ارزیابی صفات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی ارقام اصلاح شده جدید و اکوتیپ‌های یونجه (Medicago Sativa L.) تحت تنش کم¬آبی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیپریسا مرادیان 1 , ورهرام رشیدی 2 * , حسن منیری فر 3 , بهمن پاسبان اسلام 4
1 - دانشجوی دکترای اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه آزاد تبریز
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
3 - دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان‌شرقی، تبریز
4 - مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذریجان شرقی
کلید واژه: اکوتیپ, یونجه, تنش خشکی, عملکرد علوفه, مقاومت,
چکیده مقاله :
آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات آذربایجان شرقی واقع در منطقه خسرو شاه طی دو سال زراعی (96-1395 و 97-1396) اجرا گردید. در کرت‌های اصلی عامل آبیاری در سه سطح شامل توقف آبیاری بعد از چین اول، توقف آبیاری بعد از چین دوم و توقف آبیاری بعد از چین سوم (کرتها بطور معمولی با کنتور آب کنترل شده آبیاری کامل شد و هیچ تنشی اعمال نشد)، بود. عامل دوم شامل هفت نوع اکوتیپ سنتتیک الف، سنتتیک ب، آذر، جوشین، ساتلو، خواجه و شاهد محلی خسروشاه بود، که در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. با توجه به اینکه سال زراعی 96-1395 سال استقرار بود، تجزیه واریانس ساده داده های سال زراعی 97-1396 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد علوفه بین اکوتیپ¬های مورد بررسی در شرایط تنش کم¬آبی شدید (توقف آبیاری بعد از چین اول) در مقایسه با شرایط کامل آبیاری، 5/2 تن در هکتار کاهش نشان داد. بیشترین وزن تر علوفه در شرایط آبیاری کامل با 4/8 تن در هکتار متعلق به دو اکوتیپ سنتتیک الف و جوشین بود. در حالی¬که در تنش کم¬آبی شدید (توقف آبیاری بعد از چین اول) به ترتیب اکوتیپ¬های جوشین (76/5)، سنتتیک ب (45/5) و سنتتیک الف (33/5 تن در هکتار) بیشترین عملکرد علوفه را داشتند. فعالیت پرولین (5/784 میلی¬گرم/گرم وزن تر برگ) و آنزیم¬های آسکوربات پراکسیداز (94/10 میلی¬گرم پروتئین بر دقیقه) و کاتالاز (005/1 میلی¬گرم پروتئین بر دقیقه) افزایش معنی¬داری را بین اکوتیپ¬ها تحت تنش کم¬آبی نشان دادند. شاخص های MP، GMP، STI و HM به عنوان مناسب ترین شاخص های تحمل به تنش شناخته شدند که بیشترین همبستگی را با عملکرد علوفه در شرایط بدون تنش و تنش کم¬آبی داشتند. اکوتیپ¬های جوشین، سنتتیک الف و سنتتیک ب از نظر شاخص های مذکوردارای پایداری عملکرد بالاتری در شرایط تنش کم ¬آبی بوده و می¬توانند در برنامه¬های به¬نژادی به منظور افزایش تحمل به کمبود آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.
The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the East Azerbaijan Research Center located in Khosrow Shah region during two crop years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). In the main plots, the irrigation factor at three levels included stopping irrigation after the first cut, stopping irrigation after the second cut, and stopping irrigation after the third cut (plots were normally irrigated with a controlled water meter and no stress was applied). The second factor included seven ecotypes of Synthetic A, Synthetic B, Azar, Joshin, Satlo, Khajeh, and Khosroshah Mahalli Shahed, which were considered as sub-plots. Considering that the crop year 2015-2016 was the establishment year, simple variance analysis was done for the data of the crop year 2016-2017. The results showed that the forage yield between the studied ecotypes under sever water shortage stress (stoping irrigation after the furrow) conditions decreased by 2.5 tons per hectare compared to normal irrigation conditions. The highest fresh forage yield in fully irrigated conditions with 8.4 tons per hectare belonged to two synthetic ecotypes, Al and Joshin. While under sever water shortage stress (stoping irrigation after the furrow), Joshin ecotypes (5.76), synthetic B (5.45) and synthetic A (5.33 tons per hectare) had the highest forage yield. Proline (784.5 mg/g FW) and enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (10.94 U/mg protein) and catalase activities (1.005 U/mg protein) showed a significant increase between ecotypes under water deficit stress. The present study showed that the studied ecotypes have favorable characteristics related to tolerance to water deficit stress. MP, GMP, STI, and HM indices were recognized as the most suitable stress tolerance indices, which had the highest correlation with forage yield in non-stress and drought stress conditions. Joshin, synthetic A and synthetic B ecotypes have higher performance stability in terms of the mentioned indicators and can be used in breeding programs to increase tolerance to water shortage.
