تحلیلی بر راهکارهای مدیریت منابع آب کشاورزی در شرایط خشکسالی در استان آذربایجان غربی

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی -پژوهشی تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی

مسلم سواری ¹ , محمد شوکتی آمقانی ²

1 - دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی،‌ دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس،‌ تهران،‌ ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/11/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/07/19 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/11/01

کلید واژه: توسعه روستایی, استان آذربایجان غربی, مدیریت اراضی, توسعه کشاورزی, مدیریت آب,

چکیده مقاله :

مقدمه و هدف: یکی از بحران‏های مهمی که امروزه بشر را تهدید می‏کند مسئله بحران کمبود آب است و بخش کشاورزی به عنوان عمده‏ترین مصرف کننده آب باید در فکر ایجاد راهکاری جدید برای جبران کمبودها و اتخاذ راهکارهای مدیریتی ویژه در راستای تولید محصول بیشتر به ازای هر واحد حجمی آب باشد. در این راستا این تحقیق با هدف کلی راهکارهای مدیریت منابع آب کشاورزی در شرایط خشکسالی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‏ها: جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه کشاورزان کوچک مقیاس در استان آذربایجان غربی بودند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان 430 نفر از سرپرستان خانوارهای روستایی کوچک مقیاس با استفاده از روش نمونه‏گیری طبقه‏ای چند مرحله‏ای با انتساب متناسب برای مطالعه انتخاب شدند.
یافته‏ ها: نتایج نشان داد مهمترین راهکار در بخش فنی و تکنیکی شامل «استفاده از آبیاری قطره‏ای جهت جلوگیری از تبخیر خاک»، در راهکار مدیریت خاک «تسطیح اراضی جهت آبیاری یکنواخت»، در راهکار مدیریتی «نگهداری بهتر از کانال‏ها و تجهیزات آبیاری»، در راهکار حقوقی - اقتصادی «کاهش یارانه‏های بخش آب و قیمت‏گذاری آن» و در راهکار زراعی «انتخاب ارقامی که با مصرف آب کمتر» بود. همچنین نتایج مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که ترتیب اهمیت راهکارها شامل زراعی، فنی و تکنیکی، مدیریت خاک، حقوقی و مدیریتی می‏باشد.
بحث و نتیجه‏گیری: در این تحقیق به این نتیجه رسیدیم که برای اجرای راهکارهای مدیریت منابع آب، علاوه بر سازمان‏های محلی و مردمی، نقش دولت نیز بسیار مهم است زیرا مدیریت پایدار آب نیازمند راهکارهایی است که فراتر از توان اقتصادی جوامع محلی است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

This study was conducted with the general aim of agricultural water resources management strategies in drought conditions. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. By using Krejcie and Morgan Table, 430 people were selected by stratified sampling with optimum allocation. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and LISREL8.54 software. The results showed that the most important solution in the technical part includes "using drip irrigation to prevent soil evaporation", in soil management strategy "leveling lands for uniform irrigation", in management strategy "better maintenance of irrigation canals and equipment" In the legal solution "reduction of subsidies for the water sector and its pricing" and in the agricultural solution "selection of cultivars with less water consumption.

منابع و مأخذ:

Savari M, Damaneh, H E, Damaneh H. E. Effective factors to increase rural households' resilience under drought conditions in Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023; 90, 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103644.

2. Savari M, Damaneh, H E, Damaneh, H. E. The effect of social capital in mitigating drought impacts and improving livability of Iranian rural households. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023; 89, 103630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103630.


3. Azadi Y, Yazdanpanah M, Mahmoudi H. Understanding smallholder farmers’ adaptation behaviors through climate change beliefs, risk perception, trust, and psychological distance: Evidence from wheat growers in Iran. Journal of environmental management, 2019; 250, 109456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109456.


