عملکرد گیاه پوششی فرانکنیا (Frankenia thymifolia) و تأثیر آن بر خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی بسترهای کشت بازیافتی در چهار فصل مختلف در سیستمهای دیوار سبز خارجی
محورهای موضوعی : مورفوفیزیولوژیکی
منصوره جوزای
1
,
فاطمه کاظمی
2
,
امیر فتوت
3
1 - دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران،
2 - دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ادیت کوان، پرت، استرالیا،
3 - گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: کشاورزی پایدار, توسعه شهری, پسماند کشاورزی, اسیدیته بستر, دیوار سبز,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه یکپارچهسازی طبیعت و ساختمانها در قالب پشتبامها و دیوارهای سبز به عنوان یک راهبرد پایدار در شهرها مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. اما مطالعات روی بسترهای کشت ضایعاتی با جنبه ارگانیک که در این سیستمها امکان استقرار به گیاهان بدهد، ناچیز است و دستیابی به دیوار سبز خارجی پایدار، هنوز یک چالش است. هدف این مطالعه، ارزیابی پایداری گیاه پوششی فرانکنیا (Frankenia thymifolia) در چهار ترکیب بستر کشت (30 درصد کوکوپیت+ 65 درصد پرلیت+ 5 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 30 درصد خاکبرگ+ 65 درصد پرلیت+ 5 درصد ورمیکمپوست، 30 درصد کمپوست قارچ+ 65 درصد پرلیت+ 5 درصد ورمی کمپوست و خاک معمول مورد استفاده در فضای سبز به عنوان شاهد) در شرایط کشت در دیوار سبز خارجی بود. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی فصول مختلف سال در چهار سطح و فاکتور دوم، بسترهای کشت در چهار سطح بود. همچنین آزمایش ویژگی های بسترهای کشت در انتهای پژوهش در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک گیاه فرانکنیا و صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی بسترهای کشت در سطح احتمال %1 معنی دار شد. نتایج نشان داد که صفات سطح برگ، محتوی نسبی آب برگ، کلروفیل a، b و کل، کاروتنویید و تمامی صفات مربوط به ریشه در بسترهای حاوی مواد آلی بیشتر از خاک معمول بود. همچنین صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی مرغوب تر (وزن مخصوص ظاهری پایین تر، تخلخل بیشتر، خاکستر کمتر، حجم هوای بیشتر و اسیدیته بیشتر)، در بسترهای کشت آلی بیشتر از بستر خاک معمولی بود. نتایج این پژوهش، استفاده از کمپوست قارچ شسته شده به همراه پرلیت و ورمی کمپوست، به جای بسترهای وارداتی رایج دیوار سبز را تایید می کند. همچنین، استفاده از گیاه فرانکنیا در شرایط آب و هوایی مشابه شهر مشهد در چهار فصل سال در دیوارهای سبز خارجی پیشنهاد میشود.
Integrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the Frankenia thymifolia cover plant in four combinations of growing media (30% cocopeat + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% leaf litter + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% mushroom compost + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, and the typical soil used in the green spaces as the control) in the external green wall conditions. The study was a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was the different seasons in four levels, and the second was the growing media in four levels. Also, at the end of the study, the characteristics of the substrates were tested as a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. The morpho-physiological traits of the Frankenia plant and the physicochemical characteristics under different growing media were significantly different (p≤0.01). The results showed that leaf surface features, leaf water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, and all the root-related traits were higher in the plants grown in the organic matter growing medium than those grown in the typical soil. Also, better physicochemical attributes (lower bulk density, porosity, less ash, more air volume, and more acidity) were observed in organic growing medium in comparison with the typical soil. The results of this research confirmed the favorable effect of using washed mushroom compost along with perlite and vermicompost instead of the common imported green wall substrates. It also suggests using the Frankenia in climates similar to Mashhad year-round in the external green wall systems.
Abbaspour, H., and Rezaei, H. (2015). The effect of gibberellic acid on the rate of the reaction of heat, photosynthetic pigments and phenolic compounds in the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L. under drought stress conditions. Plant Research Journal (Iranian Biology Journal). 5(27): 893-903 .
