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Open Access Article
1 - Social Stratification and Negation of Ethnocentrism in Saadi’s Gulistan and Bustan
Parviz Mohammadi Kamal Ghalandari -
Open Access Article
2 - Rural Development in Contemporary Iran 1950-2010
Mostafa Azkia Eric Hooglund -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of modernization on social changes in Ahwaz city
Alireza Torfi Mansour Haghighatian Ahmad Saeidi -
Open Access Article
4 - Study of the Thermal Stratification in NO.1 Zabol Chahnime Reservoir in order to manage the quality of water resources in the plain of Sistan
iman homayoonnezhad Amir hessam Hassani akramolmolouk lahijanianBackground and Objective: Water lakes and reservoirs of dams in temperate regions in some seasons due to changes in climatic conditions undergo thermal stratification. This phenomenon can change the qualitative factors of water. Therefore, studying about thermal stratif MoreBackground and Objective: Water lakes and reservoirs of dams in temperate regions in some seasons due to changes in climatic conditions undergo thermal stratification. This phenomenon can change the qualitative factors of water. Therefore, studying about thermal stratification and its time can provide a suitable pattern for water quality management and even monitoring. This research was carried out with the aim of determining temperature changes at different levels of water and heat model of NO.1 Zabol Chahnime Reservoir for optimal management of this valuable resource.Material and Methodology: The descriptive-analytical study was conducted through determining sampling station and monthly water harvesting from 8 different water depths (from the surface to the depth of 15 meters) from October 2015 to October 2016. Along with temperatures, TDS, EC, DO and PH factors were also investigated at different depths of reservoir. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis was used to interpret the data set.Findings: The thermal stratification in NO.1 Zabol Chahnime Reservoir starts early in the spring of May, and lasts for almost 6 months from about every year until early November. This phenomenon is most severe in mid-summer and July. Stratification with the onset of the autumn season is lost due to climate change and the tank is homogeneous.Discussion and Conclusion: Qualitative factors of Chah Nimeh No. 1 changed under the influence of thermal stratification in different seasons, but their overall average was appropriate according to global standards; and the reservoir water had a drinkable application. In line with the qualitative management of this reservoir, it should be noted that water harvesting from various water levels provided different qualities in spring and summer, but the water quality at different depths of lake was almost the same in the fall and winter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Performance Analysis of the Form and Height of Central Skylight of Commercial Buildings in Cold and Dry Climate of Mashhad City
Samaneh Zeinolabedinzadeh Hossein medi Mustafa MafiBackground and Objective: In recent decades, atriums have been installed in public buildings to optimize energy consumption and provide thermal comfort, and therefore have always been of interest to mechanical engineers, architects and designers. Atrium also created dif MoreBackground and Objective: In recent decades, atriums have been installed in public buildings to optimize energy consumption and provide thermal comfort, and therefore have always been of interest to mechanical engineers, architects and designers. Atrium also created different microclimates with different thermal layers in its lower space, which affected the cooling load and thermal comfort inside the building.Therefore,the purpose of this research, is to find the most suitable form and height of atrium for reducing energy consumption and heat stratification in commercial buildings of Mashhad city with cold and dry climate.Method: This research has used fluent software and Mathematical equations. Initially, Almase Shargh commercial building in Mashhad with central atrium in a spherical form of 5 m height was selected and after field measurements and data recording by dataloggers, the common atrium forms (spherical, prismatic, parabolic and flat at 3 m, 5 m, 7 m and 10 m) were replaced and in order to measure the heat stratification, the Mathematical formulas was used.Findings: According to field observations and data measurements, the fifth floor and attic of the indoor skylight due to the influence of sunlight and lack of air conditioning, are critical areas of heat stratification and are out of range of thermal comfort throughout the year. Therefore, the amount of energy consumption during the year to provide thermal comfort in these floors is high, which can be reduced by reducing the levels of light-absorbing interior walls and using materials with high thermal capacity.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the flat form with a height of 3 meters, due to the reduction of light levels in the interior wall and the temperature difference between the floors is the most appropriate form of atrium for reducing energy consumption and cooling load up to 7% and reducing heat stratification in commercial complex in cold and dry climate of Mashhad city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Thermal Stratification of Seymareh Dam Using Two-Dimensional, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model: CE-QUAL-W2
