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Open Access Article
1 - Iranian Identity; A Critique of the Views and the Necessity of a Historical Approach
Mohammad ali Asgari Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfuli Younes FarahmandNational identity is the most important cultural and historical asset of any country that was formed in the distant past and continues from generation to generation. The lack of a historical view of national identity can lead to contradictory and deflective approaches t MoreNational identity is the most important cultural and historical asset of any country that was formed in the distant past and continues from generation to generation. The lack of a historical view of national identity can lead to contradictory and deflective approaches that are sometimes controversial. The historical context of an identity is so important that some thinkers consider identity to be essentially a historical category and believes that the national identity of any country has arisen from the accumulation of a nation's qualities throughout history and therefore a common history is considered the most important determinant of an identity. In this article, with the help of library and analytical method, some views and perceptions about the national identity of Iranians are studied and finally, by criticizing them, the questions of what is necessary to have a historical approach and what is the consequences of its lacking, are answered. The findings of this study show that in order to narrate the identity of a nation and to distinguish right from wrong, having a historical approach is an undeniable necessity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Nationalism Progress in Japanese Animation and Cinema A Case Study on the Manga Mito Komen Anime
Ebrahim Kargaran Mohammed Hussain Faraj Nejad Rafiuddin EsmaeiliIn order to accurately and intelligently analyze the countries’ art and cinema, it is vital to study the intellectual, religious and political trends of the country. Thus, it is essential to identify, from the beginning till now, the Japanese active trends and mov MoreIn order to accurately and intelligently analyze the countries’ art and cinema, it is vital to study the intellectual, religious and political trends of the country. Thus, it is essential to identify, from the beginning till now, the Japanese active trends and movements in government, thought, culture and media, as well as animations produced by companies affiliated with the trends. Therefore, one of the goals of the research, which seems to be left inattentive in the conventional studies, is identifying and investigating the "nationalism progress in Japanese animation and cinema". Considering the shortcomings and drawbacks of the neo-formalist methodology, in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the philosophy, aesthetics, media and social effects of the animation, along with the precise understanding of its form and technique, a special methodology known as "Technical- Philosophical" is used in the research as a kind of qualitative analysis methods. Based on this method, going beyond processing the form mere, attention is also paid to the social contexts and the supporting religious, ideological and political trends, as well as the philosophical evaluation of the animation effects on human exaltation or decline. Finally, the "nationalism trend" in Japanese animation products is identified and the "Manga Mito Kōmon” is also examined as a case study. As a result, the anime, as one of the series on nationalism in Japan, is able to portray the great Shogun's tact to send inspectors to various cities in order to monitor the performance of the governors and prevent their corruptions and cruelties Manuscript profile -
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3 - Role of Social Trends in Appearance of Iranian National Architectural Movements
Jamaleddin Soheili -
Open Access Article
4 - School affiliation on Development strategies in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution
Mohammad Kazem Kaveh PishghadadamThis Article attempted to review the dominance causes of AKLA school anddependence on development strategies in decade of IRAN Islamic Revolution. Inthis way considered to AKLA and dependence schools and also their Features andIndicators. Then review ABOUT nationalism i MoreThis Article attempted to review the dominance causes of AKLA school anddependence on development strategies in decade of IRAN Islamic Revolution. Inthis way considered to AKLA and dependence schools and also their Features andIndicators. Then review ABOUT nationalism in iran and effort for Resolve internalcontradictions of this Ideology. Some impressions of the political revolution in 1357considered with attention to the above mentioned methods. Also Referred toAHMAD FARDID and JALAL AL AHMAD In the middle of THIS article theconsidered to other factors that help to Perceived dominance of Left Party. In theend this article finished with show the same development strategies in first decadeand also with show the Features listed schools. Manuscript profile -
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5 - Theoretical Aspects of Pierre Bourdieu and Rogers Brubaker and its Use for the Study of Nations and Nationalism
Hamid Reza Jalaeipour Michael Bitsch -
Open Access Article
6 - The Rise and Decline of Kurdish Movement in Years 1978-88
Hamidreza Jalaeipour -
Open Access Article
7 - Public sphere and intellectual discourses in Iran
Jean Michel Coget Mehrdad Navabakhsh Maryam Yarmohammad Touski -
Open Access Article
8 - Return home: Analyzing the sustainability of return migration of Iranian professionals
saideh saidiInternational migration has become widespread in last two decades and it is also very important for Iran. This research tries to evaluate Iranian government’s policy toward sustainable return of elites. This ethnographic research conducted through 54 semi structured int MoreInternational migration has become widespread in last two decades and it is also very important for Iran. This research tries to evaluate Iranian government’s policy toward sustainable return of elites. This ethnographic research conducted through 54 semi structured interviews as well as participant observation and expert interview with relevant organizations. Research theoretical considerations consist of social capital theory, network theory and reintegration approach. It seems that supports which have been launched by Iranian government concentrates on financial dimensions of reintegration. While sustainable return has social and cultural obligations. It seems that the government's support facilities are focused on micro level, and institution building and networking are given less attention. On the other hand, the main focus of policymaking is to return to economic support, and its social, cultural and psychological aspects are given less attention. Manuscript profile -
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9 - A Sociological Analysis of the Tat Identity Levels in Takestan and Buin Zahra
Hashem Aram Mansour Vosoughi -
Open Access Article
10 - Comparative study of Hometown Concept in Iran and Egypt's Constitutional poetry
Hamideh Hormati Zhila Moshiri The change in political and social conditions will always cause change in attitudes and literary thought. Ninetieth century was of a special importance from political and historical point of view for Iran and Egypt in which the industrial societies turned to be m More The change in political and social conditions will always cause change in attitudes and literary thought. Ninetieth century was of a special importance from political and historical point of view for Iran and Egypt in which the industrial societies turned to be modern rapidly. The result of this political and social jump was formation of new concepts and notions in literature which were unsurpassed till then. Patriotism and nationalism were the concepts which were created in both countries simultaneously. The present paper tries to study the concept of hometown and its aspects in Iran and Egypt poetries and answers the following questions: when has the patriotism and nationalism started in Iran and Egypt? Which factors were played an important role in its formation? What common aspects are there in both countries' poets' point of view? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Comparison of Nationalism in the Nationalistic Poetry of A ref Qazvini and Ibrahim Touqan, the Palestinian National Poet
Mahdi Momtahen Foroogh ElahiNationalism has been a prominent feature of Resistance Literature and has gained important status in the poetry of poets working in this regard.There are poets who were so hardly influenced by nationalism that were known as national or nationalistic poets. Among these p MoreNationalism has been a prominent feature of Resistance Literature and has gained important status in the poetry of poets working in this regard.There are poets who were so hardly influenced by nationalism that were known as national or nationalistic poets. Among these poets Aref Qazvini from Iran and Ibrahim Touqan from Palestine could be pointed out. Both these poets were influenced by resistance literature the type of literature which is very similar in Iran and Palestine. These two countries have resisted the oppression from inside and outside and thus there are similarities their nationalistic tendencies in the themes and meanings of their literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The signs of calling for awakening and progress in the poetry of Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