Akhwan, S., Shabanpour, M., and Esfahani, M. (2012). The effect of soil compaction and soil texture on the growth of wheat roots and shoots. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(3): 735-727 (In Persian).
Akraminejad, A., Safari, M., and Ruhollah Abdulshahi, R. (2016). Investigating the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield and essential oil of two native stands of savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under normal conditions and drought stress in Kerman region. Iranian Agricultural Research Journal, 13: 675-686.
Allison, L.E., and Moodie, C.D. (1965). Carbonate. p. 1379-1400. In C.A. Black et al. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA, CSSA, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Anjum, M.A., Naveed, F., Shakeel, F., and Amin, S. (2001). Effect of some chemicals on keeping quality and vase life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cut flowers. Journal of Research in Science. 12(1): 1-7.
Argo, W. R. (1998). Root medium chemical properties. Hort Technology, 8(4): 486-494.
Azarmi, R., Tabatabai, J., and Chaparzadeh, N. (2019). Effect of magnesium and temperature of root environment on growth, yield and physiological characteristics of greenhouse cucumber in water culture system. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Crops, 9 (2): 11-21 (In Persian).
Barrett, G.E., Alexander, P.D., Robinson, J.S., and Bragg, N.C. (2016). Achieving environmentally sustainable growing media for soilless plant cultivation systems – A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 212: 220–234.
Boyd, J. (2007). Nonmarket benefits of nature: What should be counted in green GDP? Ecological Economics, 61(4), 716–723.
Bunt, A.C. (1983). Physical properties on mixtures of peats and minerals of different particle size and bulk density for potting substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 150: 143-153.
Caprotti, F., and Romanowicz, J. (2013). Thermal eco-cities: Green building and urban thermal metabolism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(6), 1949–1967.
Castrillo, M., and Turujillo, I. (1994). Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and chlorophyll and protein contents in two cultivares of french bean plants under water stress and rewatering. Photosynthtica Journal, 30: 175.
Chen, Y., Inbar, Y .and Hadar. Y. (1988). composted agricultural wastes as potting media for ornamental plants. Soil Science, 145( 4): 298-303.
Davis, M.J.M., Ramirez, F., and Pérez, M.E. (2016). More than just a Green Façade: vertical gardens as active air conditioning units. Procedia Engineering, 145: 1250-1257.
Dere, S., Günes, T., and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents, Turkish Journal of Botany, 22; 7–13.
Djedjiga, R., Belarbi, R and Bozonnet, E. (2017). Green wall impacts inside and outside buildings: experimental study. Energy Procedia. 139: 578-583.
Djedjiga, R., Bozonnet, E., and Belarbi, R. (2015). Analysis of thermal effects of vegetated envelopes: Integration of avalidated model in a building energy simulation program. Energy and Buildings, 86: (93–103).
Dover, J.W. (2015). Green infrastructure: Incorporating plants and enhancing biodiversity in buildings and urban environments. Abingdon; Oxon; New York: Routledge.
Elhami, H. (2015). Effects of drought stress on yield and quantitative characteristics and characteristics of four covered plant species with potential for use in Mashhad green space. Master thesis. Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Emami, A. (1997). Methods of plant decomposition (Volume 1), Water and Soil Research Institute. 2: 128 (In Persian).
Emerson, W.W. (1995). Water retention, organic C and soil texture, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 17: 45-56.
Eudoxie, G.D., and Alexander, I.A. (2011). Spent mushroom substrate as a transplant media replacement for commercial peat in tomato seedling production. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3: 4. 41-49.
Fallovo, C., Rouphael, Y., Cardarelli, M., Rea, E., Battistelli, A., and Colla, G. (2009). Yield and quality of leafy lettuce in response to nutrient solution composition and growing season. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Environ. 7: 2. 456-462.
Fakharian, N., Hassanpour Asil, M., and Samizadeh Lahiji, H. (2008). Effects of temperature, thickness of polypropylene shrink wrapping and modified atmosphere packaging on storage longevity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 22(2):135-145.
