt companies with 95.4% confidence. Then, for verification, two hypotheses were developed and the model of this research was compared with two existing models. The ability to distinguish bankrupt companies from non-bankrupt ones by our proposed model was 6% more accurate than the Pourheidari et al. model, and 9.4% more accurate than Altman’s model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Designing an Analytical Model for Assessing Supply Chain Resilience to different Types of Risks: Case Study of Iran Petro-chemical Industries
Mohammad Bahrami Seyfabad Ahmad Jafar Nejad Ezatollah Asghari Zadeh Hanan Amo ZadThe purpose of the study is to develop and test an analytical model for resilience assessment of supply chain risks against the risks of system and its individual tiers. In this regard a multi-method research approach is adopted as follows: By using data envelopment ana MoreThe purpose of the study is to develop and test an analytical model for resilience assessment of supply chain risks against the risks of system and its individual tiers. In this regard a multi-method research approach is adopted as follows: By using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and fuzzy set theory, a fuzzy network DEA model has been proposed to assess risk in overall supply chains and their individual tiers. The proposed model is tested by surveying of 130 people as selective petrochemical companies in Iran. The survey results show a substantial variation in resilience ratings between the overall petrochemical supply chains and their individual tiers.The research findings indicate that system resilience is not necessarily indicative of the resilience of its individual tiers. On the other hand, high efficiency scores in supply chain tiers have limited influence on overall resilience of supply chain. The proposed analytical model enables the assessment of supply chain flexibility at different levels for a wide range of supply chain risks in upstream, downstream and downstream process-es. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Investigating the effect of stock tendency of stock collision to fluctuation limit and price fluctuation threshold and change the basis of fluctuation limit in creating returns fluctuations
Mahdieh Farahbakhsh Majid Zanjirdar Hossein Jahangirnia Mojgan SafaThe purpose of this study is to identify the effect of stock tendency to deal with fluctuations and price fluctuation thresholds in creating fluctuations. The statistical population of the present study is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that were pres MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the effect of stock tendency to deal with fluctuations and price fluctuation thresholds in creating fluctuations. The statistical population of the present study is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that were present in the stock exchange during the years 2005 to 2018. In order to confirm and reject the research hypothesis, Eviews software has been used. In Tehran Stock Exchange, following severe stock price fluctuations, the stock price fluctuation mechanism is used to limit severe stock price fluctuations, and according to certain periods, the range of stock price fluctuations changes and over time the range of fluctuations increases. The basis of trial and error has been determined and in a short period of time there have been many changes in the procedures related to the application of stock price fluctuations, without really measuring the impact of these decisions in the market and investors' reaction to changes in price fluctuations. Findings showed that the number of times each share hits the price fluctuation Yield fluctuation has a significant effect.slow efficiency fluctuations have a significant effect; And in line with the concepts of hyper-reactive theory, it can be justified, that is, after the price reaches the range of fluctuation, the trend reverses and the basis of the fluctuation limit changes; It has changed the volatility of stock returns based on jump and price continuity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Meta-analysis of auditor characteristics and profit quality (Considering auditor characteristics indicators)
parisa mohammadrahimi Mojgan Safa Majid Zanjirdar Hossein JahangirniaThe purpose of this study is to perform a meta-analysis of the relationship between auditor characteristics and profit quality. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the factors that modulate the relationships between auditor characteris MoreThe purpose of this study is to perform a meta-analysis of the relationship between auditor characteristics and profit quality. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the factors that modulate the relationships between auditor characteristics and profit quality, in this research we will use meta-analysis methodology which is one of the quantitative statistical methods. In order to implement the meta-analysis method, they were identified and collected from the websites of foreign journals (articles published in the period 2005 to 2020) and the Internet site of domestic scientific research journals (articles published during the years 2006 to 2021) as a statistical population of the research. Systematic removal has finally analyzed 50 studies; The results of studies conducted in the period and around this relationship indicate that most of these studies are heterogeneous. In order to identify the cause of this heterogeneity, by dividing the research based on different criteria for measuring profit quality and auditor characteristics and calculating intra-group chi-square statistics, we found that these different measurement criteria used in research are one of the factors of contradiction in the results. There have been researches. In the following study, it was observed that there is no significant relationship between auditor characteristics with profit smoothing and timely profit and also between non-audit services provided by the auditor and profit quality, while in contrast, there is no significant relationship between auditor characteristics and quality of accruals; Profit stability; There is the ability to predict profit and conservatism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Investigating the Market Efficiency in Tehran Stock Exchange through Artificial Intelligence
