Codification of The Conceptual Framework of River Valleys' Physical Resilience (Case Study: "Kan" River Valley, Tehran)
Subject Areas : Urban Design
Pantea Alipour kouhi
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of urban development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
Saeede Alikaei
2
(Assistant Professor, Faculty of Urban Planning, College of fine arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.)
Keywords: Physical Resiliency, River Valley, Conceptual Framework, Kan River, Design Strategies,
Abstract :
The Urban River Valleys are not only the interface between the city and nature, but they are also essential spatial places that carry urban context, local life, and other environmental characteristics. As a result, the design of urban river Valleys is one of the most important strategies for promoting urban ecological systems, protecting socio-economic benefits, and increasing aesthetic values. This paper proposes the resilience concept to address the problem of natural hazards at the River Valleys while maintaining the environment's qualities. For this purpose, the focus is on applying the physical dimension of resiliency for presenting design qualities and indicators by studying the expected roles and qualities of urban rivers and the concept of resiliency. So at first, the Resilient Urban River Valleys Conceptual Framework has been codified, and dimensions, Components, and criteria of resilient River Valley design are proposed. In the next step, This Conceptual Framework is used to examine the quality of Tehran's Kan River Valley s Public Space using a SWOT matrix and develop design goals and strategies. Finally, this study stands on the notion that a place's resilience not only embraces formulating an immediate response to crises such as floods but also considers long-term mitigation and adaptation strategies and environmental qualities to face environmental challenges. In this perspective, reconnecting the community with the river through creating a favorable public space and using the natural potential of the rivers to confront the hazards is necessary.
Ahern, J. (1995). Greenways as a Planning Strategy. Landscape, and Urban Planning, 33,131-155. https://www.academia.edu/download/38456393/greenways_as_planning_strategy.pdf
Alehashemi, A., Bagheri, Y., & Akhavan, E. (2015). Imposed or Natural Identity? Javanmardan Park, Landscaping in Kan Valley. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape, 7(31), 94-103. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_12775_1706fdd55e31007c7964d83baaed14a5.pdf
Allan, P., & Bryant, M. (2011). Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery. Journal of Landscape architecture, 6(2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2011.9723453
Amola, G. (2009). Contribution of waterborne public transport to sustainable waterfronts. Stockholm: Department of Urban Planning and Environment, 6. https://docplayer.net/43658187-Contribution-of-waterborne-public-transport-to-sustainable-waterfronts-case-studies-of-hammarby-sjostad-stockholm-and-hafencity-hamburg.html
Anderies, J. M. (2014). Embedding built environments in social–ecological systems: resilience-based design principles. Building Research & Information, 42(2), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2013.857455
Baris, M. E., Erdogan, E., Dilaver, Z., & Arslan, M. (2010). Greenways and the urban form: City of Ankara, Turkey. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 24(1), 1657-1664. https://doi.org/10.2478/V10133-010-0022-6
Carpenter, S. R., Westley, F., & Turner, M. G. (2005). Surrogates for resilience of social–ecological systems. Ecosystems, 8, 941-944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0170-y
Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience a bridging concept or a dead end. Planning Theory and Practice, 13(2), 299-333, https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124
Davoudi, S., Brooks, E., & Mehmood, A. (2013). Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Planning Practice & Research, 28(3), 307-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2013.787695
Design for Resilience in Brattleboro's Lower Whetstone Brook Corridor. (2017). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved January 2022. https://www.epa.gov/vt/design-resilience-brattleboros-lower-whetstone-brook-corridor
European Greenways Association (2005). European Greenways Good Practice Guide: Examples of Actions Undertaken in Cities and the Periphery, European Greenways Association, Retrieved January 2022. http://www.ta.org.br/site2/Banco/7manuais/greenways.pdf
Fábos, J. G., & Ryan, R. L. (2004). International greenway planning: an introduction. Landscape and urban planning, 68(2-3), 143-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00155-5
Fachrudin, H. T., & Lubis, M. D. (2016). Planning for riverside area as water tourism destination to improve quality of life local residents, case study: Batuan–Sikambing River, Medan, Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.261
Fan, J.H., Zhu, X.M. and Zhang, J.J. (2016). Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Waterfront Space in the Context of Urban Renewal: A Study Case of Reconstruction of Donghaochong River in Guangzhou City. Open Journal of Ecology, 6, 461-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.68044
Feliciotti, A., Romice, O., & Porta, S. (2016). Design for change: five proxies for resilience in the urban form. Open House International, 41(4), 23-30. https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/55753/1/Feliciolti_etal_OHI_2016_Design_for_change_five_proxies_for_resilience_.pdf
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockstrom, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability, Ecology and Society, 15(4), 20–28. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/ES-2010-3610.pdf
Ghahroudi Tali, M., Nezammahalleh, M. A. (2013). Urban Flooding Management by Using Natural Drainage System Case Study Tehran Capital of Iran, 5th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM5) at Tokyo. (IAHS-AISH publication, 174-180). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260088422_Urban_Flooding_Management_by_Using_Natural_Drainage_System_Case_Study_Tehran_Capital_of_Iran
Golkar, K. (2001). Components of urban design quality, Journal of Soffeh, 5, 38-65. http://www.memarnet.com/sites/default/files/pdf/tarahi-shahri.pdf
Griffin, S. T. (2005). Study of methods for greenways acquisition in city planning (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/2388/etd-tamu-2005A-RLEM-Griffin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gunderson, L. H. (2009). Comparing Ecological and Human Community Resilience, CARRI Research Report 5 (Atlanta, GA: Emory University). https://merid.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Comparing-Ecological-and-Human-Community-Resilience.pdf
Holling, C. S (1973) Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4 (1973), 1-23: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802.