Farah, S., Hosseinian, A., Wende Li, A. and Trust, B. (2008). Measurement of anthocyanins and other phytochemicals in purple wheat. Food Chemistry, 109: 916-924.
Fernandez, V., Ebert, G. and Winklmann, G. (2005). The use of microbial siderophores for foliar iron application studies. Plant Soil, 272: 245-252.
Fisher, S. (2013). Growing up the wall: How to grow food in vertical places, on roofs and in small spaces. Totnes: Green.
Ghasemi Ghahsare, M., and Kafi, M. (2010). Floriculture (scientific and practical). Volume 2. Publications of the author.
Haggag, M., Hassan, A., and Elmasry, S. (2014). Experimental study on reduced heat gain through green facades in ahigh heat load climate. Energy and Buildings, 82: 668–674.
Heydari, F., and Koti, A.R. (2010). The effect of soil compaction and different levels of phosphorus and zinc on the concentration and absorption of zinc in clover plant. Abstract collection of articles, 11th Iran Soil Science Congress, 218.
Hossain, M.I., Khatun, A., Talukder, M.S.A., Dewan, M.M.R., and Uddin, M.S. (2010). Effect of drought on physiology and yield contributing characters of sunflower. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(1): 113-124.
Hunter, A.M., Williams, N.SG., Rayner, J.P., Aye, L., Hes, D., and Livesley, S.J. (2014). Quantifying the thermal performance of green façades: a critical review. Ecological Engineering, 63:102–13.
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F., and Fotovat, A. (2019). Evaluating the environmental performance of the growing media in a green wall system in a dry climate region. Desert, 20: 217-230.
Jozay, M. (2020). Effect of growing media on morphophysiological characteristics of some ground cover plants for usage in an external green wall system, Master's thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (In Persian).
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F., and Fotovat, A. (2020). Investigating the effect of the type of cultivation substrate and plant species on the quality performance and growth index of the external green wall in the climatic conditions of Mashhad in the summer season. 11th Horticultural Science Congress, Urmia (In Persian).
Jozay, M. and Rabbani Khairkhah, S.M. (2021). Vertical green systems (green wall). Iran Publishing (Arastu Publication).
Jozay, M., Rabbani, M., and Kazemi, F. (2021). The impact of humic acid solutions and types of growing media on some morphophysiological and biochemical features of Syngonium sp. and Pothos sp. plants in interior green wall conditions. Plant Arshive, 21: 2240-2252. ttps://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.370.
Kazemi, F., Beecham, S., and Gibbs, J. (2011). Streetscape biodiversity and the role of bioretention swales in an Australian urban environment. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101: 139–148.
Kazemi, F., and Mohorkob, R. (2017). Review on the roles and effects of growing media on plant performance in green roofs in world climates. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 23: 13-26.
Kazemi, F., Rabbani, M., Jozay, M. (2020). Investigating plant and air-quality performances of an internal greenwall system under hydroponic conditions. Environmental Management. 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman. 2020.111230
Kocheki, A., and Banaiane, M. (1994). The Physiology of Crop Yield. Mashhad Jihad-e-Daneshgahi Press.
Koch, K. (1996). Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiology, 47: 509-540.
Lazcano, C., Arnold, J., Tato, A.J., Zaller, J.G., and Domı´nguez, J. (2009). Compost and vermicompost as nursery pot components: effects on tomato plant growth and morphology. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(4): 944–951.
Lingzhi, T., Zhaorong, D., Jie, S., Bo, Z., Changan, L., and Yan yan, L. (2004). Effect of mowing and topdressing of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics in triticale. Anhui Agricultural University, 31(1): 72-75.
Manso, M., and Castro-Gomes, J.P. (2016). Thermal analysis of a new modular system for green walls. Journal of Building Engineering, 7: 53-62.
Marchi, M., Pulselli, R.M., Marchettini, N., Pulselli, F.M., and Bastianoni, S. (2015). Carbon dioxide sequestration model of a vertical greenery system. Ecological Modelling, 306: 46–56.
Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.B., Bohning, R.H., and Fratianne, D.G. (1973). Introduction to Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand press.
Minghong, T., and Xiubin, L. (2015). Does the Green Great Wall effectively decrease dust storm intensity in China? A study based on NOAA NDVI and weather station data. Land Use Policy, 43: (42–47).Pan American Seed Company. (2005). Production Information Guide. 96 p.
Pérez, G., Rincón, L., Vila, A., González, J.M., and Cabeza, L.F. (2011). Behaviour of green facades in Mediterranean Continental climate. Energy Conversion and Management, 52: 1861e7.
Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Fraaij, A.L.A., Haas, E.M., and Raiteri, R. (2011). Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope, Build. Environ, 46: 2287–2294.
Prodanovic, V., Hatt, B., McCarthy, D., Zhang, K., and Deletic, A. (2017). Green walls for greywater reuse: understanding the role of media on pollutant removal. Ecological Engineering,102: 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.045.
Raviv, M. and Lieth, J.H. (2008). Soilless Culture: Theory and Practice. London, UK, pp. 245-69.
Reddy, B. G., and Reddy, M.S. (1998). Soil health and crop productivity in in alfisol with ntegrated plant nutrient supply system. Proceeding of the 9thAustralian Agronomy Conference. Wagga Wagga. Australia.
Romanova, A., Horoshenkov K., and Hurrell, A. (2019). An application of a parametric transducer to measure acousticabsorption of a living green wall. Applied Acoustics, 145: 89-97.
Sajjadinia, A., Ershadi, A., Hokmabadi, H., Khayyat, M., and Gholami, M. (2010). Gas exchange activities and relative water content at different fruit growth and developmental stages of on and off cultivated pistachio trees. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1: 1-6.
Shibanirad, A., Haghighi, M., and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. (2015). The effect of decreasing temperature and reducing the amount of nitrogen on the physiological characteristics (growth and photosynthesis) of lettuce (Lactuca sativus). Plant process and function. 4 (13): 121 (In Persian)..
Soltani, A., Torabi, B., Galeshi, S., and Zeinali, E. (2010). Analyzing Wheat yield constraints in Gorgan with comparative performance analysis (CPA) method.
Turkashvnd, A.M., Sedaghat Hor, Sh., and Jamalpour, H. (2017). Effects of multiple organic substrates and a synthetic moisture superabsorbent on soil usable water, permanent wilting point delay and Lysimachia plant growth. Journal of Sciences, Water and Soil, 20: 75:99-8 (In Persian).
Vahdati, N., Tehranifar, A., and Kazemi, F. (2017). Assessing chilling and drought tolerance of different plant genera on extensive green roofs in an arid climate region in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 192: 215-223.
Van Bohemen, H. )2005(. Ecological Engineering, Bridging between Ecology and Civil Engineering, Aeneas Technical Publishers , Boxtel, The Netherlands.
Vanini, J.T., Henderson, J.J., Sorochan, J.C., and Rogers, J.N. (2007). Evaluating traffic stress by the Brinkman traffic simulator and Cady traffic simulator on a Kentucky bluegrass stand. Crop Science, 47: 782-786.
Virtudes, A., and Manso, M. (2014). Green façades: as a feature in urban design. In: International Conference on Engineering. 17-18 October. University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Williams, N.S.G., Rayner, J.P., Raynor, K.J. (2010). Green roofs for a wide brown land: opportunities and barriers for rooftop greening in Australia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9: 245–251.
Wong, N.H., Kwang Tan, A.Y., Chen, Y., Sekar, K., Tan, P.Y., and Chan, D. (2012). Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls. Building and Environment, 45(3): 663e72.
Yongjie, W., and Yangsheng, L. (2005). Effect of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3- year fields study. Chemosphere, 59: 1257-1265.
Zhe, W., li, Z., and jing, S. (2011). On the beauty of green expo architecture and sustainable development— taking “China Pavilion” as an example. Procedia Engineering, 21: 163-167.