Nasim Shabani ali rahmanifiroozjaee Ozeair AbessiBackground: Thermal stratification in the reservoir changes the physical, chemical and biological quality at different levels. Temperature conditions of the reservoirs can be predicted using mathematical models. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic and water qu MoreBackground: Thermal stratification in the reservoir changes the physical, chemical and biological quality at different levels. Temperature conditions of the reservoirs can be predicted using mathematical models. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic and water quality model that is used for thermal stratification regarding its capabilities. Material and Methods: CE-QUAL-W2 is used for thermal stratification in Seymareh dam. Calibration is first step in modeling. Calibration is an iterative process whereby model coefficients are adjusted until an adequate fit of observed versus predicted data is obtained. CE-QUAL-W2 model has three calibrations phase including volume-elevation, water balance and thermal calibrations, all have done for model optimum performance. After the calibration, stratification results are extracted for the various months. Results: The root mean square error of calibration calculated by comparing the actual data and the observed data were 0.5, 0.05 and 1.62, respectively, indicating that the model for the layer Thermal conditioning is suitable. This stratification continues from March to December and culminates in autumn. The thickness of the surface layer of water, called the roller, varies from month to month. This difference is also seen in the middle layer or the thermocline in different months. The thickness of roller in December is more than other months. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on modeling information, it has been determined that the Seymareh Dam has a thermal stratification period. The presence of this layering in the reservoirs causes the organic matter and sedimentation of sediments to gradually increase in the bottom of the reservoir. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Comparison of Thermal Stratification in Proposed Bakhtiari Reservoir in Lacustrine and Transitional zone with CE-QUAL-W2
Mehrdad Nazariha Erfan i Danae Sayed Hossein i Hashem Amir Hossein IzaddoustdarConstruction and operation of dams have two main effects on streams. At first it increases detention time and then leads to thermal stratification. Changing of water quality is the result of these effects and the outflow has different physical, chemical and biological c MoreConstruction and operation of dams have two main effects on streams. At first it increases detention time and then leads to thermal stratification. Changing of water quality is the result of these effects and the outflow has different physical, chemical and biological characteristics from inflow. In this study thermal regime in proposed Bakhtyari reservoir was simulated with CE-QUAL-W2 model. The inputs are reservoir topography, hydrological and meteorological data. As there is no chance to calibrate or verify the model, they will be done in monitoring and operation period. Three different inflow scenarios were simulated based on dry, normal year .Simulation results represent that in dry year stratification starts at April and remains up to September, but the results of normal year indicates that Stratification is between May and November. In all scenarios a stagnant layer could be seen in downward of outlet structure(700mASL).It is concluded that in dry years which dam has a major effect in inflow regime, turnover is mostly conform thermal stratification theories in reservoirs. Because of long detention time, transitional zone have turnover periods like lakes and there is not stagnant layer like near the dam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Study of the Relationship between Stratification Components and Students’ Awareness and Political Participation (A Case Study: Students of Shahid Chamrān University in Ahwāz)