javad ranjbar karim barinLove for the homeland is in the essence of all human beings and it is an undeniable feeling so that nationalism is one of the permanent topics in poets' poetry. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi is a poet whose nationalism tendencies and attitudes are prominent in his poetry. In fa MoreLove for the homeland is in the essence of all human beings and it is an undeniable feeling so that nationalism is one of the permanent topics in poets' poetry. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi is a poet whose nationalism tendencies and attitudes are prominent in his poetry. In fact, his poetry calls for the awakening and progress of the country. In this way, he takes advantage of issues such as the fight against colonialism and aliens, as well as honoring the status of science, art, and civilization. He sarcastically refers to the progress of the West to the people of his homeland. He pays attention to the issues of the homeland and loves his country and portrays his regret for the backwardness of his homeland in the form of abstract and metaphorical images. He complains that why his compatriots neglect their homeland while he himself sacrifices his life for his country. The present study aims to state al-Zahawi’s attention to the issue of homeland and its progress with a descriptive-analytical and library method. The results show that the poet focuses on the elements of national awakening and progress, including honoring the status of science and knowledge, resistance, anti-colonialism and patriotism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Why Arabic Literature lacks Epic poetry
Ali SaberiEpic poetry is a sort of ancient literature which exists in most of the world's literatures such as Roman, Greek, Indian and Iranian; but Arabic Literature has not used this type of literature. Major reasons for this are as follows: 1. Lack of nationalistic sense 2. MoreEpic poetry is a sort of ancient literature which exists in most of the world's literatures such as Roman, Greek, Indian and Iranian; but Arabic Literature has not used this type of literature. Major reasons for this are as follows: 1. Lack of nationalistic sense 2. Arabic poetry is mostly based on vocality 3. There haven't been real long term wars between Arabs 4. Arabic poetry has had mostly one type of rhyme and rhythm and thus has not been able to adapt itself with Epic poetry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Nationalism in Muhammad Alfituri’s Poetry
Leila Ghasemi Hajiabadi Parviz Lakzaeeyan FakoorMohammed Moftahh Rajab Al-Fituri is a major African poet with such an unprecedented sphere of knowledge and artifice who has praised revolutions and immortalized the free spirit of heroism in Africa and the Arab world. Alfiturihas composed odes on many causes covering L MoreMohammed Moftahh Rajab Al-Fituri is a major African poet with such an unprecedented sphere of knowledge and artifice who has praised revolutions and immortalized the free spirit of heroism in Africa and the Arab world. Alfiturihas composed odes on many causes covering Lebanon, Palestine, and Iraq wherein he calls upon nations to struggle for their freedom and to fight submission and slavery. Alfituriis a visionary who foresees the blessed occasion when amental restorationin the east would drive nations out of oblivion and misguidedness. Then nations would cry out loud the anthem of freedom and independence from all the pangs and anguish caused by a colonialism which has deprived them from their basic right in being alive and free. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom are the only path to freedom and glory. Alfituridenounces the failing submissive status quo inflicting the Arab world. Alfituri’s denial and rejection is not aimed at mere devastation, but he complains and yet demands a constructive approach to uproot the causes of underdevelopment and regression. All this springs from a compassionate concern for security, prosperity, and civilization. Alfituriemploys symbolism and irony in his nationalistic compositions to which he adds an aura of pain and pessimism in order to treat certain critical political causes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Palestine and its manifestations in the poetry of Fadwa Toukan resistant
Seyede Roghaye Mahdi NezhadResistance poem is a committed poem which is not at the service of despotic ruling system interests and its desires and expresses all issues with explicit language without consideration of innovation and fantasy. There is no complexity in the resistance poem. It does no MoreResistance poem is a committed poem which is not at the service of despotic ruling system interests and its desires and expresses all issues with explicit language without consideration of innovation and fantasy. There is no complexity in the resistance poem. It does not specify truth and does not inform its audience unless the political suffrage dominate the poem then the poet’s goals are expressed by symbolic images. Therefore, the resistance poem is a kind of committed literature that its educational purpose is essential to communicate the poets’ message. The poem teaches the audiences how resist against despotic ruler and their resistance principles. Truly, the Palestinian poet in occupied Palestine suffered from the Zionists occupation. The Arabian league is against all who desire the holly word, freedom, and all things which may lead to its freedom. If Arab nations librated themselves from their government’s system the Palestine freedom will become possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - National Identity in Iran. Take a look at the historical development patterns and policies of national identity
farshid delmqani محمدعلی قاسمی ترکیNational Identity of Iranians as an end result of self-awareness in relation to historical accumulation of economic, political and cultural experiences of a land called Iran such as other world nations is a modern phenomenon that gradually emerged in Iran after Iran&rsq MoreNational Identity of Iranians as an end result of self-awareness in relation to historical accumulation of economic, political and cultural experiences of a land called Iran such as other world nations is a modern phenomenon that gradually emerged in Iran after Iran’s relations with the west, particularly after incessant defeats from Russians, dispatch of Iranian elites and problem of identity facing such people. The present article analytically and descriptively, based on internet and library tools and with a historical approach deals with identity problems in Iran before 1320 (1941). Hypothesis of research is that national identity of Iran like other nations is regarded as a modern phenomenon although Iran’s civilization is old and sense of patriotism existed in some Iranians in different scales throughout history; in Iran, its history dates back to constitutional era and what has been more than that in Iran has been cultural-social identity. Study of historical evolution of national identity in Iran since constitutional era shows raised issue of ancient-prone and westernized identity patterns during the years before 1320 (1941). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Idea of Ummah in the Eyes of Imam Khomeini (ra)
ابوذر گوهری مقدم سید علی لطیفیRecognition of basic keywords in political thinking of Imam Khomeini (ra) is an important passage to desirably know the politico-mental system of a foundation he laid and memorably left behind legally and institutionally after revolution of Iran in 1357 (1978). “U MoreRecognition of basic keywords in political thinking of Imam Khomeini (ra) is an important passage to desirably know the politico-mental system of a foundation he laid and memorably left behind legally and institutionally after revolution of Iran in 1357 (1978). “Ummah” is known as a word that has Islamic nature and theme and it has been incorporated from religious literature into political thinking of Islamic thinkers, particularly the great leader of the Islamic Revolution. Research done on practical and theoretical works of Imam Khomeini (ra) indicates that the word keeping its religious originality and adopting its Quranic and narrative origin stands together with conceptual changes of the day like the words of nation and nationalism; it can reproduce itself in thinking of Imam Khomeini (ra) by making use of tools of Ijtihad with the time and space exigencies. The present article tries to make a study of idea of Imam Khomeini (ra) in this regard by means of analytic-descriptive method and library-based studies. By checking the old used word literature by Imam Khomeini (ra), one can draw the conclusion that concept of nation is found a marginal concept and in contact with concept of Ummah and he has never negated nationalism in the sense of rule of people or nation in his statements made about nationalism; rather, he has abandoned ethnicism and tribalism and their undesirable effects that result in division and disunity of Islamic Ummah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Beloved Homeland in the Arms of Constitutionalism Poetry