_||_
Abbaspour, H., and Rezaei, H. (2015). The effect of gibberellic acid on the rate of the reaction of heat, photosynthetic pigments and phenolic compounds in the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L. under drought stress conditions. Plant Research Journal (Iranian Biology Journal). 5(27): 893-903 .
Akhwan, S., Shabanpour, M., and Esfahani, M. (2012). The effect of soil compaction and soil texture on the growth of wheat roots and shoots. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(3): 735-727 (In Persian).
Akraminejad, A., Safari, M., and Ruhollah Abdulshahi, R. (2016). Investigating the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield and essential oil of two native stands of savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under normal conditions and drought stress in Kerman region. Iranian Agricultural Research Journal, 13: 675-686.
Allison, L.E., and Moodie, C.D. (1965). Carbonate. p. 1379-1400. In C.A. Black et al. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA, CSSA, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Anjum, M.A., Naveed, F., Shakeel, F., and Amin, S. (2001). Effect of some chemicals on keeping quality and vase life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cut flowers. Journal of Research in Science. 12(1): 1-7.
Argo, W. R. (1998). Root medium chemical properties. Hort Technology, 8(4): 486-494.
Azarmi, R., Tabatabai, J., and Chaparzadeh, N. (2019). Effect of magnesium and temperature of root environment on growth, yield and physiological characteristics of greenhouse cucumber in water culture system. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Crops, 9 (2): 11-21 (In Persian).
Barrett, G.E., Alexander, P.D., Robinson, J.S., and Bragg, N.C. (2016). Achieving environmentally sustainable growing media for soilless plant cultivation systems – A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 212: 220–234.
Boyd, J. (2007). Nonmarket benefits of nature: What should be counted in green GDP? Ecological Economics, 61(4), 716–723.
Bunt, A.C. (1983). Physical properties on mixtures of peats and minerals of different particle size and bulk density for potting substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 150: 143-153.
Caprotti, F., and Romanowicz, J. (2013). Thermal eco-cities: Green building and urban thermal metabolism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(6), 1949–1967.
Castrillo, M., and Turujillo, I. (1994). Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and chlorophyll and protein contents in two cultivares of french bean plants under water stress and rewatering. Photosynthtica Journal, 30: 175.
Chen, Y., Inbar, Y .and Hadar. Y. (1988). composted agricultural wastes as potting media for ornamental plants. Soil Science, 145( 4): 298-303.
Davis, M.J.M., Ramirez, F., and Pérez, M.E. (2016). More than just a Green Façade: vertical gardens as active air conditioning units. Procedia Engineering, 145: 1250-1257.
Dere, S., Günes, T., and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents, Turkish Journal of Botany, 22; 7–13.
Djedjiga, R., Belarbi, R and Bozonnet, E. (2017). Green wall impacts inside and outside buildings: experimental study. Energy Procedia. 139: 578-583.
Djedjiga, R., Bozonnet, E., and Belarbi, R. (2015). Analysis of thermal effects of vegetated envelopes: Integration of avalidated model in a building energy simulation program. Energy and Buildings, 86: (93–103).
Dover, J.W. (2015). Green infrastructure: Incorporating plants and enhancing biodiversity in buildings and urban environments. Abingdon; Oxon; New York: Routledge.
Elhami, H. (2015). Effects of drought stress on yield and quantitative characteristics and characteristics of four covered plant species with potential for use in Mashhad green space. Master thesis. Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Emami, A. (1997). Methods of plant decomposition (Volume 1), Water and Soil Research Institute. 2: 128 (In Persian).
Emerson, W.W. (1995). Water retention, organic C and soil texture, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 17: 45-56.
Eudoxie, G.D., and Alexander, I.A. (2011). Spent mushroom substrate as a transplant media replacement for commercial peat in tomato seedling production. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3: 4. 41-49.
Fallovo, C., Rouphael, Y., Cardarelli, M., Rea, E., Battistelli, A., and Colla, G. (2009). Yield and quality of leafy lettuce in response to nutrient solution composition and growing season. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Environ. 7: 2. 456-462.