• Ahmadi, K., H.R. Ebadzade, F. Hatami, H. Abdshah, and A. Kazemiyan. 2019. The first volume of Crops. Ministry of Agriculture, Planning and Economic Deputy, Information and Communication Technology Center. (In Persian).
• Amiri, R., S. Bahraminejad, Sh. Sasani, and M. Ghobadi. 2014. Genetic evaluation of 80 irrigated bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance indices. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 20: 101-111.
• Anjum, S.A., U. Ashraf, A. Zohaib, M. Tanveer, M. Naeem, I. Ali, T. Tabassum, and U. Nazir. 2017. Growth and developmental responses of crop plants under drought stress: a review. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 104: 267–276.
• Antolin, C.A., I. Muro, and M. Sánchez-Díaz. 2010. Application of sewage sludge improves growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant activities of nodulated alfalfa plants under drought conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68:75-82.
• Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23:112-121.
• Basafa, M., and M. Taherian. 2010. Evaluation of drought tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ecotypes using drought tolerance indices. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 3(1): 69-81. (In Persian).
• Beheshti, A. R. 2016. Evaluation of drought tolerance in Hamedani alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ecotypesby tolerance and sensitivity indices. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 9(3): 257-266. (In Persian).
• Chance, B., and A.C. Maehly. 1955. Assay ofcatalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology. 11: 764-755.
• Farissi, M., A. Bouizgaren, M. Faghire, A. Bargaz, and C. Ghoulam. 2013. Agrophysiological and biochemical properties associated with adaptation of Medicago sativa populations to water deficit. Turkish Journal of Botany. 37: 1166-1175.
• Fernandez, G.C. J. 1992. Effective selectioncriteria for assessing stress tolerance. In: Kuo,CG. (ed) Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on "Adaptation of vegetables andother food crops in temperature and waterstress. AVRDC Publication. Tainan. Taiwan.
• Fischer, R.A., and R. Maurer. 1978. Droughtresistance in spring wheat cultivars. Part 1: Grain yield response. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 29: 897-912.
• Ghanizadeh, N., A. Moghaddam, and N. Khodabandeh. 2014. Comparing the yield of alfalfa cultivars in different harvests under limited irrigation condition. International Journal of Biosciences. 4: 131-138.
• Ghobadi, M., S. Taherabadi, M.E. Ghobadi, G.R. Mohammadi, and S. Jalali Honarmand. 2013. Antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic characteristics and water relations of sunflower )Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in response to drought stress. Industrial Crops and Products Journal. 50: 29-38.
• Gill, S.S., and N. Tuteja. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant physiology biochemistry. 48(12): 909-930.
• Hamd Alla, W.A., B.R. Bakheit, A. Abo- Elwafa, and M.A., El-Nahrawy. 2013. Evaluate of some varieties of alfalfa for forage yield and its components under the new valley conditions. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies. 19(4): 413-418.
• Hesadi, P., D. Fathollah Taleghani, A. Shiranirad, J. Daneshian, and A. Jaliliyan. 2015. Selection for drought tolerance in sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Biological Forum An International Journal. 7(1): 1189-1204.
• Hussain, H.A., S. Men, S. Hussain, Y. Chen, S. Ali, S. Zhang, K. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Xu, and C. Liao. 2019. Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 1-12.
• Kadkhodaie, A., J. Rammjoo, M. Zabedi, and M. Pescarakli. 2014. Selecting sesame genotypes for drought tolerance based on some physiochemical traits. Agronomy Journal. 106: 111-118.
• Khalil, F., S. Rauf, P. Monneveux, S. Anwar, and Z. Iqbal. 2016. Genetic analysis of proline concentration under osmotic stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Breeding Science. 66: 463-470.
• Kumar, V., V. Shriram, T.S. Hoque, M.M. Hasan, D.J. Burritt, and M.A. Hossain. 2017. Glycinebetaine-mediated abiotic oxidative-stress tolerance in plants: physiological and biochemical mechanisms. In Stress Signaling in Plants: Genomics and Proteomics Perspective., 111-133 Switzerland: Springer.