mohammad jouzbarkand Hossein PanahianThis study was an attempt to evaluate the progress of capital market efficiency in Iran. Optimal resource allocation and micro and macro investments play a key role in the capital market. The capital market's main task is to circulate capital and allocate resources effi MoreThis study was an attempt to evaluate the progress of capital market efficiency in Iran. Optimal resource allocation and micro and macro investments play a key role in the capital market. The capital market's main task is to circulate capital and allocate resources efficiently and optimally. The main task of this market is to flow capital and allocate resources efficiently and optimally. Is there a regular pattern for determining the stock price? Market efficiency gains significance as it is important to know what factor or factors are effective in determining the price of the stock in the stock market or whether there is a regular pattern for determining the price of a stock. Thus, this study examined the efficiency of the capital market in Iran. In this regard, the researchers used the daily data of the total index of the Tehran Stock Exchange for 2008-2017. Artificial neural network and time series training tests were used to perform the test. The test results showed weak efficiency in the Tehran Stock Exchange and this inefficiency did not change significantly compared to the first period. In other words, in the Tehran Stock Market, one can predict returns using artificial intelligence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Designing Prediction Model of Financial Restatements Using Neural-Genetic Simulation Algorithm
Sasan Mehrani Akbar Rahimi poorThe increased number of restatements in recent years has increased the wor-ries about the quality of financial reporting among the beneficiary groups. The pres-ence of prior period adjustments and, subsequently, the financial restatements have a negative impact on the r MoreThe increased number of restatements in recent years has increased the wor-ries about the quality of financial reporting among the beneficiary groups. The pres-ence of prior period adjustments and, subsequently, the financial restatements have a negative impact on the relatedness and reliability of the financial state-ments. The present study is aimed to present an appropriate criterion for predict-ing the financial restatements based on the Beneish model and its indices in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock & Exchange between 2009 and 2020. For this purpose, a total of 265 companies were selected considering the limitations. Also, the model estimation was per-formed using Beneish's primary model, a meta-heuristic neural network model, and optimization through genetic programming. As indicated by the obtained results based on the confusion matrix, the efficiency of the pro-posed model derived from the enhanced Beneish model with a genetic algo-rithm(S – 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒) had a total prediction accuracy of 73.21%, which was the highest prediction power compared to the Beneish Model . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Firm Value, Tax Evasion, Tax Planning Opportunity and Financial Crisis of Firms
Navid Paidarmanesh Alireza Mehrazin Mohammad Reza Abbas zadeh Abolghassem MassihabadeeThe purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for tax evasion in companies, which uses two independent variables (financial constraints and tax planning opportunities) and tow dependent variable (firm value and tax evasion by tax difference method) in the f MoreThe purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for tax evasion in companies, which uses two independent variables (financial constraints and tax planning opportunities) and tow dependent variable (firm value and tax evasion by tax difference method) in the form of 13 models. The 11 indicators have been considered for the variable of financial constraints of companies, and the model is implemented for all these indicators. The research was conducted in the 5-year period from 2015 to 2019 in the Tehran Stock Exchange, and Eviews software was used to analyse the data and fit them for 3 research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the opportunity for tax planning has a negative effect on the value of the company, and the increase in the opportunity for tax planning and subsequently tax evasion causes a decrease in the value of the company. Also, the research results showed that there is a significant relationship between tax planning opportunity and tax evasion (by tax differences method) of companies, while there is no positive relationship between financial constraints and tax evasion (by tax difference method) in companies that have tax planning opportunities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Recognition and ranking the effective factors on audit quality via the TOPSIS technique