Fakharian, N., Hassanpour Asil, M., and Samizadeh Lahiji, H. (2008). Effects of temperature, thickness of polypropylene shrink wrapping and modified atmosphere packaging on storage longevity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 22(2):135-145.
Farah, S., Hosseinian, A., Wende Li, A. and Trust, B. (2008). Measurement of anthocyanins and other phytochemicals in purple wheat. Food Chemistry, 109: 916-924.
Fernandez, V., Ebert, G. and Winklmann, G. (2005). The use of microbial siderophores for foliar iron application studies. Plant Soil, 272: 245-252.
Fisher, S. (2013). Growing up the wall: How to grow food in vertical places, on roofs and in small spaces. Totnes: Green.
Ghasemi Ghahsare, M., and Kafi, M. (2010). Floriculture (scientific and practical). Volume 2. Publications of the author.
Haggag, M., Hassan, A., and Elmasry, S. (2014). Experimental study on reduced heat gain through green facades in ahigh heat load climate. Energy and Buildings, 82: 668–674.
Heydari, F., and Koti, A.R. (2010). The effect of soil compaction and different levels of phosphorus and zinc on the concentration and absorption of zinc in clover plant. Abstract collection of articles, 11th Iran Soil Science Congress, 218.
Hossain, M.I., Khatun, A., Talukder, M.S.A., Dewan, M.M.R., and Uddin, M.S. (2010). Effect of drought on physiology and yield contributing characters of sunflower. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(1): 113-124.
Hunter, A.M., Williams, N.SG., Rayner, J.P., Aye, L., Hes, D., and Livesley, S.J. (2014). Quantifying the thermal performance of green façades: a critical review. Ecological Engineering, 63:102–13.
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F., and Fotovat, A. (2019). Evaluating the environmental performance of the growing media in a green wall system in a dry climate region. Desert, 20: 217-230.
Jozay, M. (2020). Effect of growing media on morphophysiological characteristics of some ground cover plants for usage in an external green wall system, Master's thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (In Persian).
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F., and Fotovat, A. (2020). Investigating the effect of the type of cultivation substrate and plant species on the quality performance and growth index of the external green wall in the climatic conditions of Mashhad in the summer season. 11th Horticultural Science Congress, Urmia (In Persian).
Jozay, M. and Rabbani Khairkhah, S.M. (2021). Vertical green systems (green wall). Iran Publishing (Arastu Publication).
Jozay, M., Rabbani, M., and Kazemi, F. (2021). The impact of humic acid solutions and types of growing media on some morphophysiological and biochemical features of Syngonium sp. and Pothos sp. plants in interior green wall conditions. Plant Arshive, 21: 2240-2252. ttps://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.370.
Kazemi, F., Beecham, S., and Gibbs, J. (2011). Streetscape biodiversity and the role of bioretention swales in an Australian urban environment. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101: 139–148.
Kazemi, F., and Mohorkob, R. (2017). Review on the roles and effects of growing media on plant performance in green roofs in world climates. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 23: 13-26.
Kazemi, F., Rabbani, M., Jozay, M. (2020). Investigating plant and air-quality performances of an internal greenwall system under hydroponic conditions. Environmental Management. 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman. 2020.111230
Kocheki, A., and Banaiane, M. (1994). The Physiology of Crop Yield. Mashhad Jihad-e-Daneshgahi Press.
Koch, K. (1996). Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiology, 47: 509-540.
Lazcano, C., Arnold, J., Tato, A.J., Zaller, J.G., and Domı´nguez, J. (2009). Compost and vermicompost as nursery pot components: effects on tomato plant growth and morphology. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(4): 944–951.
Lingzhi, T., Zhaorong, D., Jie, S., Bo, Z., Changan, L., and Yan yan, L. (2004). Effect of mowing and topdressing of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics in triticale. Anhui Agricultural University, 31(1): 72-75.
Manso, M., and Castro-Gomes, J.P. (2016). Thermal analysis of a new modular system for green walls. Journal of Building Engineering, 7: 53-62.
Marchi, M., Pulselli, R.M., Marchettini, N., Pulselli, F.M., and Bastianoni, S. (2015). Carbon dioxide sequestration model of a vertical greenery system. Ecological Modelling, 306: 46–56.
Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.B., Bohning, R.H., and Fratianne, D.G. (1973). Introduction to Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand press.
Minghong, T., and Xiubin, L. (2015). Does the Green Great Wall effectively decrease dust storm intensity in China? A study based on NOAA NDVI and weather station data. Land Use Policy, 43: (42–47).Pan American Seed Company. (2005). Production Information Guide. 96 p.
Pérez, G., Rincón, L., Vila, A., González, J.M., and Cabeza, L.F. (2011). Behaviour of green facades in Mediterranean Continental climate. Energy Conversion and Management, 52: 1861e7.
Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Fraaij, A.L.A., Haas, E.M., and Raiteri, R. (2011). Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope, Build. Environ, 46: 2287–2294.
Prodanovic, V., Hatt, B., McCarthy, D., Zhang, K., and Deletic, A. (2017). Green walls for greywater reuse: understanding the role of media on pollutant removal. Ecological Engineering,102: 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.045.
Raviv, M. and Lieth, J.H. (2008). Soilless Culture: Theory and Practice. London, UK, pp. 245-69.
Reddy, B. G., and Reddy, M.S. (1998). Soil health and crop productivity in in alfisol with ntegrated plant nutrient supply system. Proceeding of the 9thAustralian Agronomy Conference. Wagga Wagga. Australia.
Romanova, A., Horoshenkov K., and Hurrell, A. (2019). An application of a parametric transducer to measure acousticabsorption of a living green wall. Applied Acoustics, 145: 89-97.
Sajjadinia, A., Ershadi, A., Hokmabadi, H., Khayyat, M., and Gholami, M. (2010). Gas exchange activities and relative water content at different fruit growth and developmental stages of on and off cultivated pistachio trees. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1: 1-6.
Shibanirad, A., Haghighi, M., and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. (2015). The effect of decreasing temperature and reducing the amount of nitrogen on the physiological characteristics (growth and photosynthesis) of lettuce (Lactuca sativus). Plant process and function. 4 (13): 121 (In Persian)..
Soltani, A., Torabi, B., Galeshi, S., and Zeinali, E. (2010). Analyzing Wheat yield constraints in Gorgan with comparative performance analysis (CPA) method.
Turkashvnd, A.M., Sedaghat Hor, Sh., and Jamalpour, H. (2017). Effects of multiple organic substrates and a synthetic moisture superabsorbent on soil usable water, permanent wilting point delay and Lysimachia plant growth. Journal of Sciences, Water and Soil, 20: 75:99-8 (In Persian).
Vahdati, N., Tehranifar, A., and Kazemi, F. (2017). Assessing chilling and drought tolerance of different plant genera on extensive green roofs in an arid climate region in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 192: 215-223.
Van Bohemen, H. )2005(. Ecological Engineering, Bridging between Ecology and Civil Engineering, Aeneas Technical Publishers , Boxtel, The Netherlands.
Vanini, J.T., Henderson, J.J., Sorochan, J.C., and Rogers, J.N. (2007). Evaluating traffic stress by the Brinkman traffic simulator and Cady traffic simulator on a Kentucky bluegrass stand. Crop Science, 47: 782-786.
Virtudes, A., and Manso, M. (2014). Green façades: as a feature in urban design. In: International Conference on Engineering. 17-18 October. University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Williams, N.S.G., Rayner, J.P., Raynor, K.J. (2010). Green roofs for a wide brown land: opportunities and barriers for rooftop greening in Australia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9: 245–251.
Wong, N.H., Kwang Tan, A.Y., Chen, Y., Sekar, K., Tan, P.Y., and Chan, D. (2012). Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls. Building and Environment, 45(3): 663e72.
Yongjie, W., and Yangsheng, L. (2005). Effect of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3- year fields study. Chemosphere, 59: 1257-1265.
Zhe, W., li, Z., and jing, S. (2011). On the beauty of green expo architecture and sustainable development— taking “China Pavilion” as an example. Procedia Engineering, 21: 163-167.