کاربرد روش جدید میکرواستخراج برای اندازه‌گیری آفت‌کش‌های اورگانوفسفره در آب‌میوه به‌روش کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا
محورهای موضوعی :
علوم و صنایع غذایی
رزیتا فخیم رسولزاده
1
(دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد سراب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سراب، ایران)
محمدرضا افشار مقدم
2
(استادیار مرکز ایمنی غذا و دارو، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
جلیل خندقی
3
(استادیار گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد سراب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سراب، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/11/21
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/03/15
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/04/01
کلید واژه:
کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا,
ارگانوفسفره,
آب‌میوه,
میکرواستخراج مایع-مایع کمک شده با هوا,
چکیده مقاله :
محصولات کشاورزی از جمله میوه‌ها به‌عنوان مواد اولیه تهیه آب‌میوه‌ها تحت تأثیر آفات متفاوت قرار می‌گیرند و به‌منظور مبارزه با این عوامل در فعالیت‌های کشاورزی آفت‌کش‌ها به‌طور مرتب مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. قسمتی از این مواد نه‌تنها در سطح محصولات باقی می‌ماند بلکه به‌داخل بافت آن‌ها نفوذ می‌کند؛ به‌طوری‌که اغلب محصولات کشاورزی که در معرض آفت‌کش‌ها قرار گرفته‌اند حاوی مقادیری از باقیمانده آفت‌کش‌ها می‌باشند که به‌همراه غذا‌ها وارد بدن مصرف‌کنندگان می‌شوند. به‌همین دلیل استفاده از روش‌های دقیق و کارآمد در ارزیابی مقادیر باقیمانده این ترکیبات در محصولات غذایی از ارزش بالایی برخوردار است. در این کار پژوهشی ترکیبی از روش‌های میکرواستخراج مایع-مایع کمک شده با هوا و انجماد قطره شناور آلی برای استخراج و پیش‌تغلیظ و سپس اندازه‌گیری کمی برخی از آفت‌کش‌های ارگانوفسفره پرکاربرد در ایران (دیازینون، کلرپریفوس، فوسالون، متیل‌پاراتیون و متیل‌آزینفوس) از نمونه‌های آب‌میوه بسته‌بندی‌شده به روش کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا توسعه داده‌شده است. در شرایط بهینه، 32 میکرو لیتر منتول به‌عنوان حلال استخراج‌کننده، 75 میکرو لیتر استونیتریل به‌عنوان حلال کمک پخش‌کننده در دمای 60 درجه سلسیوس برای استخراج آنالیت‌ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. روش پیشنهادی ساده، قابل‌اعتماد و ارزان بوده و مقادیر مطلوبی برای راندمان استخراج به‌دست می‌دهد به‌طوری‌که تحت شرایط بهینه راندمان استخراج در محدوده‌ی 79-61 درصد به‌دست آمد. درصد انحراف استاندارد نسبی بر اساس مساحت زیر پیک، 6/4 و 9/۶ به‌دست‌آمد که نشان از تکرارپذیری بالای روش ارائه شده دارد. از دیگر مزایای این روش می‌توان به مصرف کم حلال‌های آلی و زمان آنالیز کوتاه اشاره کرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Crops such as fruits as raw materials for the production of fruit juices are affected by different pests that are regularly used to combat these agents in agriculture activities. Some of these substances not only remain on the surface of crops but also penetrate their tissues, as most of the crops exposed to pesticides contain amounts of pesticide residues that enter the consumer's body along with foods. For this reason, the use of precise and efficient methods in evaluating the residuals amounts of these compounds in food products is of great value. In this research, a combination of air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop methods has developed for extraction and preconcentration of some of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides used in Iran (Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Phosalone, Parathion- methyl and Azinphos-methyl) from juice samples before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under optimal conditions, 32 μl of menthol as the extraction solvent and 75 μl acetonitrile as dispersive solvent at a temperature of 60 °C used to extract the analytes. The proposed method is simple, reliable, and inexpensive and yields optimal values for extraction efficiency so that under optimized conditions the recoveries ranging from 61 to 79%. RSD% was in range 4.6 to 6.9, indicating high reproducibility of the proposed method. Other advantages of this method include low organic solvents consumption and short analysis time.
منابع و مأخذ:
· Amini, R., Khandaghi, J. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2018). Combination of vortex-assisted liquid–liquid extraction and air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in canned Doogh samples. Food Analytical Methods, 11: 3267–3275.
Baig, S.A., Akhtera, N.A., Ashfaq, M. and Asi, M.R. (2009). Determination of the organophosphorus pesticide in vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatograph. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 6(5): 513-519.
Balali Mood, M., Balali Mood, K., Moodi, M. and Balali Mood, B. (2012). Review Article: Health aspects of organophosphorus pesticides in Asian countries. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 41(10): 1-14.
Beltran, J., Lopez, F.J., Cepria, O. and Hernandez, F. (1998). Solid-phase microextraction for quantitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 808: 257–263.