Saeed Anvarkhatibi Rasoul Baradaran Hassanzadeh aliasghar mottaghi Hoshang TaghizadehAudit quality is one of the most important issues in the field of auditing and the capital market. Defining a framework for determining the quality of audit is important so the present study seeks to rank and compare the factors affecting audit quality from the perspect MoreAudit quality is one of the most important issues in the field of auditing and the capital market. Defining a framework for determining the quality of audit is important so the present study seeks to rank and compare the factors affecting audit quality from the perspective of different groups using a multi-attribute TOPSIS technique. In this research, first, 15 influencing factors were selected as quality indicators using library studies, and then these indicators were analyzed using TOPSIS multi-attribute technique by distributing questionnaires among four groups including: researchers and faculty members, audit institutes, chartered accountants, members of the audit committee, and financial managers of the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and they were rated and compared. From the view point of the of researchers and faculty members, auditing institutes, auditing committee members and chief financial managers, the most important effective factors on the audit quality are professional level of the auditor in the industry expertise, number of employed chartered public accountants and quality control score, respectively. The results of index comparison test indicates that from the view point of the four studied groups, there is a sensible difference between 15 abovementioned indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Modelling the effect of monetary policies of central bank on macroeco-nomic indicators in Iran using system dynamics and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making techniques
Mehdi Memarpour Ashkan Hafezalkotob Mohammad Khalilzadeh Abbas Saghaei Roya SoltaniThe most important policymaker entity in the bank-centered economy of Iran is central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran which has always been trying to manage and improve macroeconomic indicators by applying monetary policies. However, investigation of Iran's economy aft MoreThe most important policymaker entity in the bank-centered economy of Iran is central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran which has always been trying to manage and improve macroeconomic indicators by applying monetary policies. However, investigation of Iran's economy after four decades shows that this country has always suffered from double-digit inflation rates and 15000-fold liquidity throughout this period, while GDP of Iran has grown only by two times during this period. This paper tries to evaluate the effect of monetary policies of central bank on macroeconomic indicators by analytical-descriptive and library method via combining system dynamics and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making using Vensim and Super Decision software. Monetary policy instruments in this re-search include foreign exchange rate, deposits interest rate, facilities interest rate, required reserve ratio, and open market operations. Further, the macroeconomic indicators include inflation, liquidity, national foreign exchange value, and eco-nomic growth. The results indicated that the most important macroeconomic indi-cators in the country according to economic experts are "national foreign ex-change value" and "inflation". The most important tool for monetary policies of central bank is "foreign exchange rate". Indeed, in order to improve the economic misery index, this bank should take measures to improve the national foreign exchange value, then manage inflation and liquidity, and eventually adjust the banking interest rate Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The Factors Determining the Transparency of Financial Information: Presentation of a mental model by cognitive mapping technique
Ahmad Nategh Golestan Naser ZeinabiThe purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the transparency of financial information by the experts and their understanding of the factors influencing financial transparency. The research methodology is based on qualitative approach and has been done MoreThe purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the transparency of financial information by the experts and their understanding of the factors influencing financial transparency. The research methodology is based on qualitative approach and has been done with cognitive mapping technique. The basis of this qualitative analysis is experience, knowledge and expertise of 15 experts and professors of the universities of Mashhad which is conducted with a semi-structured interview. Using structural analysis method, at first 44 factors were identified .In the screening stage, experts had the most consensus among the five factors. And in the last step, the experts compared these five factors in the binary matrix of interaction and from 0 to 3 were valued. Then the MIC_MAC software extracted the cognitive map and its graph and the results were analyzed. The result of this study showed that the company's characteristics, including size of company, ownership, board of directors, financial ratios, profitability, and audit quality of the company have the most impact on information transparency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Predicting Social Responsibility Reporting using Financial Ratios