4. Blauhut, V. The triple complexity of drought risk analysis and its visualisation via mapping: a review across scales and sectors. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020; 103345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103345


5. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. Accessed March 25, 2019. https://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/billions. 2019; http://doi.org/10.25921/stkw-7w73


6. Vetter S, Goodall V L, Alcock R. Effect of drought on communal livestock farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 2020; 37(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2020.1738552


7. Delfiyan F, Yazdanpanah M, Forouzani M, Yaghoubi J. Farmers' adaptation to drought risk through farm–level decisions: the case of farmers in Dehloran county, Southwest of Iran. Climate and Development, 2020; 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1737797


8. Teisman G, van Buuren A, Edelenbos J, Warner J. Water governance: Facing the limits of managerialism, determinism, water-centricity, and technocratic problem-solving. International journal of water governance, 2013; 1(1-2), 1-11. https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/ijwg/article/view/5940#:~:text=https%3A//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


9. Udmale P, Ichikawa Y, Manandhar S, Ishidaira H, Kiem A. S. Farmers׳ perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014; 10, 250-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.011


10. Wilhite D A, Sivakumar M V, Pulwarty R. Managing drought risk in a changing climate: The role of national drought policy. Weather and Climate Extremes, 2014; 3, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.01.002


11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Agricultural Development Economies Division Food and Agriculture Organization Of united Nation, ESA Working Paper. 2012; NO12.3. 10.22059/JRD.2019.74457


12. Moradi Sarab M. Factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water resources for agricultural development. The first national conference on sustainable development in agricultural sciences and natural resources with a focus on environmental culture, 2018; 1-9. https://civilica.com/doc/783551/


13. Savari M, Mombeni A S, Izadi H. Socio-psychological determinants of Iranian rural households' adoption of water consumption curtailment behaviors. Scientific Reports, 2022; 12(1), 13077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17560-x


14. Milton H, Saier Jr. Water Crises. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2010; 205 (1), 27–28. 20.1001.1.21595852.2019.9.3.7.9


15. Savari M, Khaleghi B. Application of the extended theory of planned behavior in predicting the behavioral intentions of Iranian local communities toward forest conservation. Frontiers in Psychology, 2023; 14, 1121396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121396


16. Savari M. Explaining the ranchers’ behavior of rangeland conservation in western Iran. Frontiers in Psychology, 2023; 13, 1090723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1090723


17. Liu P, Li L, Guo S, Xiong L, Zhang W, Zhang J, Xu C. Y. Optimal design of seasonal flood limited water levels and its application for the Three Gorges Reservoir. Journal of Hydrology, 2015; 527, 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.055


18. Qiao G, Zhao L, Klein K. K. Water user associations Inner Mongolia: Factor that influence farmers to join. Agricultural Water Management, 2009; 96, 822- 830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.001


19. Rouzaneh D, Yazdanpanah M, Jahromi A. B. Evaluating micro-irrigation system performance through assessment of farmers' satisfaction: implications for adoption, longevity, and water use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 2021; 246, 106655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106655


20. Kochhar K, Pattillo C, Sun Y, Suphaphiphat N, Swiston A, Tchaidze R, Clements B, Fabrizio S, Flamini V, Redifer L, Finger H, IMF Staff J .J. Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Issues in Managing Water Challenges and Policy Instruments. International monetary fund. 2015; 125-189.


21. Moradi Sarab M. Factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water resources for agricultural development. The first national conference on sustainable development in agricultural sciences and natural resources with a focus on environmental culture, 2018; 1-9. https://civilica.com/doc/783551/


22. Sepahvand F, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M. Solutions for increasing the farmers’ participation in the water users association (WUA) of lorestan province .international journal of agricultural management and development, 2018; 9(3), 261-271. 20.1001.1.21595852.2019.9.3.7.9


23. Mohammadjani E, Yazdanian N. Analysis of the water crisis in the country and its management requirements. Trend Quarterly, 2014; 21(65), 117-144. https://www.sid.ir/paper/202249/fa


24. Gholamrezai S, Sepahvand F. Farmers’ participation in Water User Association in western Iran. Development section of land reclamation and environmental engineering in agriculture, Journal of water and land, 2017; 49–56. 10.1515/jwld-2017-0067


25. Niazi shahraki S. Investigating the situation of water resources of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the next five years, Horizon Institute for Strategic Research, 2016; 36. https://iranthinktanks.com/planning-national-energy-strategy-for-vision-1414/


26. Ministry of Energy portal. Available at https://moe.gov.ir/. 2016.


27. Madani K, AghaKouchak A, Mirchi A. Iran’s socio-economic drought: Challenges of a water-bankrupt nation. Iranian studies, 2016; 49(6), 997-1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2016.1259286


28. Abbasi F, Abbasi N, Tavakoli A.S Agricultural Water Productivity; Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 2016; (1) 4. 10.22059/IJSWR.2023.358941.669495