• Laxa, M., M. Liebthal, W. Telman, K. Chibani, and K.J. Dietz. 2019. The role of the plant antioxidant system in drought tolerance. Antioxidants. 8(4): 94-98.
• Li, S., L. Wan, Z. Nie, and X. Li. 2020. Fractal and topological analyses and antioxidant defense systems of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root system under drought and rehydration regimes. Agronomy. 10: 805-810.
• Monirifar, H., and N. Abdollahi. 2014. Introducing some Iranian ecotypes of alfalfa. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding. 4 (1): 35-45.
• Monirifar, H., and M. Sadegzade. 2015. Investigation of cold tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ecotypes under field conditions. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences. 7(1): 93-103. (In Persian).
• Monirifar, H., M. Sadegzade, A. Eimani, N. Zahi, and N. Heirfakhraei. 2022. Introduction of new improved population of alfalfa "Azar" for cold and temperate regions of Azarbaijan. Scientific journal of Research Findings in Agricultural and Garden Plants. 10(2): 36-45. (In Persian).
• Nabi, M.A.G., M. Abd El Mahmud Elsherikh, and H.I. Mohammed. 2013. Computing the crop - water- evapotranspiration production functions for cucumber using drip irrigation. Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 1(1): 143-147.
• Nakano, Y., and K. Asada. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinachchloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
• Nekoyanfar, Z., Sh. Lack, and Gh.R. Abadouz. 2017. Assessment effect of cutting time and soil salinity on quality and quantity forage yield of five alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties under Ahvaz conditions. The Plant Production (Scientific Journal of Agriculture). 40(3): 113-127. (In Persian).
• Panigrahi, P., and N.N. Sahu. 2013. Evapotranspiration and yield of okra as affected by partial root-zone furrow irrigation. International Journal of Plant Production. 7 (1): 33-38.
• Pataki, I., S. Katic, V. Mihailovic, D. Milic, and D. Karagic. 2003. Yield, morphology and chemical composition of five lucerne genotypes as affected by growth stage and the environment. In: Proceeding of the 12th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Pleven, Bulgaria. 5: 376-379.
• Pyngrope, S., K. Bhoomika, and R. Dubey. 2013. Oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, proteolysis and antioxidative defense system as a model for depicting water deficit tolerance in Indica rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation. 69(2): 149-165.
• Richards, R.A. 1996. Defining selection criteria to improve yield under drought. Plant Growth Regulation. 20: 157-166.
• Rosielle, A.A., and J. Hamblin. 1981. The oretical aspects of selection for yield in stress and nonstress environment. Crop Science. 21: 943-946.
• Shamsi, K. 2010. The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 8: 1051 - 1060.
• Shirinpour, M., A. Asghari, S. Aharizad, A. Rasoulzadeh, and S. Khavari Khorasani. 2020. Genetic interaction and inheritance of biochemical traits can predict tolerance of hybrid maize cv. SC704 to drought. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 42(7): 124.
• Shoushi Dezfuli, A., M. Khorramian, and A. Assareh. 2022. Effect of drought stress on photosynthetic parameters, yield and yield components of tropical alfalfa genotypes. Plant Productions. 44(4): 545-558.
• Shoushi Dezfuli, A.A., A.R. Paknegad, A. Asareh, and N. Zarifinia. 2017. Evaluation of salinity tolerance of some alfalfa ecotypes usingphysiological and biochemical traits. Crop Physiology Journal. 9(35): 105-120. (In Persian).
• Sinay, H., E.L. Arumingtyas, N. Harijati, and S. Indriyani. 2016. Proline content and yield components of local corn cultivars from Kisar Island, Maluku, Indonesia. International Journal of Plant Biology. 6(1): 6071-6076.
• Snowden, C., G. Ritchie, and T. Thompson. 2013. Water use efficiency and irrigation response of cotton cultivars on subsurface drip in west Texas. The Journal of Cotton Science. 17:1–9.
• Sofo, A., A. Scopa, M. Nuzzaci, and A. Vitti. 2015. Ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities and their genetic regulation in plants subjected to drought and salinity stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16(6): 13561-13578.
• Szabados, L., and A. Savoure. 2010. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends in Plant Science. 15(2): 89-97.
• Welu, G. 2015. Synthetic varieties: History, development and applications in crop improvement. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 32: 23-29.
• Zlatev, Z. and F.C. Lidon. 2012. An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relationsand photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food Agriculture. 24: 57-72.
• Zobayed, S., F. Afreen, and T. Kozai. 2005. Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John's wort. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 43(10-11): 977-984.