Mohammad Javad Zare Bahnamiri mahsa golkar niloofar BeikyThe purpose of this research is to investigate the prediction of corporate social responsibility reporting using financial ratios. To answer the research question, four prediction models of linear regression, K Nearest Neighbor, decision tree, and deep learning were inv MoreThe purpose of this research is to investigate the prediction of corporate social responsibility reporting using financial ratios. To answer the research question, four prediction models of linear regression, K Nearest Neighbor, decision tree, and deep learning were investigated. Also, 61 financial ratios were used according to previous research using data related to listed and non-listed companies of Iran from the years 2012 to 2018. According to the re-sults obtained from the estimation of each of the proposed prediction mod-els, it can be stated that the k-nearest neighbor model has the lowest RMSE value, and in fact, this model predicts the amount of social responsibility with less error than other models. The linear regression model with the high-est RMSE value has a weaker performance than other models. LSTM model and decision tree respectively had the lowest RMSE value after the k-nearest neighbor model. As a result, since the LSTM model requires a large number of test sam-ples for deeper learning, it could not achieve high performance in the evaluated data set. Based on the investigations, it can be stated that the current research does not have a similar example inside or outside of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Managerial Overconfidence and Tone of Management Reports
Kefsan Mansouri Abbas Aflatooni Hassan ZalaghiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of managerial overconfidence as a behavioral bias on the tone of management reports, including directors’ report and management discussion and analysis (MD&A). In this research, the frequency of technical words was MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of managerial overconfidence as a behavioral bias on the tone of management reports, including directors’ report and management discussion and analysis (MD&A). In this research, the frequency of technical words was used to measure the tone of the management report, and overinvestment was used as a proxy for managerial overconfidence. The hypotheses were tested on 134 companies over a 4-year period from 2017 to 2020, using multivariate regression models in STATA. The results show that managerial overconfidence is not significantly associated with the positive tone of management reports, but is positively associated with the negative tone of these reports. The results suggest that, due to the uncertainties and risks in the economic environment of Iran and their escalation within the time frame of the present research, overconfident managers tend to use a more negative tone when reporting on risks and uncertainties to avoid the negative consequences of overstatement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Central Bank Transparency and Capital Market Reaction: A Systematic Review
Mehdi Moazzami Mohsen Rasoulian Mohammad Hossein Vadiei Nowghabi Meysam Arabzadeh Esmail Mazroui NasrabadiIn an expansive test of nations over distinctive geographic districts and over a long period of time, we discover restricted nation and variable-specific impacts of central bank straightforwardness on figure exactness and their scattering among an expansive set of profi MoreIn an expansive test of nations over distinctive geographic districts and over a long period of time, we discover restricted nation and variable-specific impacts of central bank straightforwardness on figure exactness and their scattering among an expansive set of proficient figures of monetary and macroeconomic factors. More communication indeed increments estimate mistakes and scattering. So the aim at this study is a systematic review of central bank transparency and capital market reaction. This study was conducted using a systematic review. At first all papers (n=165) related to keywords (capital market reaction and central bank transparency) searched for Persian and English databases; Google, Google scholar, PubMed covering the period from 2012 through 2022 was performed. Then all qualitative and quantitative papers related to central bank transparency selected and analyzed (n=28). As a result to inclusion and exclusion criteria, papers related to central bank transparency were found and analyzed (n=28). Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were: papers related to central bank transparency, papers were Persian and English, types of papers were original and all the papers were free full text. In the initial search, 165 papers were found that after reviewing the titles and abstract articles and removing repetitive and non-related, 54 possible related articles were investigated. Of these, 31 papers were omitted from the abstract because of lack of access to the original article and lack of sufficient information. Finally, 28 papers were included in the study. There are very few studies that have examined the effect of central bank transparency on capital market turmoil. The effect of central bank transpar-ency on the domestic capital market has not been studied. There is no agreement in the literature on theoretical discussions on whether increasing central bank transparency affects capital market turmoil. In foreign research, we can also refer to the study of Dinser and Eichngreen (2007) who have studied this effect empirically using the main transparency index. The pre-sent systematic review shows that almost whole of papers on central bank transparency and capital market reaction highlighted similar findings con-cerning monetary policy decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Presenting and explaining the model of the role of behavioral characteristics and financial literacy of real investors on their financial management components in the Iranian capital market