Mohammad Reza Alipour Reza ParizadThe purpose of the present study is to review the relationship between stratification components and students’ awareness and political participation emphasizing on the students of Shahid Chamrān University in Ahwāz. The research method is descriptive-analytic and MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the relationship between stratification components and students’ awareness and political participation emphasizing on the students of Shahid Chamrān University in Ahwāz. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that in the qualitative part, seven traditional and modern components for stratification were recognized by the research experts through content analysis. According to the results, those who have a more active political participation are from higher social stratification. In other words, those who are raised in families with high political participation and awareness, get more involved in political activities. The hypothesis testing results revealed that components of social stratification have a significantly positive impact on the students’ political awareness and participation. Besides, there is a significant relationship between independent variables (education, social status, power, and wealth) and dependent variables (familiarity with political characters, acquaintance with the duties of internal and international political institutions and organizations, and political participation). The correlation coefficient results showed that the relationship between the students’ economic-social status and their political participation is 0.741 which is significantly positive. Moreover, the correlation between their economic-social status and political awareness is calculated to be 0.618 which is positive as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Stratified Systematic Sampling in Tappeh Borj, Nishabur, Khorāsān
Mohsen Dana Omran Garazhian Hassan Fazeli NashliRegional archaeological survey involves identifying archaeological traces and sites that can provide a good picture about inter and extra cultural relationships in the region. However, systematic sampling involves dividing the survey area into a sampling frame that give MoreRegional archaeological survey involves identifying archaeological traces and sites that can provide a good picture about inter and extra cultural relationships in the region. However, systematic sampling involves dividing the survey area into a sampling frame that gives us details data and information from the sit. Since the Khorāsān area is poorly studied in the prehistoric period, we chose Tappeh Borj which is located near Nishapur for stratified systematic sampling in order to get better understanding about cultural and archaeological characteristics on the site and the region. In the following we will mention the results of typology and classification of archaeological findings. Based on the archaeological evidence, we would argue that there was a local culture in the site because there is no significant correlation with neighboring areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Indigenous knowledge of using offorest and Pastureland in Rustam Township
Mansour Vosoughi masoume faridi saniIn this study Indigenous knowledge of using of forest and Pastureland in Rustam Township has been investigated. Some regions of central part of Rustam were considered and from those regions some villages that were rich in indigenous knowledge were selected. Finally, the MoreIn this study Indigenous knowledge of using of forest and Pastureland in Rustam Township has been investigated. Some regions of central part of Rustam were considered and from those regions some villages that were rich in indigenous knowledge were selected. Finally, the sample of the study was chosen using snowball method. In this study, the techniques of participant observation, free observation, semi-structured interviews and documents were used. The results show that, indigenous knowledge is not only opposed to modernization of indigenous knowledge and development but also it can be a criterion for regional development. Also, it can be concluded that, modernization programs in our country that had been appeared as land reform, caused the major changes in the structure of the sample, the division of labor exploitation activists and their stratification. As a result of this, along changing in society and lifestyles in this region, the exploitation of indigenous knowledge has been weakened and at present time this knowledge is deteriorated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Studying Social Classification in Islam