Naser Al-din Shah Hosseini, Masoud SarhadiPatriotism, in its general sense, is considered as one of the main characteristics of poems in Constitutionalism period. While patriotism was of a long tradition in Iran, after its several-hundred-year recess, it was revived in Constitutionalism period. Frequent intrusi MorePatriotism, in its general sense, is considered as one of the main characteristics of poems in Constitutionalism period. While patriotism was of a long tradition in Iran, after its several-hundred-year recess, it was revived in Constitutionalism period. Frequent intrusions by neighboring countries and profit-seeking interventions of Europeans which resulted in humiliation of Iranians, as well as the weakness of the authorities in managing national affairs and maintaining Iran’s territorial integrity wounded the pride of all Iranian patriots. As a result, poets, as their social mission, aimed to incite passion and understanding of the people regarding patriotism, and at the same time, cut short the hands of courtiers and foreigners. However, their patriotism was generally emotional and lacked an intellectual and philosophical depth. So, their attitude toward their country was the a combination of various patriotic beliefs including nationalism, internationalism, chauvinism, and even in the sense of birthplace. Considering the mixture of poets’ patriotic attitudes and also their mental and linguistic background, this paper attempts to study the intensions and levels of patriotism in the poems of prominent and influents poets of Constitutionalism period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Reason for Increase in Pure Integration in Pahlavi Era and its Main Significances
Naser Nikoubakht Gholamhosean Gholamhoseinzadeh Fatemeh RanjbaranPure writing is a tendency that its focal point rests in language purification of foreign elements and it could be mostly seen into prose. This cultural and political tendency has flourished after the co MorePure writing is a tendency that its focal point rests in language purification of foreign elements and it could be mostly seen into prose. This cultural and political tendency has flourished after the constitutional revolution over the first Pahlavi era (1314-1320). Emphasis on the past glory of ancient Iran, nationalism and language-driven concerns were among determinants arisen the approach and made Farsi purified of Arabic. This paper investigates the popularity and application of this writing style over recent centuries-constitutional period afterwards. Then, the most significant consequence in language planning and Academy formation has been investigated. Moreover, the study has analyzed triple Academies- monitored by government, their word-building achievement and pure-idealism, all aimed at language purification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigating the effect of nationalism on the willingness to buy domestic products during the embargo period
soheila zarinjoy alvar leila andervazhObjective/main question: Investigating the effect of nationalism on the willingness to buy domestic products during the embargo periodResearch method: In this research, 384 consumers of Snowa brand household appliances in Abadan were randomly selected using Cochran's fo MoreObjective/main question: Investigating the effect of nationalism on the willingness to buy domestic products during the embargo periodResearch method: In this research, 384 consumers of Snowa brand household appliances in Abadan were randomly selected using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample from an infinite population. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire, which was used to verify its validity, using divergent-homogeneous face validity, and Cronbach's alpha was used for its reliability. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistical methods and structural equation methods were used in the inferential statistics department and through SPSS and LISREL software to perform statistical operations.Findings: Finally, brand nationalism and brand trust and brand love had a positive effect on domestic products. Also, the positive effect of the mediating role of brand name and trust and love for the brand on the tendency to buy domestic products was confirmed, but a negative relationship was identified between nationalism and the tendency to buy domestic products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Archaism in Iranian nationalism during the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi
Fatemeh Jamshidi Ali Bigdeli Amir Teymour RafieiAntiquarianism is one of the significant elements of Iranian nationalism that emerged through archaeological research and exploration by Iranian scholars and Western archaeologists in the realm of Iran's history and culture. It provided a fresh definition of Iranian his MoreAntiquarianism is one of the significant elements of Iranian nationalism that emerged through archaeological research and exploration by Iranian scholars and Western archaeologists in the realm of Iran's history and culture. It provided a fresh definition of Iranian history and identity, playing a crucial role in the construction of modern Iranian nationhood during the era of Reza Shah. Nationalist antiquarianism had a lasting impact on cultural, literary, and even political aspects, transforming the understanding of Iranian history and identity. As an intellectual and cultural movement, antiquarianism aimed to uncover the unknown aspects of Iran and its people beyond recorded history. Its purpose was to revitalize the material and spiritual culture of the historical Iranian nation, turning it into a source of pride and a foundation for constructing a new government-nation with a rich historical civilization. In this context, Reza Shah leveraged the Iranian antiquarian movement to construct a modern Iranian government-nation, utilizing the deep-rootedness of the monarchy system in pre-Islamic Iranian history as a legitimate link, presenting it as a legitimate pole against the backdrop of Islamic Iranian history. This research seeks to answer the question of the function of antiquarianism in the development of Iranian nationalism during the reign of Reza Shah, employing a descriptive-analytical method. It explores the coordinates of Iranian nationalist antiquarianism and investigates why Iranian nationalists conceptualized antiquarianism as the foundation of the Iranian nationalist movement. Manuscript profile -
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22 - The Role of Nationalist leaders in the Emergence of National Architectural Movements in Iran, 1924 to 1942
Jamaleddin Soheili Soheili -
Open Access Article
23 - 2500-year-old kingdom celebration with emphasis on cultural-social review the regim in Iran.
loghman dehghan houra shojaei2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was More2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was seeking a way to continue his government and dominance over the pepole of Iran ,so he began to recover Aryan's valuas and arouse animosity towards Islam and develop friendly relation with foreign countries ,hence he began a series of controversial and , in some cases ,useful measures :naming himself "shah", ordering the collection and compiliation if some books about Iran's pre-Islamic culture and civilization ,founding Shahanshahi foundation of Iran Acadmy ,establish-ment of Iran's National Deed Registery ,holding various celebrations during the celebration decade (1345-1355),promoting people to choose their children the original Iranian names ,sending some educational groups callend "Sepahyane Danesh" (knowledge corps)to villages for the aim of making pepole eager to ancient and kigdom culture and informing them of the magnitude of the 2500-year-old kingdom celebrations ,building several schools and many buildings of public interest after the name of cirus the Great,changing the calender from solar to kingdome the cost of these celebrtions was so high and anti-Islamic measurs of regime were so extensive that finally raised the protest of the majority of the pepole of Iran and even foreign press and figures,and Shah and regime were condemned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Historical and Theorical of US foreign policy
ناصر خورشیدی محمد یوسفی جویباریThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Historical and Theoretical Principles of US foreign policy
Nasser Khorshidi Mohammad yousefi joybariThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be di MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The Effects of Nationalism discourse on Cultural and Sociological Changes during the Reign of Pahlavi I
mohammad ali alizadeh ali mohammad tarafdariThe reign of Reza Shah is one of the most important periods on formation the thought basis of modern Iran for governmental attempting to make modern state, westernization, and especially attempting of Reza Shah himself and his intellectuals to connect Pahlavi regime wit MoreThe reign of Reza Shah is one of the most important periods on formation the thought basis of modern Iran for governmental attempting to make modern state, westernization, and especially attempting of Reza Shah himself and his intellectuals to connect Pahlavi regime with ancient Iran. At the same time, Nationalism, one of the modern ideologies, gradually has become one of the major elements of Iran’s modernization in the era of Pahlavi I. Additionally, the consequent changes of constitution revolution which made large insecurity and incompetence in political structure of Iran, brought more affection from nationalism and its consequences such as National State for intellectual and political activists to provide Iran with stability, security and development. In this situation, Reza Khan stepped in power scene and achieved reputation via control of military force and establishment of relative stability and security in country. Then, he attempted to become the Shah of Iran with adopting nationalism, in addition to contracting a stable political legitimacy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - 2500-year-old kingdom celebration with emphasis on cultural-social review the regim in Iran.