29. Pakmehr S, Yazdanpanah M, Baradaran M. How collective efficacy makes a difference in responses to water shortage due to climate change in southwest Iran. Land Use Policy, 2020; 99, 104798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104798


30. Mohsenpur R, Zibaey M. Investigating the Consequences of Drought from the Perspective of Farmers, Journal of Water Management, 2009; (1) 1. https://dro.shirazu.ac.ir/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA


31. Khosravpour B, Izadipour H. The role of agricultural promotion and education in the good management and governance of water resources with emphasis on public participation. The 4th International Conference on New Findings in Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment, 2018; 1-8. https://civilica.com/doc/800001/


32. Savari M, Sheheytavi A, Amghani M. S. Promotion of adopting preventive behavioral intention toward biodiversity degradation among Iranian farmers. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2023; 43, e02450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02450


33. Savari M, Sheheytavi A, Amghani M. S. Factors underpinning Iranian farmers’ intention to conserve biodiversity at the farm level. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2023; 73, 126419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126419


34. Yosefi A, Khalilian S, Balili H. Investigating the strategic importance of water resources in the Iranian economy using the general equilibrium model. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2011; 24 (1): 14-26. 10.22067/JEAD2.V1390I1.8895


35. Mavlodi R. Dynamic modeling to evaluate agricultural water management policies at the national level. Thesis of Tehran University, 2016; 15. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/103873/fa


36. Kijne J, Barron J, Hoff H, Rockstroma J, Karlberg L, Growing J, Wichelns D. Opportunities to Increase Water Productivity in Agriculture with Special Reference to Africa and South Asia. Stockholm Environment Institute, Project Report-2009, 2009; 125-139.‏ https://oar.icrisat.org/3811/


37. UNEP. Global environmental outlook 5: Summary for policy makers. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, 2012. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-environment-outlook-5-summary policymakers #: ~: text = The%20fifth%20Global%20 Environmental%20Outlook,Rio%20Earth%20Summit%20of%201992.


38. Saurí D. Water conservation: Theory and evidence in urban areas of the developed world. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2013; 38, 227-248. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-013113-142651


39. Jarrett Jr, W. B. A Survey of the Influences on Water Conservation Behavior in Pickens and Oconee Counties. 2015. https://www.proquest.com/openview/2e8f324a797b5973b4db0089edfc6133/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750


40. Varghese S K, Veettil P C, Speelman S, Buysse J, Van Huylenbroeck G. Estimating the causal effect of water scarcity on the groundwater use efficiency of rice farming in South India. Ecological Economics, 2013; 86, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.10.005


41. Kilic D S, Dervisoglu S. Examination of water saving behavior within framework of Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Secondary Education, 2013; 1(3), 8-13. 10.11648/j.ijsedu.20130103.11


42. Shrafipour L, Ahmadvand M. Analysis of Water Management Behaviors in Wheat Farmers of Urzouyeh Based on social cognitive theory. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 2020; 50 (2), 53-68. https://www.sid.ir/paper/359341/fa


43. Savari M, Eskandari damaneh H, Eskandari damaneh H. Pathology of groundwater resources management among local communities in the western basin of Jazmourian Wetland. Journal of Watershed Management, 2020; 21 (2), 84-97. 10.22034/iwm.2022.552676.1029


44. Mohammadzadeh M, Shabanali Fami H, Savari M, Motaghed M, Boghaie M, Afshari S. Application of water management strategies by small scale farmers in drought conditions in rural areas of Isfahan province. Quarterly Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 2019; 33(3): 265-278. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203205425


45. Taheri F, Motamed M, Khaledian M. Analysis of obstacles and problems of agricultural water management in achieving sustainable development Case: Kangavar and Sahneh counties in Kermanshah province. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 2019; 17(3): 57-70. https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_181602_en.html?lang=en


46. Abdam A, Sharifzadeh M. Challenges of crop water management of wheat farmers in Khorrambid city. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, 2017; 26(2): 218-250. https://hess.copernicus.org/preprints/hess-2021-173/


47. Nabiafjadi S, Habanali Fami H, Rezvanfar H. Development strategies for the use of agricultural water management technologies from the perspective of farmers in Falavarjan. Journal of Water in Agriculture, 2014; 1(2), 61-65. https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_91204.html


48. Godarzi S, Shabanali fami H, Movahed Mohammadi H, Jalalzadeh M. Investigating the issues and limitations of agricultural water management from the perspective of farmers in Karaj city. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 2011; 42(2): 243. https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=157002.