Nazi Abdollahpour Fariba Eskandar JafarzadehIslam, as the last religion has responded to all human needs. One of men’s fundamental questions has concerned equality and inequality of human beings based on their race, color, religion, and etc. and one of the complexities of human societies is class distinctio MoreIslam, as the last religion has responded to all human needs. One of men’s fundamental questions has concerned equality and inequality of human beings based on their race, color, religion, and etc. and one of the complexities of human societies is class distinction among different social strata. However, the question is “What differences are there between the criteria of Islam and other religions?” In some religions such as Hinduism and Zoroastrianism, the social stratification is such that an individual’s mobility from one class to another is practically impossible, or in Judaism, due to their belief in racial superiority, extra-class inequality is quite common. What should be considered is that, the social classes in Islam are not based on wealth and biological traits, and they are based on human differences regarding their talents and capabilities. That is to say, the social classes exist in order to meet the society’s numerous needs, so that it can move toward perfection and prosperity. In Islam, factors such as chastity, knowledge, and etc. cause one group to be superior to another and lead to individual’s superiority in God’s presence as well as in after life. In addition, these factors resulted in assigning greater responsibilities while they don’t involve any social, economic and class privileges or advantages. In this article, by surveying the viewpoints of some religions and of Islam, it is tried to answer the important question, “Does the social stratification in Islam result in inequality in all fields and spoiling human beings rights?” To do this, descriptive method and library survey were used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - بررسی امکان خوانش متون ادبی از دیدگاه جامعه شناسی زبان: کاربرد الگو در خوانش آثار منتخب آلیس واکر
Laleh Masiha بهرنگ ترابیمقاله حاضر حاصل کوششی است درمسسیر روشنگری نقش پرارج نژاد، طبقه و جنسیت ونیز تبعیض نژادی و طبقاتی در حیات اجتماعی زنان سیاهپوست امریکایی از دیدگاه یکی از برجسته ترین نویسندگان معاصر سیاهپوست زن امریکایی: آلیس واکر. شیوۀ باز نمایی آن عوامل اجتماعی – فرهنگی، عمق تاثی Moreمقاله حاضر حاصل کوششی است درمسسیر روشنگری نقش پرارج نژاد، طبقه و جنسیت ونیز تبعیض نژادی و طبقاتی در حیات اجتماعی زنان سیاهپوست امریکایی از دیدگاه یکی از برجسته ترین نویسندگان معاصر سیاهپوست زن امریکایی: آلیس واکر. شیوۀ باز نمایی آن عوامل اجتماعی – فرهنگی، عمق تاثیر آنها و تبعات اجتماعی – فرهنگی و روان شناختی آن عوامل در زندگی فردی، خانوادگی واجتماعی زنان سیاهپوست امریکایی در آثار منتخب آلیس واکر مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفته اند. از آثار مهم آلیس واکر، داستانهای کوتاه " کاربرد روزمره " Everyday Use و "رز لیلی" Roselily از دید گاه زبانشناسی کاربردی ، بطور کامل مورد تجزیه وتحلیل بوده اند. سایر داستانهای کوتاه او نیز برای روشنگری و تو ضیح بیشتروعمیقتر مطلب مورد مراجعه و استناد قرار گرفته اند. روش کاربسته در مقاله حاضر "روش تحقیق توصیفی " می باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - بررسی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر وفاق اجتماعی(مورد مطالعه خانوارهای شهری بوشهر)
مریم دلفی عبدالرضا نواحهدف از این پژوهش بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر وفاق اجتماعی(مورد مطالعه خانوارهای شهری بوشهر) میباشد. دیدگاههای راجرز، دورکیم و پارسونز به عنوان چارچوب نظری انتخاب شدند. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی و واحد تحلیل فرد پاسخگو(افراد بالای15ساله) و سطح تحلیل، خرد است. شیوه نمونهگیری، خوشهای Moreهدف از این پژوهش بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر وفاق اجتماعی(مورد مطالعه خانوارهای شهری بوشهر) میباشد. دیدگاههای راجرز، دورکیم و پارسونز به عنوان چارچوب نظری انتخاب شدند. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی و واحد تحلیل فرد پاسخگو(افراد بالای15ساله) و سطح تحلیل، خرد است. شیوه نمونهگیری، خوشهای چندمرحلهای است و حجم نمونه طبق فرمول کوکران380 نفر میباشد. ابزارگردآوری دادهها، پرسشنامه است. روش تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها، آزمون تی مستقل، ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن، پیرسون، تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره و تحلیل مسیر و از نرمافزارSPSS استفاده شده است. از اعتبار صوری جهت سنجش اعتبار (روایی) استفاده شد و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ(اعتماد یا پایایی) وفاق اجتماعی برابر با 723/0 است. نتایج نشان میدهد که میانگین میزان وفاق اجتماعی درحد متوسط رو به بالا است. بین متغیرهای میزان قشربندی اجتماعی، تعاملات اجتماعی، ارتباطات اجتماعی، سن و اعتماد اجتماعی با میزان وفاق اجتماعی رابطه مثبت و مستقیم وجود دارد. بین میزان تحصیلات با میزان وفاق اجتماعی رابطه منفی و معکوس ضعیفی وجود دارد. تحلیل رگرسیونی نشان میدهد که 3/17 درصد از تغییرات میزان وفاق اجتماعی به متغیرهای مستقل مربوط میشود و متغیرهای ارتباطات اجتماعی، قشربندی اجتماعی و تعاملات اجتماعی تأثیر بیشتری در میزان وفاق اجتماعی دارند. باتوجه به نتایج تحلیل مسیر مجموع تأثیرات مستقیم و تأثیر غیرمستقیم بر متغیر وابسته میزان وفاق اجتماعی برابر با 25/0- میباشد. متغیر اعتماد اجتماعی با 25/0- و جامعهپذیری خانواده با 04/0 بیشترین و کمترین تأثیر را دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigating the effect of various chemical and non-chemical treatments break dormancy galbanum seeds Ferula gummosa Boiss.