L. Dehghan Nayyeri H. Shojaei2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah More2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was seeking a way to continue his government and dominance over the pepole of Iran ,so he began to recover Aryan's valuas and arouse animosity towards Islam and develop friendly relation with foreign countries ,hence he began a series of controversial and , in some cases ,useful measures :naming himself "shah", ordering the collection and compiliation if some books about Iran's pre-Islamic culture and civilization ,founding Shahanshahi foundation of Iran Acadmy ,establish-ment of Iran's National Deed Registery ,holding various celebrations during the celebration decade (1345-1355),promoting people to choose their children the original Iranian names ,sending some educational groups callend "Sepahyane Danesh" (knowledge corps)to villages for the aim of making pepole eager to ancient and kigdom culture and informing them of the magnitude of the 2500-year-old kingdom celebrations ,building several schools and many buildings of public interest after the name of cirus the Great,changing the calender from solar to kingdome the cost of these celebrtions was so high and anti-Islamic measurs of regime were so extensive that finally raised the protest of the majority of the pepole of Iran and even foreign press and figures,and Shah and regime were condemned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Historical and Theoretical Principles of US foreign policy
naser khorshidi mohamad y.joybary saeid karimiThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. MoreThe United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Economic Diplomacy and Strategic Relationships (Case Study: India)
Yaser KahrazehYaser Kahrazeh [1] Abstract: Increasing the role of economics in foreign policy is one of the important factors in maximizing the power of the countries in the international system. Each country, based on its foreign policy sources, draws the principles of econo MoreYaser Kahrazeh [1] Abstract: Increasing the role of economics in foreign policy is one of the important factors in maximizing the power of the countries in the international system. Each country, based on its foreign policy sources, draws the principles of economic diplomacy in its relations with other countries. Meanwhile, developmental governments, whose principles of internal and external planning are based on the principle of internal empowerment and wealth, and the maximization of foreign power and influence, are more concerned with economic diplomacy. Among these countries is India, which, along with the capitalization of its foreign policy resources, has launched extensive economic diplomacy around the world. The present study, based on an analytical framework, analysis India's economic diplomacy in two major regions, including South Asian regions through the Sark and Africa organization. Based on this, we begin with the concept of economic diplomacy and its explanation, and then, while describing the historical basis of India's foreign policy, we look at the country's economic diplomacy in its relations with the organization of Sark and Africa. The basic hypothesis of the present study is that, in principle, India's leap towards economic diplomacy is, in addition to economic reasons, a geostrategic strategy based on the re-emergence of Indian nationalism against its rivals. [1]- Assistant Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Political Science, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Comparative evaluation of tribal nationalism and contract-based nationalism with the political identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Shaban Moharamnezhad Asghar Partovi Abbas Moradi Abolfazl lotfizadehShaban Moharamnezhad [1], Asghar Partovi,[2]*,Abbas Moradi [3], Abolfazl lotfizadeh[4] Abstract: Nationalism is the awareness of membership or dependence on the nation, in other words, national consciousness, and this awareness often creates the passion and in MoreShaban Moharamnezhad [1], Asghar Partovi,[2]*,Abbas Moradi [3], Abolfazl lotfizadeh[4] Abstract: Nationalism is the awareness of membership or dependence on the nation, in other words, national consciousness, and this awareness often creates the passion and interest of individuals in the constituent elements of the nation and sometimes leads to glorifying them and believing in the superiority of these manifestations over other national manifestations. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of two types of nationalism on the political identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method is based on its purpose and nature, libraries and documents and seeks to collect some historical documents and libraries to study tribal nationalism and civic nationalism. From the point of view of the thought, ideals and political identity of the Islamic Revolution, consider whether the policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the ethnic sphere is based on contract or tribalism? Iran is expanding further. [1]. PhD Student in Political Science, Iran Issues, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran [2]. Assistant Professor Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran, Corresponding Author [3]. Assistant Professor Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran [4] . Assistant Professor Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Role of Azerbaijan Intellectual Pioneers in the Reproduction of the Modern Nationalism Idea in Iran
ali shokri Ali Shiari mohammad usefijoybariThe intellectual pioneers are those Azerbaijani thinkers who had important role in the formation of the intellectual structure of public nationalism and Iranian identity, and in this regard, they have been against the traditional and authoritarian system and its army fo MoreThe intellectual pioneers are those Azerbaijani thinkers who had important role in the formation of the intellectual structure of public nationalism and Iranian identity, and in this regard, they have been against the traditional and authoritarian system and its army forces and they called for the rule of law. regarding the hypothesis that how is the role of Azerbaijan in the development and evolution of nationalism in Iran, these ideas and thoughts originated in Azerbaijan, but it did not have a local view, on the contrary, there was willing to have a country called Iran with these characteristics. Iranian nationalism, regardless of its use of Iran's pre-modern past, is modern and is the inevitable twin of Iranian modernity and is the initial stages of Iranians' acquaintance with the modern world. The purpose of this article is to point out the direct and sometimes indirect positive role and influence of Azerbaijan on the modernizing process of Iranian nationalism. In this article, we will review the opinions and thoughts of great thinkers such as Akhondzadeh, Mustasharadoleh Tabrizi, Talbof and Taghizadeh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Nationalism and the women's movement in Egypt 1914-1953
Mostafa Chamani Moghadam Mohamad Nabi Salim MirzaMohammad HasaniMostafa Chamani Moghadam,[1], Mohamad NabiSalim,[2]* MirzaMohammad Hasani[3] Abstract: At the Beginning of the 20th century, following the activism of women and the rise of nationalism in developing countries, Egyptian women sought to gain some of their social rights. MoreMostafa Chamani Moghadam,[1], Mohamad NabiSalim,[2]* MirzaMohammad Hasani[3] Abstract: At the Beginning of the 20th century, following the activism of women and the rise of nationalism in developing countries, Egyptian women sought to gain some of their social rights. From 1914 to 1953, the spread of modernist and nationalist ideas played a major role in the development of these societies. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study answers the question of how nationalism in Egypt has influenced the emergence and trend of the women's movement. Findings show that nationalism and the struggle against colonialism and tyranny paved the way for women to enter society, but despite the participation of women, they were not given the rights demanded by women and as a result, women's social rights were pursued in other ways. The women's movement was completely dependent on the political and social dynamics of the majority and influenced by Eastern and Western ideologies. But the ability of Egyptian women to establish a moderate organization and practice led to their relative success. [1].Ph.D student,,Depatrment of History,Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood , Iran [2]A.ssistant Professor,Depatrment of History,Islamic Azad University,Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran, Corresponding Author [3].Assistant Professor,Depatrment of History,Islamic Azad University,Shahrood Branch, Shahrood,Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The crises of the process of government and nation building and its role on the formation of fundamentalism in Middle East (Case study: Iraq and Syria)