Hoyle, B. (2001). Waterfront revitalization in an East African port-city. Cities, 18(5), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(01)00023-3
Hussein, R. M. R. (2014). Sustainable urban waterfronts using sustainability assessment rating system. International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering, 8(4), 488-498. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1094221
Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
Kim, D., Cha, J. G., & Jung, E. H. (2014). A study on the impact of urban river refurbishment to the thermal environment of surrounding residential area. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5(05), 454-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.55048
Kong, L., Mu, X., Hu, G., & Zhang, Z. (2022). The application of resilience theory in urban development: a literature review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(33), 49651-49671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20891-x
Lak, A. (2013). Resilient Urban Design. Soffeh, 23(1), 91-104. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.1683870.1392.23.1.6.8
Little, C.E. (1995). Greenways for America. JHU Press, Baltimore.
Lu, T., & Wang, Y. (2015). Research on Stormwater Management of Cultural Heritage Ilmpark in Weimar Germany Based on Urban Resilience. Natural Resources, 6(06), 398-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2015.66038
Ministry of Environment in Korea & Korea Environment Corporation (2011) Ecological River Restoration Guidebook. Korea. http://eng.me.go.kr
Mostafa, L. A. (2017). Urban and social impacts of waterfronts development, case study: Jeddah Corniche. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 37, 205-221. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961730035X/pdf?md5=20d11700700536bb26742a3b3e788cc0&pid=1-s2.0-S187802961730035X-main.pdf
Pakzad, J. (2012). Guide for urban space design in Iran. Ministry of housing and urban planning. Department of urban planning and architecture, Shahidi Publications, Tehran.
Parizi, S. M., Taleai, M., & Sharifi, A. (2021). Integrated methods to determine urban physical resilience characteristics and their interactions. Natural Hazards, 109(1), 725-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04855-x
Parizi, S. M., Taleai, M., & Sharifi, A. (2022). A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis Framework to Evaluate Urban Physical Resilience against Earthquakes. Sustainability, 14(9), 5034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095034
Pendall, R., Foster, K. A., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy, and Society, 3(1), 71-84. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/59385/1/59284076X.pdf
Pizzo, B. (2015). Problematizing resilience: Implications for planning theory and practice. Cities, 43, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.11.015
Pourjafar, M., & Rastandeh, A. (2009). Landscape design patterns along inner city-floodways (Case study: Alusjerd floodway, Hamedan). Hoviatshahr, 3(5), 15-28. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17359562.1388.3.5.2.6
Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Gonçalves, L. A. P. J. (2019). Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101625
Rukiah, S., & Zainora, M. (2012). Green infrastructure in waterfront development towards achieving sustainable environment the Case of Muar Riverside. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University Malaysia, 1-6.
Scheffer, M. (2020). Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press.
Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2014). Resilient urban planning: Major principles and criteria. Energy Procedia, 61, 1491-1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.154
The resilient river. (n d). Minneapolis Riverfront Design Competition, Retrieved February 2022 from: https://baigongbao.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/2020/10/25/Yep6Xc2tfx.pdf
Tong, P. (2021). Characteristics, dimensions, and methods of current assessment for urban resilience to climate-related disasters: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 60, 102276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102276
Turner, T. (2006). Greenway planning in Britain: recent work and future plans. Landscape and urban planning, 76(1-4), 240-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.035
Toronto: Sustainability Framework (2005). Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation, p. 41. Retrieved August 2021 from: https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/sites/default/files/documents/4a1fe4722fcae.pdf
Urban Waterfront Manifesto, The Water Front Center, (1999). Cape May, New Jersey, USA, Retrieved August 2021, from: http://www.waterfrontcenter.org/about/manifesto.html
Viles, R. L., & Rosier, D. J. (2001). How to use roads in the creation of greenways: case studies in three New Zealand landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 55(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00144-4
Wang, X., Ning, L., Yu, J., Xiao, R., & Li, T. (2008). Changes of urban wetland landscape pattern and impacts of urbanization on wetland in Wuhan City. Chinese Geographical Science, 18, 47-53. http://egeoscien.neigae.ac.cn/cn/article/id/8575
Yanweizhou Park. (n d). Retrieved August 2023 from: https://landscapearchitecturebuilt.com/yanweizhou-park-2/