mohammadreza Labbafi Ali Mehrafarin hasanali naghdibadi morteza tavakoli majid ghorbani nahogiFerula gummosa Boiss. is a commercially important medicinal plant that is categorized in endangered herbs list. Seed dormancy and germination is one of the main problems in plant cultivation.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical, hormonal and ther MoreFerula gummosa Boiss. is a commercially important medicinal plant that is categorized in endangered herbs list. Seed dormancy and germination is one of the main problems in plant cultivation.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical, hormonal and thermal treatments on dormancy breaking of galbanum seed, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 21 treatments in four replications. The percentage and seed germination rate were statistically analyzed. This experiment was done at medicinal plants research center (ACECR) in 2015. Results were showed that the different treatments of seed dormancy breaking had significant (P≤0.01) effect on percentage of seed germination. The highest germination percentage of galbanum seeds observed in combined treatments inclusive of five minutes sulfuric acid (96%) scarification + 30 minutes leaching in water (40˚C) + 7 days imbibition + 40 days stratification + soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) 1000 ppm. The maximum rate of germination was perceive in combined treatments of 10 minutes sulfuric acid (96%)scarification + 60 minutes leaching in water (40˚C) + 40 days stratification + soaking in GA3 1000 ppm. According to the results,seed germination is improved after sulfuric acid scarification and leaching treatment (physical dormancybreaking), followed by stratification + application of GA3 (morpho-physiological dormancy breaking). Hence, our research offered that galbanum seeds have both physical and morpho-physiological dormancy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - An introduction to the knowledge of stratification of hadith texts: typology, contexts and methods
mohaddeseh ghaderi ahmad zarezardini yahya MirhoseiniResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been MoreResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been looked at more seriously. But the void of stratification in the field of hadith sciences is very noticeable. Therefore, the present essay deals with the typology and investigation of the reasons for the emergence of different layers on narrative texts. The current research deals with the rereading of narrative texts in the form of stratification with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that various reasons, such as the mixed description of the text, the fact that it has two authors, assembling, create multi-layeredness in the texts, and paying attention to the time, language, place and style of expression that governs the text in identifying different layers. can be useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Explanation and analysis of social factors affecting the nature of gender inequalities in professional sports in Iran
bahar sharifi bahram ghadimi Shahla Hojat mohammadali aslankhani masume shojaii In the present research, the investigation of the social factors affecting the nature of gender inequalities in professional sports in Iran and the presentation of the applied model and the determined topics and axes have been examined by proposing the challenges More In the present research, the investigation of the social factors affecting the nature of gender inequalities in professional sports in Iran and the presentation of the applied model and the determined topics and axes have been examined by proposing the challenges related to each one. According to this goal, the main question of the present research is, what are the social factors affecting the nature of gender inequalities in professional sports in Iran? A qualitative research method with an exploratory design was used for its implementation. Because the number of participants is limited, the statistical sample size was selected using the purposeful snowball sampling method (theoretical saturation). In the qualitative part of the research, the grounded theory technique was based on the Strauss and Corbin model, and interviews were conducted with 18 people, and a semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The results showed that from the point of view of professional sports, it is defined based on a male and patriarchal point of view, and the type of game of winning and losing in sports fields is derived from the discriminatory demands of gender, which considers more power and championships, winning and losing, athletes and coaches applying for higher positions and increasing sports identity and strengthening it. They should strengthen the views related to gender identity and its attributes in male and female athletes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Improvement of Seed Germination of Date-plum (Diospyros lotus L.) by Physical and Chemical Treatments
Pegah Sayyad-Amin Ali- Reza Shahsavar -
Open Access Article
18 - Assessment of the different treatments effect on seed dormancy break in Ferula gummosa Boiss