Sedigheh Moradzadeh Ehsan Shakeri KhoyeeThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, MoreThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, explanation of the formation and social structure of Iraqi and Syrian communities and explanation of the social origin of the emergence of ISIS are also among the aims of this study. The research hypotheses are: Incomplete government and nation building in the Middle East (Iraq and Syria) that caused the formation of religious fundamentalism, diverse structure and plural ethnic, religious and mosaic communities of Iraq and Syria, incomplete and artificial government- nation building on the basis of the Sykes-Picot agreement in Middle East countries and the process of government- nation building that caused the accumulation of debts and lack of its realization in Iraq and Syria. Case study in this research is in connection with the religious fundamentalism in Iraq and Syria. The timeframe of the research is related to the period after the occupation of Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime in years 2003 up to now, and also social-political developments in Syria after the death of Hafez al-Assad in years 2000 and coming to power of Bashar al-Assad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Turkish Cultural Diplomacy in Iraq with the Approach of Turkish Neo-Ottomanism and Nationalism (2003-2018)
parisa pourali mohammadreza dehshiri mohammadreza ghaedi hasan khodaverdiThe study of Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq depends on understanding the country's new foreign policy perspective on the Middle East. The Turkish government sought to establish itself as a trans-regional strategic player in the context of neo-Ottomanism and a unifie MoreThe study of Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq depends on understanding the country's new foreign policy perspective on the Middle East. The Turkish government sought to establish itself as a trans-regional strategic player in the context of neo-Ottomanism and a unified Turkish identity in the form of nationalism by raising the issue of zero conflict and improving relations with the surviving countries of the former Ottoman Empire. Although recent developments in Turkish domestic politics, as well as the Arab Spring and its aftermath, have somewhat obscured Turkish foreign policy, the country remains committed to the cultural diplomacy that results from this approach. In this context, Iraq is of strategic importance as the most important way for Turkey to enter the Middle East. Accordingly, the main question of the article is "What are the most important components of Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq and to what extent has it been influenced by Turkish nationalism and neo-Ottomanism?" In response, the hypothesis is that Turkey focuses on its cultural structures and tools such as the Turkish media, films and series, Turkish language and literature, cultural-religious ties with the Iraqi people in the form of a neo-Ottomanist discourse, and strong ties with the Turkmen in the form of Unified identity and Turkish nationalism have been able to create deep spheres of influence in Iraq. The research method in this article is based on case-based qualitative research and based on documentary method with collection and analysis of information and data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Globalization and Nation-State Relations in Egypt
Mohammad Hossein HafezianPresent study aims at providing an answer to the fundamental question of whether in the past decades globalization process have had any impact on the relation between government and society in Egypt and if the answer to the question is positive then What the effect of t MorePresent study aims at providing an answer to the fundamental question of whether in the past decades globalization process have had any impact on the relation between government and society in Egypt and if the answer to the question is positive then What the effect of the impact were and if the answer is negative, why, in contrast with other countries, globalization process in Egypt could not have any effect on this relation. The hypothesis proposed is that due to the sever resistance of government and political elites in Egypt to any type of democratization and privatization and dominance of market economy, globalization have had a minor effects on the relation between the government and society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Genealogy of the Bases of National Identity in Nationalistic Historiography of Qajar and Constitutional Periods
Mohammad Ali Alizadeh Ali Mohammad TarafdariThe rise of nationalistic historiography in Qajar and Constitutional Periods is one of the most important factors in formatting modern national identity in contemporary Iran. History and historiography are undoubtedly two of the most important manifestations of the pres MoreThe rise of nationalistic historiography in Qajar and Constitutional Periods is one of the most important factors in formatting modern national identity in contemporary Iran. History and historiography are undoubtedly two of the most important manifestations of the presence and appearance of cultural nationalism. From the time when nationalism, as a modern ideology was introduced in Iran in the 19th century, the bulk of Iranian cultural questions, including historiography and the kind of approach to the past, were influenced by this ideology. Therefore, a new type of historiography and rewriting of the past appeared among the intellectuals of the Qajar and Constitutional periods, on the bases of which Iranian historiographers began to rethinking history of Iran from a nationalistic view, and especially, they tried to revive and to glorify Iran's greatness and magnificence in ancient times to revival national pride in the hearts of the Iranian nation. As a consequence of the emergence of this view-point, history and historiography were gradually turned into means to lay the foundation of a type of national identity among Iranian people on the basis of ancient times. This tendency was greatly intensified among Iranian intellectuals after victory of Constitutional Revolution. The historiographers of this period were, in particular, greatly affected by nationalistic attitudes in the study of the activities of Iran’s ancient kings to reinforcement Iranians’ ancient identity. This process, which now is called Archaism, had a great effect in introducing the ancient times of Iran as the main basic for Iranians’ real and national identity. The aim of the present paper is to investigate and scrutinized the extent of the effects of the ideology of nationalism on historiography and historiographers' attitude of this period on the bases of the main historical and literal sources of the same era, and the role of nationalistic historiographies on the development of nationalist views in Iranian history writing among Iranian intellectuals and the contemporary political and cultural men of this period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Kasravi's views on nationalism during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi
kazem hosseinifar Masomeh garadagi ali salarishadi manizheh SadriThe intellectual dough of Asid Mohammad Kasravi was formed during the constitutional movement and under the influence of its ideals. A person who dresses as a clergyman in the first stage of his life, but due to the formation of a series of intellectual events, distance MoreThe intellectual dough of Asid Mohammad Kasravi was formed during the constitutional movement and under the influence of its ideals. A person who dresses as a clergyman in the first stage of his life, but due to the formation of a series of intellectual events, distances himself from this stage of his life. He experienced two world wars, the constitutional movement and the dictatorship of Reza Shah. His intellectual and research background also made him comment on various issues and think on various issues. Kasravi was one of the intellectuals of the constitutional movement and its ideals, but this movement quickly became authoritarian. Kasravi, who had experienced both spaces, discussed them in his works. The important point is that Kasravi, unlike many critics of Reza Shah, in spite of some negligible criticisms, strongly defended Reza Shah's actions. Subjugation within social institutions provided for personal domination and submission. Kasravi's goal was to validate the nationalist values he sought, which in some of Kasravi's works in this regard followed his unifying nationalism. And it has no territorial integrity, and local power is a rebellious power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Investigation and measures of the consequences of modernization and creation of a new national identity in the first Pahlavi period
Hojjat Abbasi Torki Monireh Kazemi Rashed MohammadTaghi Emami KhoeiSince the second half of the nineteenth century, modernity and its various aspects, such as the modern state and national identity, have been the main issue discussed by Iranian elites. In this study, the modernity and ideological and historical origins of Iranian natio MoreSince the second half of the nineteenth century, modernity and its various aspects, such as the modern state and national identity, have been the main issue discussed by Iranian elites. In this study, the modernity and ideological and historical origins of Iranian nationalism in the post-constitutional period and the change of Qajar monarchy have been studied. Internal riots and crises and relentless foreign intervention in the country have led constitutionalist intellectuals seeking a new approach to breaking the deadlock to ensure the well-being of the masses without their participation in the political and social process. The fundamental thinking that emerged during this period was in fact a reflection of the chaotic situation of the time, which on the one hand sought to form a powerful central government that could end the turmoil, and on the other hand the prevalence of nationalism that could end long-standing attachments. Eliminate religious, sectarian, ethnic and local and replace it with national identity. The main issue in this research is the study of influential intellectual circles and prominent figures of these schools of thought, which sought to create national unity among the ethnic groups living in Iran through nation-building. Examination of the data shows that the creation of a homogeneous society and one language endangers the basis of national unity, and on the other hand, the recognition of different ethnic groups, unites all political and ethnic groups and leads to political and social development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Nationalist historiography in Qajar era