Bhanti, M. and Taneja, A. (2007). Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India. Chemosphere, 69: 63-68.
Bidari, A., Ganjali, M.R., Norouzi, P., Hosseini, M.R.M. and Assadi, Y. (2011). Sample preparation method for the analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides residues in tomato by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chemistry, 126: 1840-1844.
Chandran, S. and Singh, R. (2007). Comparison of various international guidelines for analytical method validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(1): 4-14.
EU Pesticides Database, (2005). Pesticide EU-MRLs. Regulation EC No. 396, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/sanco-pesticides.
European Commission Decision. (2002). Concerning the performance of analytical methods. Implementing Council Directive 657/EC.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Khorram, P. and Pazhohan, A. (2016). Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and valsartan in human plasma by solid-based disperser liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 1017: 62-69.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. and Alizadeh Nabil, A.A. (2015). Polyol-enhanced dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and nitrogen phosphorous detection for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides from aqueous samples, fruit juices, and vegetables. Journal of Separation Science, 38: 4086–4094. Chandran, S. and Singh, R. (2007). Comparison of various international guidelines for analytical method validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(1): 4-14.
Farajzadeh, M.A. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2012). Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method as a novel microextraction technique; Application in extraction and preconcentration of phthalate esters in aqueous sample followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Analitica Chimica Acta, 728: 31–38.
Fontana, A.R., Camargob, A.B. and Altamirano, J.C. (2010). Coacervative microextraction ultrasound-assisted back-extraction technique for determination of organophosphates pesticides in honey samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(41): 6334–6341.
Ganjeizadeh, F., Mahdavi, V. and Aminaee, M.M. (2017). Evaluation of diazinon and oxydimeton-methyl residues by GC-NPD in tomatoes grown in Kerman greenhouse. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 19: 113-120.
Gonzalez–Curbelo, M.A., Borges, J.H., Borges–Miquel, T.M. and Rodriguez–Delgado, M.A. (2013). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in cereal-based baby foods and wheat flour by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1313: 166–174.
Gilden, R.C., Huffling, K. and Sattler, B. (2010). Pesticides and health risks. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 39: 103–110.
Jalili, V., Barkhordari, A. and Ghiasvand A. (2019). New extraction media in microextraction techniques, A review of reviews. Microchemical Journal, DOI: 10.1016/ 104386.
Khodadadi, M., Samadi, M.T., Rahmani, A.R., Maleki, R., Resani, A.A. and Shahidi, R. (2010). Determination of organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides residue in drinking water resources of Hamadan in 2007. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2: 250‒257.
Lemos, V.A. and Oliveira, L.A. (2015). Ultrasound-assisted temperature-controlled ionic liquid microextraction for the preconcentration and determination of cadmium content in mussel samples. Food Control, 50: 901-906.
Liang, P., Guo, L., Liu, Y., Liu, S. and Zhang, T. (2005). Application of liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phoxim in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. Microchemical Journal, 80: 19–23.
Mitra, S. (2003). Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry, John Wiley. New Jersey, pp. 12-35.
Ojha, A., Yaduvanshi, S.K. and Srivastava, N. (2011). Effect of combined exposure of commonly used organophosphate pesticides on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 99: 148-156.
Pil-Bala, B., Khandaghi J. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2019). Analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds from cheese samples using pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Analytical Methods, 12: 1604–1611.
Psillakis, E. and Kalogerakis, N. (2003). Developments in liquid‒phase microextraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22: 565–574.
Razzaghi, M., Khanjani, N. and Daneshi, S. (2016). Contamination with organophosphate toxins in humans in Iran: A Systematic review. Health and Development Journal, 5(1): 90-97. [In Persian]
Saraji, M. (2005). Dynamic headspace liquid‒phase microextraction of alcohols. Journal of Chromatography A, 1062: 15‒21.
Safari M. and Zandian, A. (2013). A rare case of organophosphate poisoning by accidental injection of toxin. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(1): 4.
Shakoori, A., Mahasti, P. and Moradi, V. (2017). Determination of twenty organophosphorus pesticides in wheat samples from different regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 11(5): 37-44.
Sharma, D., Nagpal, A., Pakade, Y.B. and Katnoria, J.K. (2010). Analytical methods for estimation of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: A review. Talanta, 82(4): 1077-1089.
You, X., Xing, Z., Liu, F. and Jiang, N. (2013). Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction used for the rapid determination of organophosphorus pesticides in juice samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1311: 41–47.
Vanderhoff, G.R. and VanZoonen, P. (1999). Trace analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 843: 301–322.
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Amini, R., Khandaghi, J. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2018). Combination of vortex-assisted liquid–liquid extraction and air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in canned Doogh samples. Food Analytical Methods, 11: 3267–3275.
Baig, S.A., Akhtera, N.A., Ashfaq, M. and Asi, M.R. (2009). Determination of the organophosphorus pesticide in vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatograph. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 6(5): 513-519.