RouhAllah gheysari Allah Karam Salehi Soghra GhobadiThe purpose of this study is to present and explain the paradigm model of the role of behavioral characteristics and financial literacy of real investors on the components of their financial management behavior in the Iranian capital market. For this purpose, a 77-item MoreThe purpose of this study is to present and explain the paradigm model of the role of behavioral characteristics and financial literacy of real investors on the components of their financial management behavior in the Iranian capital market. For this purpose, a 77-item questionnaire derived from qualitative studies using grounded theory method was used. The chi-square value of the model is equal to 3946.370, the degree of freedom of the model is equal to 2174, the result of which is equal to 1.815, and the fit indices of the original model are all in an acceptable and appropriate level. Behavioral characteristics and financial literacy can predict financial management behavior and help real investors analyze stock market trends before making a decision, which leads to investment profitability, financial security and capital satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Study of ranking factors affecting the implementation of timely management of goods and equipment and its evaluation criteria in the power distribution company of the whole country using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy DEMATEL
Babak Keshipour Saeed Jabbarzadeh Kangaarloye Jamal Bahri SalesThe aim of this study was to investigate the ranking of effective factors on how to implement timely management of goods and equipment and its evaluation criteria in the power distribution company of the whole country using Analytic Hierarchy (AHP). Five dimensions (pro MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the ranking of effective factors on how to implement timely management of goods and equipment and its evaluation criteria in the power distribution company of the whole country using Analytic Hierarchy (AHP). Five dimensions (production technical factors, managerial level management factors, factors related to IT processes and infrastructure, factors related to processes and factors related to training and manpower) were determined and the research hierarchical tree was drawn. Based on the opinions of experts in this tree, five Next, on how to implement timely management of goods and equipment in time and its criteria interact with each other. To determine their weight, the combined approach of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy DEMATEL was used. The influential and expressive dimensions of each other are the cause, and the dimensions of the factors related to IT processes and infrastructures are part of the influential or expressive dimensions of other effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Examining the Relationship between Social Responsibility and Disclosure of Remuneration Paid to Board of Directors
Hamidreza Ghiabicompanies' continuity, because all companies have some relations with the society;Therefore, the society provides long-term survival of the company.In this way, companies in addition to economic responsibility, must take responsibilityof social issues. Therefore, with r Morecompanies' continuity, because all companies have some relations with the society;Therefore, the society provides long-term survival of the company.In this way, companies in addition to economic responsibility, must take responsibilityof social issues. Therefore, with respect to corporate social responsibility andits revelations, the current paper examines the relationship between social responsibilityand disclosure of remuneration paid to board of directors within the years1388 to 1392. The study sample consist of 55 company that were selected by systematicremoval, that, there are a total of 275 years of companies. In this study, forexamining the hypothesis, the person's correlation coefficient and t test were used.In order to analyzing data and testing study hypothesis EVIEWS software wasused, after designing and testing hypothesis which has done by dividing each subhypothesis,it was concluded that there is a reasonable relationship between thefactors social responsibility (employed relations and social participation) andBoard Bonus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Explaining the Relationship Between Sticky of Expenses with Prediction Error of Profit in Tehran Stock Exchange
Reza Jamkarani Ali LalbarOne of the basic assumptions of management accounting illustrate that costschanges has a significance Relationship with increasing and decreasing in the levelof activity, recently after being raised of sticky costs issue by Anderson and hiscolleagues this assumption was MoreOne of the basic assumptions of management accounting illustrate that costschanges has a significance Relationship with increasing and decreasing in the levelof activity, recently after being raised of sticky costs issue by Anderson and hiscolleagues this assumption was discussed. It means Increases in costs by increasingthe more activity level of reduction in costs is exchange for the reduction in thelevel of activity. Anderson et al (2003) changed the expression of Cost behavior tosticky costs. The Subject profit forecast error is one of the issues that can affectinvestment decisions to hold or transfer of shares, because purchase of shares ofthe new company's stock is riskier process than other companies; Because of itslack of trading Background, historical information related to their is low. Accordingly,in prediction two fundamental goals follow: The first one obviously is theproper planning and second one is Familiarity and deployment of predictive techniquesusing predictive techniques for decision making and problem solving process.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between forecasterror of earnings and sticky cost in Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve this aim, amain hypothesis and sub-hypothesis has been proposed, and to test hypothesesdata 108 firms listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange using systematic samplingpurposefully selected, and data of the period between 2007 to 2013 was usedfor statistical analysis. Finally, the results indicate that There is an inverse relationshipbetween sticky costs and forecast error of earnings, and also betweensticky cost of goods sold and sticky costs of sales. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Application of HS Meta-heuristic Algorithm in Designing a Mathematical Model for Forecasting P/E in the Panel Data Approach