masoud tarzemani Masomeh gharadaghi abbas ghadimi ghidari manijeh sadriFollowing the confrontation of Qajar Iran in the second half of the 19th century with the Western world, important changes took place in the political and intellectual foundations of Iranians. Historiography, like other sectors, was influenced by global developments, so MoreFollowing the confrontation of Qajar Iran in the second half of the 19th century with the Western world, important changes took place in the political and intellectual foundations of Iranians. Historiography, like other sectors, was influenced by global developments, so that changes were made in the insights and methods of historiography of historians of this period, and steps were taken to move towards a new historiography.By changing the tradition of Iranian historiography and changing its form from the traditional form to the modern form, historians such as Akhundzadeh, Jalaluddin Mirza, Agha Khan Kermani, Talibov Tabrizi, focusing on nationalism, rewrote the history of Iran in the past centuries and highlighted The history of ancient Iran and the inclusion of this period as the period of national life of Iran laid the foundations of the national identity of modern Iran based on ancient identityIn this article, the emergence of nationalist historiography and its contexts and characteristics in Qajar Iran have been studied and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Analysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power
Khosrow Dehghani محمد علی بصیری Enayatollah YazdaniAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine t MoreAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine the impact of Donald Tramp's policies on American soft power. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the domestic and foreign policies of Trump which have had effects on the soft power of the United States? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article is that announcements and acts policies of Trump, in particular with the emphasis on the "First America", has led to the decline of American soft power.. Findings of the research, based on existing evidence and evidence, suggest that an economically oriented approach focused on cost-benefit logic, the adoption of intrinsic policies and renewal or the withdrawal of regional and international treaties has led to US soft power resources, including foreign policy And political values. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and is used for analyzing soft power theory and the data collection tool has been based on library and internet resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - An Analysis of the Interactional Relation of Petro-nationalism of Iran and the Structural Development of Global Oil Market
Saeed MirtorabiAbstract: The present article by an interdisciplinary approach tries to examine from political sociology and international political economy point of view the interactional relations between oil nationalistic movements in Iran and the developments in rules of production MoreAbstract: The present article by an interdisciplinary approach tries to examine from political sociology and international political economy point of view the interactional relations between oil nationalistic movements in Iran and the developments in rules of production and sale of oil in international oil market within an important period of time, an approach which has less been paid attention so far. The question raised by the paper is "What and how has been the impact of internal social conditions and the structural rules of world oil market from 1921 to 1981 on the process of developments of oil nationalistic movements?" The underlying hypothesis is that the depth and level of oil nationalistic movements and level of strength (or weakness) of structural rules of production and sale of oil in world oil market within the above said period can be categorized in five period of time of oil nationalistic movements. The article shows that these five categorizations of oil nationalistic movement can help us in better understanding of oil politics in Iran and other oil rich countries and also the relations between the oil developments in oil rich countries and the developments of world oil market. In this direction the peculiarity of each period from the view point of oil market, method of functioning of oil companies, nature of anti-colonial movements, goal and achievements of these movements have been studied separately. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-historical and analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991: Systemic Peculiarities and Historical Parallels (Text in Persian)
Helmut Wagner حسن ملائکهone of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analyti Moreone of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analytical approach to understanding the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and compares it with other empires of the twentieth century that have fallen. The author examines the views of Russian politicians like Vladimir Putin، Mikhail Gorbachev and Alexander Yakovlev and German scholars like Ulrich Druwe، Gerhard Simon and Helmut Altrichter to gain a comprehensive overview of the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author examines the choices before Russia in case she wants to play an effective role in world affairs and he comes to the conclusion that for achieving the above goal Russia should integrate with European Union. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Analysis of the relationship and position of the countries on the basis of THE imperialism and development in the arena of international relations
mohanadreza mailiSince the France Great Revolution (1789) until now, relation between states and nations has become increasingly important and expanding. These relations base on political and legal framework as well as specific concept are separable. If we want to highlight two concepts MoreSince the France Great Revolution (1789) until now, relation between states and nations has become increasingly important and expanding. These relations base on political and legal framework as well as specific concept are separable. If we want to highlight two concepts or key-terms in relations between states and societies from the 19th century until now; they are IMPERIALISM and DEVELOPMENT. The division of states in the arena of international relations in 19th century until now is based on concepts of indicators of imperialism & development.This article is trying to rely on these two concepts and hereby analyzes the relations and positions between states and societies in the history bed of international relations. This analysis is against to one-sided debates that are thoroughly with negative, contentious and based on unilateral view (including Marxists and leftist to European nationalism and capitalism) which considers the opposite side as the factor of evil and depravity and in return ideologically but not scientifically analyzes the history and the relations between states and societies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - A Study of the Activities of NATO-Russia Council: Ups and Downs in the Cooperation of NATO and Russia from the Beginning till 2009
Esmaeil Shafiee Payam JahangiryThe relations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russian Federation as two prominent political actors in international relations are of great importance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union، the NATO as the biggest and most important politico- MoreThe relations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russian Federation as two prominent political actors in international relations are of great importance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union، the NATO as the biggest and most important politico-military organization started its relations with Russian federation as the inheritor of the former Soviet Union within the framework of NATO-Russia Council. Despite Russia's serious concern about the survival of NATO and its expansion towards East، it decided to cooperate with NATO in order to prevent development detrimental to its interests. Although Russia does not have Communist political and economic system، yet the important countries which comprise NATO are aware of the high potential which Russia has to become a world power and this has caused suspicion of NATO towards Russia. Despite these differences there are international issues and areas which NATO and Russia have common interests and these brings them together. These issues are terrorism، the expansion of weapons of mass destruction، Islamic fundamentalism، and fight against extremist nationalism and ethno-religious unrest. The above common issues have prepared ground for the formation of NATO-Russia Council. The aim of the present article is to examine the vicissitudes and fluctuations of NATO and Russia's relations. The article by a descriptive analytical method and by examining the document published by the official website of NATO and the viewpoint of the observers points out the commonality and differences between Russia and NATO. The finding of the study shows this reality that Russia and NATO should inevitably cooperate with each other if they want to face the international challenges and the new aspect of security threats Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Sign of Unity in Diversity in Indian Society (Text in Persian)