Balali Mood, M., Balali Mood, K., Moodi, M. and Balali Mood, B. (2012). Review Article: Health aspects of organophosphorus pesticides in Asian countries. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 41(10): 1-14.
Beltran, J., Lopez, F.J., Cepria, O. and Hernandez, F. (1998). Solid-phase microextraction for quantitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 808: 257–263.
Bhanti, M. and Taneja, A. (2007). Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India. Chemosphere, 69: 63-68.
Bidari, A., Ganjali, M.R., Norouzi, P., Hosseini, M.R.M. and Assadi, Y. (2011). Sample preparation method for the analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides residues in tomato by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chemistry, 126: 1840-1844.
Chandran, S. and Singh, R. (2007). Comparison of various international guidelines for analytical method validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(1): 4-14.
EU Pesticides Database, (2005). Pesticide EU-MRLs. Regulation EC No. 396, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/sanco-pesticides.
European Commission Decision. (2002). Concerning the performance of analytical methods. Implementing Council Directive 657/EC.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Khorram, P. and Pazhohan, A. (2016). Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and valsartan in human plasma by solid-based disperser liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 1017: 62-69.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. and Alizadeh Nabil, A.A. (2015). Polyol-enhanced dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and nitrogen phosphorous detection for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides from aqueous samples, fruit juices, and vegetables. Journal of Separation Science, 38: 4086–4094. Chandran, S. and Singh, R. (2007). Comparison of various international guidelines for analytical method validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(1): 4-14.
Farajzadeh, M.A. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2012). Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method as a novel microextraction technique; Application in extraction and preconcentration of phthalate esters in aqueous sample followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Analitica Chimica Acta, 728: 31–38.
Fontana, A.R., Camargob, A.B. and Altamirano, J.C. (2010). Coacervative microextraction ultrasound-assisted back-extraction technique for determination of organophosphates pesticides in honey samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(41): 6334–6341.
Ganjeizadeh, F., Mahdavi, V. and Aminaee, M.M. (2017). Evaluation of diazinon and oxydimeton-methyl residues by GC-NPD in tomatoes grown in Kerman greenhouse. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 19: 113-120.
Gonzalez–Curbelo, M.A., Borges, J.H., Borges–Miquel, T.M. and Rodriguez–Delgado, M.A. (2013). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in cereal-based baby foods and wheat flour by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1313: 166–174.
Gilden, R.C., Huffling, K. and Sattler, B. (2010). Pesticides and health risks. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 39: 103–110.
Jalili, V., Barkhordari, A. and Ghiasvand A. (2019). New extraction media in microextraction techniques, A review of reviews. Microchemical Journal, DOI: 10.1016/ 104386.
Khodadadi, M., Samadi, M.T., Rahmani, A.R., Maleki, R., Resani, A.A. and Shahidi, R. (2010). Determination of organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides residue in drinking water resources of Hamadan in 2007. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2: 250‒257.
Lemos, V.A. and Oliveira, L.A. (2015). Ultrasound-assisted temperature-controlled ionic liquid microextraction for the preconcentration and determination of cadmium content in mussel samples. Food Control, 50: 901-906.
Liang, P., Guo, L., Liu, Y., Liu, S. and Zhang, T. (2005). Application of liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phoxim in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. Microchemical Journal, 80: 19–23.
Mitra, S. (2003). Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry, John Wiley. New Jersey, pp. 12-35.
Ojha, A., Yaduvanshi, S.K. and Srivastava, N. (2011). Effect of combined exposure of commonly used organophosphate pesticides on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 99: 148-156.
Pil-Bala, B., Khandaghi J. and Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. (2019). Analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds from cheese samples using pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Analytical Methods, 12: 1604–1611.
Psillakis, E. and Kalogerakis, N. (2003). Developments in liquid‒phase microextraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22: 565–574.
Razzaghi, M., Khanjani, N. and Daneshi, S. (2016). Contamination with organophosphate toxins in humans in Iran: A Systematic review. Health and Development Journal, 5(1): 90-97. [In Persian]
Saraji, M. (2005). Dynamic headspace liquid‒phase microextraction of alcohols. Journal of Chromatography A, 1062: 15‒21.
Safari M. and Zandian, A. (2013). A rare case of organophosphate poisoning by accidental injection of toxin. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(1): 4.
Shakoori, A., Mahasti, P. and Moradi, V. (2017). Determination of twenty organophosphorus pesticides in wheat samples from different regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 11(5): 37-44.
Sharma, D., Nagpal, A., Pakade, Y.B. and Katnoria, J.K. (2010). Analytical methods for estimation of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: A review. Talanta, 82(4): 1077-1089.
You, X., Xing, Z., Liu, F. and Jiang, N. (2013). Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction used for the rapid determination of organophosphorus pesticides in juice samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1311: 41–47.
Vanderhoff, G.R. and VanZoonen, P. (1999). Trace analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 843: 301–322.