Mozhgan Safa Hossein PanahianIn financial markets such as Tehran Stock Exchange, P/E coefficient, which is one of the most well-known instruments for evaluating stock prices in financial markets, is considered necessary for shareholders, investors, analysts and corporate executives. P/E is used as MoreIn financial markets such as Tehran Stock Exchange, P/E coefficient, which is one of the most well-known instruments for evaluating stock prices in financial markets, is considered necessary for shareholders, investors, analysts and corporate executives. P/E is used as an important indicator in investment decisions. In this research, harmony search metaheuristic algorithm is used to select optimal variables affecting P/E and then, modelling is done through multivariate regression based on panel data. For this purpose, a sample of 87 companies has been selected from listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange during a 10-year period (2006-2015). The results indicate the effect of the variables of stock returns, stock price to book value ratio, price to net selling ratio, return on assets, earnings per share, market value to book value, money volume, operating return margin, return on capital, and current assets, as top ten variables, on P/E ratio, which estimates a total of 86% of the P/E ratio changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - The Managerial Ability and Value of Cash: Evidence from Iran
Saeid Aliahmadi Ali Jamshidi Rasoul MousaviThis study investigates empirically the value investors place in excess cash holdingand how managerial ability impact on the value of cash holding for Iranianfirms from 2006 to 2014. In this research, managerial ability calculated by usingthe data envelopment analysis ( MoreThis study investigates empirically the value investors place in excess cash holdingand how managerial ability impact on the value of cash holding for Iranianfirms from 2006 to 2014. In this research, managerial ability calculated by usingthe data envelopment analysis (DEA). Following the approach of Faulkender andWang, we find that the relation between managerial ability and value of cash holdingand the level of cash is positive and significant. This result indicates that whenmanagers allocate cash resources efficiently, shareholders consider more value forthe firm cash holding. Also, the result shows that if managers emphasize bothlong-term and short-term of resource management, investors set a higher marginalvalue of cash holdings. In the other words, the able management can improve thevalue of cash holding by the focusing on the spending resource for both long andshort-term periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Studying the Effects of Related Factors to Risk on Shareholders’ Equity Cost by Considering Earnings Quality for Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Masome Mami Rahmatollah Mohammadipourcost by considering earnings quality for accepted companies in Tehran StockExchange. This survey investigates a population of 76 companies during the timeperiod of 2009-2014. The results show that under high earnings quality, the marketrisk factor, the book risk to mark Morecost by considering earnings quality for accepted companies in Tehran StockExchange. This survey investigates a population of 76 companies during the timeperiod of 2009-2014. The results show that under high earnings quality, the marketrisk factor, the book risk to market factor, and the size risk factor have positiveeffects, and the profit risk factor has negative effects on shareholders equity cost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Application of Clayton Copula in Portfolio Optimization and its Comparison with Markowitz Mean-Variance Analysis
Roya Darabi Mehdi BaghbanWith the aim of portfolio optimization and management, this article utilizes the Clayton-copula along with copula theory measures. Portfolio-Optimization is one of the activities in investment funds. Thus, it is essential to select an appropriate optimization method. In MoreWith the aim of portfolio optimization and management, this article utilizes the Clayton-copula along with copula theory measures. Portfolio-Optimization is one of the activities in investment funds. Thus, it is essential to select an appropriate optimization method. In modern financial analyses, there is growing evidence indicating the distribution of proceeds of financial properties is not customary. However, in common risk management methods the main assumption is that the distribution of assets returns is normal. When the distribution of earnings isn’t normal, the linear correlation coefficient isn’t considered to be an appropriate measure to express the dependency structure. The investors are required to make use of methods that concentrate on the aggregated risks, considering the whole positions and the links between risk factors and assets. Therefore, we use copula as an alternative measure to model the dependency structure in this research. In this regard, given the weekly data pertaining to the early 2002 until the late 2013, we use Clayton-copula to generate an optimized portfolio for both copper and gold. Finally, the Sharpe ratio obtained through this method is compared with the one obtained through Markowitz mean-variance analysis to ascertain that Clayton-copula is more efficient in portfolio-optimization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - A Long-term Casual Nexus between Stock Price and Dividends: Empirical Evidence from the Accepted Firms in Tehran Stock Exchange