Hojatollah DarvishpourThe aim of the present article is to study unity in diversity in India. The assumption of the article is that India is a country with diversity. The article examines the unique aspect of diversity in Indian society. These aspects of diversity in Indian society are relig MoreThe aim of the present article is to study unity in diversity in India. The assumption of the article is that India is a country with diversity. The article examines the unique aspect of diversity in Indian society. These aspects of diversity in Indian society are religion، ethnicity، language etc. The underlying hypothesis is that despite this diversity India is a united entity. In this regard the uniting factors are enumerated and examined also in this direction the elementary and secondary uniting principles and foundations are discussed and their roles in uniting the Indian society are underlined. In the third part the factors that threaten the unity of Indian society are discussed. These factors are Hindu nationalism، religious conflicts، regionalism، state-centre conflicts; and the central government is trying to control them. The finding of the study shows that despite the presence of certain factors which threaten the unity of India، the unity in diversity is prevailing. In other words notwithstanding diversities، the unity is the dominating aspect of Indian society Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - To examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi age
Shahrzad Roumez alireza abtahi naser jadidiTo examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, MoreTo examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranNaser JadidiHistory group associate professor, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranAbstractConstitutionalism movement in Iran led to irregularity and chaos rather than democracy governmental establishment since Iran society social, economical, cultural and political beds weren't ready, and foreign countries interfered.In such a condition, to establish security and maintain integrity in country was Iran society the most important necessities. Patterning European countries,Intellectuals found that the best solution for Iran chaos conditions was to reinforce national unity through forming powerful government. In the present study, while examining nationalism in the Reza shah age, and what were nationalism ideology central cimponents inthat period? it is tried to examine this using historical and analytical method relying on valid resources.it is tried to answered to this question which are central elements and components of Iranian nationalism ideology in the First Pahlavi age?It seems that national union, archaeology; Patriotism and Royalism have been Iran main nationalism central components in Reza shah age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Identifying the social factors influencing on populations tendency toward their communities (case study: contexts, southern and northen Tehran, 2012)
سیدرضا معینی تکتم هادی زادهSince consideration of sustainable urban development is located. Due to the importance of sustainable development in urban areas , the trends of population living in urban neighborhoods affected by social factors have been examined in this study . The fundamental questi MoreSince consideration of sustainable urban development is located. Due to the importance of sustainable development in urban areas , the trends of population living in urban neighborhoods affected by social factors have been examined in this study . The fundamental question "What social factors contribute to population trends Neighborhood” The main problem in this research. Neighborhoods tend to feel a sense of belonging and solidarity based on considered as the dependent variable and in conjunction with other variables (independent variables) were measured. Thus, orientation and sense of social factors that have been hypothesized variables, lifestyle, social and social security. It is assumed that each of the above variables in the Roth with a sense of orientation and choosing a neighborhood’s residents have been involved as a residence . To test the hypotheses of the study and a library methods and then survey questionnaire was used. Measurements are selected . The results and findings show that the most relevant and significant correlation between lifestyle and social status of people with a sense of location and orientation. Also, comparison of the two groups revealed significant differences in terms of lifestyle, social security, social status and sense of belonging to the local show. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The long-term and short-term factors affecting the Arab Revolutions
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Majid Alavian -
Open Access Article
49 - Challenges and Opportunities of Cultural Diversity and Human Rights
Ahmad Montazeri Babak Baseri Ali Faghih Habibi Masih Behnia -
Open Access Article
50 - Principles and Consequences of the Trump Administration's Economic Nationalism Policy
Ali Sabbaghian Masoud FathipourWith the victory of Donald Trump in January 2017, significant changes took place in the US economy. These changes included the withdrawal of the United States from international agreements, the increase of customs tariffs, and the protection of domestic production. Emph MoreWith the victory of Donald Trump in January 2017, significant changes took place in the US economy. These changes included the withdrawal of the United States from international agreements, the increase of customs tariffs, and the protection of domestic production. Emphasizing "America First" in his inaugural address, Trump sought new governmental approaches that would free the American economy from long-term problems. For Trump, this was possible by changing macroeconomic approaches. The decision had several reasons and consequences that are the subject of this study. Therefore, the main question of the present study is on what principles was the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism based and what were the practical consequences? This article examines the hypothesis that the foundations of the Trump administration's economic nationalism stem from three elements: Trump's personality, Republican approaches, and external pressures, and its practical manifestation in the form of US withdrawal from international agreements or efforts to amend them, increase tariffs, and Support for domestic production has been evident. The research method used in this research is qualitative. Findings show that the implementation of the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism has led to a conflict between US hegemonic requirements and greater isolationism. Hence, the decision-makers of the American foreign policy apparatus in this period have tried to reconcile the nationalist and globalist views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Donald Trump's Economic Nationalism and the Networked Approach to US Foreign Policy
hossein deheshyar seyed amir sina nouraniThe U.S has turned to economic nationalism with Trump's inception that poses many risks to economic liberal order; however, this decision has its own reasons. So the main question of this study is, what are the reasons for Trump's adoption of nationalist economic polici MoreThe U.S has turned to economic nationalism with Trump's inception that poses many risks to economic liberal order; however, this decision has its own reasons. So the main question of this study is, what are the reasons for Trump's adoption of nationalist economic policies? The hypothesis is that, according to networked approach in US foreign policy, Trump's adoption of nationalist economic policies in the domestic dimension is due to the attraction and retention of his supporters who have widespread fears of the dangers of the current world economic order and have suffered many losses. They are considered to be a loser. Also on the foreign side, the rise of emerging economic powers and the threat of a US economic position that will extend to other sectors in the long run are another reason for adopting these policies. The purpose of this study is to clearly explain the reasons for Trump's adoption of economic nationalism based on networked approach in US foreign policy. Trump has won by linking economic nationalism with conservatism. On the other hand, he has turned to economic nationalism due to US economic challenges and slowing growth of other countries, especially China, which is expected to surpass the US by 2030. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Geographical Reviewed throughout the Diaspora.
