Introduction: Swimming training fosters the heart performance.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of swimming training on heart structure and function of elite swimmers. Methods: The study was a causal comparative. The statistical sample included swimmer and non-athlete groups. Athletes were the elite swimmers who participated voluntarily in this study. Inclusion criteria for athletes included a history of at least 5 years of regular swimming training. After sampling, all participants took part in the echo-heart test in which they were given Color Doppler M-Mode echocardiography. The functional and structural parameters included left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LVIDs), left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), interventricular septal end diastole (IVSd), left ventricular mass index(LVMI), left atrial dimensions (LAD), aortic root dimension (ARD), left ventricular posterior wall dimensions (LVPWD), heart rate (HR) and ejection fraction(EF).Shapiro-Wilk test was used to normalize the research data. Statistical analysis was used by independent samples t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The p-value was defined as p ≤ 0.05. The hypothesis test was performed using SPSS software version 19. Results: The independent sample t-test results showed that swimmers had a significant decrease in LVIDs(p = 0.001), LVPWD(p = 0.001) and HR(p = 0.001) compared to non-athletes. The results also revealed that swimmers had a significant increase in a LVIDd(p = 0.001), LAD(p = 0.001), ARD(p = 0.001) and EF(p = 0.012) compared to non-athletes.There was no significant difference between groups in IVSd(p = 0.789) and LVMI(p = 0.931). But the results were fifferent when variables were adjusted to the participants’ age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) by ANOVA. The adjusted results showed that swimmers had a significant decrease in LVIDs(p = 0.002) and HR(p = 0.019) compared to non-athletes. The results also revealed that swimmers had a significant increase in a LAD(p = 0.001) and ARD(p = 0.001) compared to non-athletes.There was no significant difference between groups in LVIDd (p = 0.266), IVSd (p = 0.255), LVMI (p = 0.984), LVPWD (p = 0.128), and EF (p = 0.063). Conclusion: Long-term swimming training can lead to some heart physiological changes in elite swimmers. It seems that this changes can improve heart performance in this athletes. پرونده مقاله

Introduction: Extensive evidence has shown that high intensity exercise triggers blood coagulation and improves blood fibrinolysis levels. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the response of coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors of hypertensive cardiovascular patients to one bout submaximal endurance exercise (OBSEE). Methods: Out of 70 men with high blood pressure, 20 men were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). First, both groups performed OBSEE. After that, the EG performed 12 weeks of HIIT. At the end, again, both groups performed OBSEE. Blood sampling was performed just before and immediately after each session of exercise. Dependent variables were categorized into three groups including 1. Coagulation: fibrinogen(FIB), factor VIII(FVIII), prothrombin time (PT), prothrombin time activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) 2. Anticoagulation: protein C (PC), antithrombinIII (ATIII) 3. Fibrinolytic: d-dimer (D-D), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor1 (PAI-I), tPA/PAI-1. To analyze the data, Shapiro- Wilk test, Factorial repeated measures ANOVA, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient were used at significant level (P ≤ 0.05). Results: HIIT caused significant increase in the rate of Vo2max (p = 0.001) and significant decrease in RHR (p = 0.001), SBP (p = 0.001) and DBP (p = 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the response of FIB (p = 0.262), FVIII (p = 0.248), PT (p = 0.396), PTA (p = 0.646), INR (p = 0.408), aPTT (p = 0.856), PLT (p = 0.678), MPV (p = 0.223), D-D (p = 0.621), tPA (p = 0.381), PAI-1 (p = 0.353), tPA / PAI-1 (p = 0.069), PC (p = 0.147) and ATIII (p = 0.138) to OBSEE after 12 weeks HIIT. Conclusion: It seems that to observation of significant positive changes in the response of coagulation, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic factors to one OBSEE, more than 12 weeks HIIT are required. پرونده مقاله

Introduction: Hypertension is considered as a major risk factor for thrombotic events. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one bout submaximal endurance exercise on blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in patients with hypertension. Methods: 20 subjects were randomly selected out of 70 adult males with hypertension (Mean ± SD; age: 60.25±4.59 yr, body mass index (BMI): 29.57± 3.68 kg/m2, body fat percentage (BFP): 20.25± 5.31%, maximal oxygen uptake34.83±2.11ml/kg/min, systolic blood pressure(SBP): 147.20±
6.43 mm Hg,diastolic blood pressure(DBP): 94.40±3.70 mm Hg). The participants carried out one bout submaximal endurance running for 30 minutes within 60 to 65% of maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR). Blood samples were immediately taken before and after exercise. Dependent variables were categorized into three groups including 1.Coagulation: fibrinogen (FIB), factor VIII (FVIII), prothrombin time (PT), prothrombin time activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT), platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) 2. Anticoagulation: protein C (PC), antithrombinIII (ATIII) 3. Fibrinolytic: d-dimer (D-D), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor1 (PAI-I), tPA/PAI-1. For normalizing research data Shapiro- Wilk test was used. Data analysis was done by paired samples t-test at a significant level of (P≤0.05). Testing of the considered assumptions was carried out by SPSS software version 19. Results: Paired sample t-test showed a significant reduction in aPTT (P=0.001), tPA (P=0.001), tPA/PAI-1(P=0.014), PV (P=0.001) and a significant increase in FIB (P=0.001), FVIII (P=0.001), PLT (P==0.001), MPV (P=0.001), PC (P=0.001) and ATIII (P=0.001) levels. There was no significant change in PT (P=0.068), PTA (P=0.156), INR (P=0.060) and D-D (P=0.436)levels. Considering the volume of plasma, no significant changes in FIB were observed (P=0.814). Conclusion: It seems that submaximal endurance exercise activates the anticoagulation system which can overcome thrombotic conditions. پرونده مقاله

Introduction: Heart is the second major component in the cardiovascular system that is affected by training. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiac structure and function of three groups of swimmers, weightlifters and non-athletes. Methods: The study was a causal comparative research. The statistical sample consisted of three groups of 10 including swimmers, weightlifters and non-athletes. Athletes were the elite swimming and weightlifting volunteers who participated voluntarily in this study. Inclusion criteria for athletes included a history of at least 5 years of regular exercise. After selecting the statistical samples, all participants took part in the echo-heart test in which they were given Color Doppler M-Mode echocardiography with coordination of an echocardiologist. For data analysis one way ANOVA and bonferroni test post hoc tests were used. The p-value was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that LVIDs in the swimmers had a significant decrease (p = 0.01) compared to both weightlifters (p = 0.03) and non-athletes (p =0.02). However, there was no significant difference between weightlifters and non-athletes (p = 0.88).The results also revealed a significant increase in interventricular septal end diastole (IVSd) in the weightlifters compared to the swimmers (p = 0.02) and non-athletes (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) (p= 0.23), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (p = (0.70), left atrium dimensions (LAD) (p = 0.06), aortic root dimension (ARD) (p= 0.96), left ventricular posterior wall dimensions (LVPWD) (p = 0.17), heart rate (HR) (p = 0.80) and ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.66) in the swimmers and weightlifters. Conclusion: Different changes in the cardiac structure and function of the swimmers and weightlifters are considered as physiological adjustments, and not cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, despite the different effects of strength and endurance exercises on the structure of the heart muscle, it seems that the cardiac performance of the athletes in the two disciplines are the same. پرونده مقاله