Soudabeh Ahooyi Alireza Sohani Darban Mohsen Nabavi KalatFerula gummosa owned umbelliferus of medicinal plants, industrial and pasture is important. One of the major problems in the field of these domestication species is the presence of seed dormancy. Therefore, it seems absolutely necessary to evaluation of break seed dorma MoreFerula gummosa owned umbelliferus of medicinal plants, industrial and pasture is important. One of the major problems in the field of these domestication species is the presence of seed dormancy. Therefore, it seems absolutely necessary to evaluation of break seed dormancy in this plant. Aim of this study is dormancy breaking, germination and evaluating the best treatment for the elimination of Ferula gummosa seed dormancy. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as factorial in based on completely randomized design with three replications in 1392, that it was conducted in the laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. To perform the experiment, Ferula gummosa seed were collected from Binalud Highlands city of Nishabur in August 1391. The experiments included cold stratification at four levels (30, 45, 60 and 70 days) with treatment gibberellic acid at four levels (control, 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) and also cold stratification at four levels (30, 45, 60 and 70 days) with treatment kno3 at four levels (control, 1%, 2% and 3%). The final assessment of germination, after 3 weeks of maintenance conducted on Germinator. The results of the first experiment showed that cold stratification and gibberellic acid had a significant positive effect on germination of Ferula gummosa and the maximum percentage (67.5 %) and rate of germination (2.45 seed/day) were obtained by treatment of 60 days stratification. The lowest percentage and rate of germination was gained by treatment of 30 days stratification. Application of 250 ppm gibberellic acid had the highest germination rate (1.94 seed/day) among different levels of gibberellic acid. The results of the second experiment illustrated that cold stratification and kno3 caused to improve germination properties and the highest level of kno3 caused to gain the highest percentage (51.66 %) and rate of germination (1.31 seed/day). No-application of kno3 had the lowest amount of these properties (percentage and rate germination were 31.66% and 0.68 seed/day, respectively). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - A review of the social and economic structure of Qajar
shahin pahnadayanA review of the social and economic structure of Qajar Shahin Pahnadayan ,PhD Department of Law and Political Science Branch,Islamic Azad University , Karaj,Iran. Summary : Productive forces and production tools reiterate the agrarian mode of production and the ty MoreA review of the social and economic structure of Qajar Shahin Pahnadayan ,PhD Department of Law and Political Science Branch,Islamic Azad University , Karaj,Iran. Summary : Productive forces and production tools reiterate the agrarian mode of production and the type of property and social stratification of the third century until the thirteenth century, almost the same and the same has been. In fact, texture, structure and composition of economic, social and former Baadvar no significant differences in the early Qajar era. For it apart from ordinary professionals stratification, composed of two distinct groups: the elite Vhakm at the top and lower non-ruling class.The reality of Iranian society mentioned in passing, The frequency with which the different European models and their own version Questions about this all the difference (developed in Europe and the decline of Iran) comes. Today the discussion of economic and social development and backwardness and confusion is common in Iran seriously, and Muslim that the root of the economic and social crisis of today is not so distant past, In this article, the question of the social structure and economic Iranian Qajar era (society in transition from old traditions to modern life) will be discussed and perhaps by examining the social and economic structure Qajar terms of providing the origins of the chaotic and explaining and describing the present time. Key words: Qajar, composition, economic, social stratification elite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The role of the masses and the lower classes in the three important social events of Iran In the twentieth century
Amir Massoud. Shahramnia. mohammad kouravand Marzieh FadaieThis Article deals with the historical-comparative approach to the role played by the masses and sections of the people in the three major political events of Iran in the twentieth century. Given the widespread masses and descendants of Iranian society in the last centu MoreThis Article deals with the historical-comparative approach to the role played by the masses and sections of the people in the three major political events of Iran in the twentieth century. Given the widespread masses and descendants of Iranian society in the last century, and important changes in the social stratification of Iran, less attention has been paid to the influence and role of these strata in the process of important social changes, and research literature in this area is in short supply. This research seeks to explain the main factors influencing the role of these groups in a comparative approach to the class composition and the role of the masses and the descendant in the three events of the Constitutional Revolution, the nationalization period of the oil industry and the Islamic Revolution. This article seeks to answer the main question which factors in each of the three periods affected the presence and role of the masses and the lower classes, and in spite of which areas, which, in a particular and periodic way, have been able to act as motivating, influencing and participating in the masses Affect each event. Manuscript profile
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