Mahboobe Motakiaeethis world; though all the discussions are focused on the causal relationships in allthe scientific arguments. One of the methods to study the designed causal relationshipsobjectively is Granger causality test. This paper aims to investigate the longtermcausal relations Morethis world; though all the discussions are focused on the causal relationships in allthe scientific arguments. One of the methods to study the designed causal relationshipsobjectively is Granger causality test. This paper aims to investigate the longtermcausal relationship between the stock price and dividends. The statisticalpopulation includes 180 active companies in Stock Exchange of Tehran during2010-2014. In order to analyze the achieved data statistically, the used specifiedmodel has been the regression model using the econometric data panel techniquesand to test the research hypotheses and find the specific relationships among thevariables, the descriptive-inferential statistics and Eviews software were used.Results indicated that the stock price is not due to the dividends; however, thedividends are the Granger causality of stock price. Also, the type of industry, firmgrowth index, and systematic risk index are of impact on the relationships betweenthe stock price and dividends. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Impacts of Cash Dividend Components on Earning Persistence and Return on Stock
Ali Moghaddam Dorna AslaniThe aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of cash dividend components on corporates earnings persistence and return on stock. The population of study consists of 109 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2016. Data was analyzed using regression mo MoreThe aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of cash dividend components on corporates earnings persistence and return on stock. The population of study consists of 109 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2016. Data was analyzed using regression model. According to results, the cash component of earnings is more persistent than accruals and it can be used to predict future earnings. Therefore, it is suggested that cash dividend component to predict future earnings. In addition, managers should pay attention to the cash component of earnings in their decisions made on the amount of optimal cash fund because this component can positively affect future earnings. Moreover, the cash flow component of earnings cannot be used to predict future return on stock. Therefore, investors are recommended not to rely on the cash component of earnings in their investments, This is because even if corporates have considerable cash funds, their shares will not necessarily be a suitable option for investment and they should take other factors into account. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Investigating the Relationship between Accounting Earning and Gross Domestic Product in Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
Emad Ghajar Parviz SaeidiAccounting earning represents the positive performance of companies during theirpertinent financial periods, thus it is assumed that accounting earning will benoted by investors, which could contribute to the optimum allocation of resourcesto successful companies. It ca MoreAccounting earning represents the positive performance of companies during theirpertinent financial periods, thus it is assumed that accounting earning will benoted by investors, which could contribute to the optimum allocation of resourcesto successful companies. It can also play a major role in the economic growth anddevelopment of a society. This research focuses in the relationship between accountingearning and gross domestic product (GPD). The research populationincludes all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Due to the limitations ofsample size, 65 companies between 2009 and 2013 were studied. The findingsshowed that there is a significant relationship between accounting earning andGPD growth rate. A similar relationship was also observed between accountingearning and forecast errors of GPD growth. The control variables including inflationand employment rate had a significant relationship with GPD growth rate andforecast errors of GPD growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Investigation of Effects of Corporate Reporting Quality, Timeliness and Quantity for Disclosure and Reliability of Financial Reports on Stock Price Delay
Ahmad HoseiniThis paper aims to investigate the effect of firm reporting quality, timeliness andquantity for disclosure and reliability of financial reports on the reaction of stockprice delay. Statistical population includes 111 active firms in Tehran stock exchangeduring 2010-2014 MoreThis paper aims to investigate the effect of firm reporting quality, timeliness andquantity for disclosure and reliability of financial reports on the reaction of stockprice delay. Statistical population includes 111 active firms in Tehran stock exchangeduring 2010-2014 using Cochrane method with the confidence level of95%. Totally, they were 555 firms-years. In this paper, linear and nonlinear regressiontests have been used to investigate the research hypotheses, analyze thedata and examine the hypotheses using Eviews software. Results indicated that thescore of disclosure quality, timeliness and reliability affected the stock price delay;also, the mentioned effects were confirmed in the firms with high risk of lackof funds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Studying the Relationship between the Financial Incentives of Board Members and Disclosure of Corporate Risk, Emphasizing the Levels of Corporate Performance and Risk
Reza Jamkarani Ali LalbarThe study aims to investigate the relationship between the financial incentives of board members and disclosure of corporate risk, emphasizing the levels of corporate performance and risk in Iran. The research sample includes 98 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange du MoreThe study aims to investigate the relationship between the financial incentives of board members and disclosure of corporate risk, emphasizing the levels of corporate performance and risk in Iran. The research sample includes 98 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2015 (490 years-firms); the firms have selected by using a systematic removal method. Regarding the aim, the present research is classified as an applied research and concerning its method, it is categorized as a descriptive research. The research hypotheses are examined using the linear regression testing method; Eviews software has employed for data analysis and hypotheses testing. Based on the regression results, financial incentives of board members are effective on the quality and extend of firm’s risk disclosure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - The Analysis of the Existence of the Hypothesis of Adverse Selection on the Relationship between Off-balance Sheet Items and the Bank's Risk
Ahmad Sarlak Fatemeh JohariBalance sheet itself does not specify and show all the activities that a bank pays. Because banks can do many swap contracts and obligations, exchange, and commitments Outside of the balance sheet. To such activities and exchange that will not appear on the balance shee MoreBalance sheet itself does not specify and show all the activities that a bank pays. Because banks can do many swap contracts and obligations, exchange, and commitments Outside of the balance sheet. To such activities and exchange that will not appear on the balance sheet, are saying off-balance sheet activities. These items are usually reported in the notes to the attached financial statements. One of the reasons for conducting the activities of off-balance sheet by the banks is the interest rate risk coverage. However, the use of these tools for risk management leads to multiple different sorts of risk and that the overall judgment about the outcome of the risk management of the off-of-balance sheet activities has met with ambiguity. The present research has examined the relationship between risk and the items of off-balance sheet under the hypothesis of Adverse selection with the use of the Iran's nine commercial bank data. The results show that this hypothesis isn’t able to respond off- balance sheet activities behaviour in Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Analysis of Financial Leverage, Operating Leverage and Capital Venture Effect on Tobin's Q Ratio of Investment and Holding Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
Saeid Baseri Amir HakakiThe main purpose of this research is the study on effect of Financial and Operating Leverage and Venture Capital on Tobin's Q ratio amongst companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the Holdings and Investment companies are used as statistical samples MoreThe main purpose of this research is the study on effect of Financial and Operating Leverage and Venture Capital on Tobin's Q ratio amongst companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the Holdings and Investment companies are used as statistical samples and 73 enterprises that are listed in Tehran Stock Exchange within 2001 to 2016 have been studied. The results driven by this research show that Venture Capital, hereafter called "VC", and Operating Leverage, hereafter called "OPL", are positively related to Tobin's Q ratio while Financial Leverage, hereafter called "FL", has negative relation. At the same time, combined variables “FL” and “VC” are negatively correlated with Tobin's Q ratio and combined variable “OPL” and “VC” are neutral on Tobin's Q ratio. The effect estimation of independent variables, namely FL, OPL and VC and control variables, over dependent variable of Tobin's Q ratio is 55%, which is in fact noticeable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Forecasting Stock Trend by Data Mining Algorithm
Sadegh Ehteshami Mohsen Hamidian Zohreh Hajiha Serveh ShokrollahiStock trend forecasting is a one of the main factors in choosing the best investment, hence prediction and comparison of different firms’ stock trend is one method for improving investment process. Stockholders need information for forecasting firm’s stock t MoreStock trend forecasting is a one of the main factors in choosing the best investment, hence prediction and comparison of different firms’ stock trend is one method for improving investment process. Stockholders need information for forecasting firm’s stock trend in order to make decision about firms’ stock trading. In this study stock trend, forecasting performs by data mining algorithm. It should mention that this research has two hypotheses. It aimed at being practical and it is correlation methodology. The research performed in deductive reasoning. Hypotheses analyzed based on collected data from 180 firms listed in Tehran stock exchange during 2009-2015. Results indicated that algorithms are able to forecast negative stock return. However, random forest algorithm is more powerful than decision tree algorithm. In addition, stock return from last three years and selling growth are the main variables of negative stock return forecasting. Manuscript profile