Mohammadreza HatamiIn today's post-modern world, ethnic diaspora or displacement, whether forced or voluntary, is playing a key role in determining the policies of host countries or guests. Why the Diaspora in the fluidity of boundaries, creation or destruction of the nation – state MoreIn today's post-modern world, ethnic diaspora or displacement, whether forced or voluntary, is playing a key role in determining the policies of host countries or guests. Why the Diaspora in the fluidity of boundaries, creation or destruction of the nation – state phenomena have a tremendous role. Diaspora or Diaspora communities as a development agent or against the development shows variety of approaches in the sociology and psychology. And while this attitude with respect to the distance from home to the host community have geographical point. The research at the cross - sectional and geographical approaches and concepts with the help of space - the realm of the diaspora looks and explores the idea of “rewriting of diaspora” in relation to geography across the geography, place & space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - The Components of National Identity in the Compositions of Aref Qazvini and Ahmad Showghi
Tahereh Chaldarreh Ma'sumeh SadeghiAbstract National identity causes eternity and people's growth and transcendence in a country ; and its preservation is of the concerns of the rulers and politicians. Since the aim of the colonialists is the annihilation of th MoreAbstract National identity causes eternity and people's growth and transcendence in a country ; and its preservation is of the concerns of the rulers and politicians. Since the aim of the colonialists is the annihilation of the national identity, and make them alien to their own identity, it is the duty of the poets and the writers and the thinkers to make the nation aware of these risks. Based on the current trend, in this article, the components of national identity in the works of the two revolutionary poets : Aref Qazvini and Ahmad Showghi – Iran and Arab poets, have been investigated by descriptive – analytic methods in the mold of political, historical and social approach. The attained results showed that these two distinguished poets emphasized specifically on the national parameters and identity and nationalism. Patriotism, combat against colonialism, adoration of militants, heroes, martyrs, and talking about the glories of the past are the exquisite themes of their compositions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The impact of China's historical principles and foundations and Historical backgrounds on its foreign policy
Jamil Hassanpourچکیده با توجه به اینکه افراد و نخبگانسیاسی دارای اصول نسبتا ثابت فکری هستند ، لذا مبانی فکری و فلسفی آنان و ارزش ها و عناصر فرهنگی یک جامعه مطمئنا در شکل گیری دیدگاههای سیاست خارجی اشان تاثیر گذار خواهد بود. لذا شناخت مبانی فکری و اندیشه فلسفی رهبران ونخبگان سیاسی می ت Moreچکیده با توجه به اینکه افراد و نخبگانسیاسی دارای اصول نسبتا ثابت فکری هستند ، لذا مبانی فکری و فلسفی آنان و ارزش ها و عناصر فرهنگی یک جامعه مطمئنا در شکل گیری دیدگاههای سیاست خارجی اشان تاثیر گذار خواهد بود. لذا شناخت مبانی فکری و اندیشه فلسفی رهبران ونخبگان سیاسی می تواند در بررسی سیاست خارجی هر کشوری مثمر ثمر باشد. با این اوصاف می توان گفت، پیوند میان متغیرهای فرهنگی و سیاست خارجی از سه طریق مطالعه اعتقادات و اسطوره ها، تصاویر و برداشتها و در نهایت عادات و ایستارها مورد بررسی قرار داد. و این فرهنگ است که از طریق باورها، اسطوره ها، قواعد وهنجارها بر اندیشه و رفتار سیاستمداران اثر می گذارد. لذا در خصوص جمهوری خلق چین به عنوان مطالعه موردی این سوال مطرح است که آیا زمینه های تاریخی و مبانی فکری حاصل از اندیشه های کنفسیوس و دیگر اندیشه های رایج در این کشور بر سیاست خارجی این کشور تاثیرگذار بوده است و یا خیر .و در صورت ایفای نقش ، این اثرگذاری را در کدام بخش از سیاست خارجی این کشور می توان مشاهده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Change of identity tenets in Turkey's foreign policy and its regional effects in the middle East
ali nikokar Mahnaz GoodarziWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis MoreWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis on layers of identity. Brought about ideological tensions that necessitate the investigation of changes in Turkey's identity tenets in the Middle East and it's regional effects. This study argues that Justice and Development Party's application as identity tenets in the Middle East entangles the country in ideological games that it has little in common with; and from another perspective, with a read of Islamism the country enters a rivalry field with Iran and Saudi Arabia each of which represents a part of it's identity (Sunni and Shiite) and from another aspects the two countries have opposite and common benefits. Thus, Turkey's presence in the Middle East brings about more complication in the regional equations and more disagreement in policies; and intensities ideological rivalries. This study was carried and according the Constructivist theory, the research method was descriptive –analytical; and the data were collected through library research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The Examination of the Role of Intellectuals in Reza Khan Getting into Power
Bizhan Mirzaei MORTEZA MAHMODI ali karimi meleh ali asghar zargarReza Khan getting into power is one of the main events of Iran contemporary history for which various factors have been proposed from interference of foreigners to the chaos of Iran after constitutional revolution. In this regard, the intellectuals who played significan MoreReza Khan getting into power is one of the main events of Iran contemporary history for which various factors have been proposed from interference of foreigners to the chaos of Iran after constitutional revolution. In this regard, the intellectuals who played significant role in making Reza Khan get into power through their intellectual and practical support should be mentioned. The intellectuals of this period considered the saving path of country in establishment of "authorized government", "expansion of nationalism" and "authoritarian modernization" by avoiding the constitutional ideals and perceived the satisfaction of these ideas in Reza Khan's personality. Thus, in their publications which they published until Reza Khan Kingdom, they pursued these ideas and were united in fulfillment of them through establishment of a superior and concentrated political power. The coalition between Reza Khan and intellectuals leads to enhancement of political status of Reza Khan and succeeded in providing a map for his future government which he tried to implement during his 20 years of presence in politics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - US internationalism after eleven septamber and the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic (Structural or neoclassical approach?)
mohsen jamshidi Hamid Reza saeedy nezhadElleven septamber was just an accident, and the aftermath has been more of a reaction to the incident. The Islamic Republic has acted briefly in the neo-realist post eleven septamber era after eleven septamber, but based on the ideological approach of the Islamic Revolu MoreElleven septamber was just an accident, and the aftermath has been more of a reaction to the incident. The Islamic Republic has acted briefly in the neo-realist post eleven septamber era after eleven septamber, but based on the ideological approach of the Islamic Revolution, the country has always acted contrary to this theory and can be based on its performance as well as the data discussed in the research. Neoclassical realism has been the basis of Iran's foreign policy since eleven septamber. Iran's efforts to increase its regional role are aimed at enhancing relative security (defense realism). Following the Islamic Revolution and the ideological and strategic conflict with the United States, Iran sought to strengthen its asymmetric capability in the Middle East (aggressive realism) in order to weaken its military against the United States and confront the Western economic war. Supporting regional resistance groups irrespective of their ideology (religious sectarianism), the production and use of simple, low-cost weapons, and the proliferation of such weapons in the region (tendency and tendency for regional hegemony) are two important tactics in Iranian military doctrine. The battle is asymmetric. The author of the qualitative study and the descriptive-analytical approach will attempt to answer the existing question and prove his hypothesis through the data in question. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Constitution Ages Elites and Articulation of Nationalism Discourse in Iran
Alirrza Azghandi Arash SadeghizeidiPolitical elites have always played an important role in shaping the discourses in society. So that exploration of political institutionalization and expansion of politics’ realm, legitimize the new values and institutions are the most basic role of the elites tha MorePolitical elites have always played an important role in shaping the discourses in society. So that exploration of political institutionalization and expansion of politics’ realm, legitimize the new values and institutions are the most basic role of the elites that explain the principles of public cooperation and coexistence and bestow national-moral character to political explorations. Iranian political elites in the nineteenth century following the decline of Iran and divergence of dominant discourse of that time were suffering from identity crisis; therefore, for identification have established a new order in the form of ancient-oriented nationalism discourse. For this purpose, they have excluded previous discourse’s signifiers to field of discursivity and have established new discourse around the Iranian nation’s nodal point. In this research by study of three Iranian intellectual’s thought, this issue is discussed that what factors affected them and how they articulated a new order as nationalism which after some years was known as the dominant discourse in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - The Survey of Chinese Government Role in the Development of This Country
Mahnaz Godarzi Hamid DerakhshandeUnderstanding development trends in countries that have succeeded in achieving this important Theoretical and Applied great value for policy makers and elites in developing countries. Among the successful countries in achieving development, no doubt China has been a suc MoreUnderstanding development trends in countries that have succeeded in achieving this important Theoretical and Applied great value for policy makers and elites in developing countries. Among the successful countries in achieving development, no doubt China has been a success on the road to development. The first and most important factor in the success of the country, there is a developmental state. The government, through the elite development-oriented, efficient bureaucracy and its nationalist nationalism, was able to design and implement appropriate policies and rational, Policies that were designed with the purpose of development and industrialization. The success of the pro-development efforts developmental state and administrative system. The aim of this paper is to examine the developmental state of China's development goals that are politically oriented Showed that the function of the driving force behind the development of this country songs and strategies pursued within state structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The influence of national and patriotic Persian epic in the Poetry of Iqbal Lahori
Alireza Rezaeian Seyed Ebrahim Arman Fateme EmamiAllameh Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri is a prominent and distinguished poet, a defender of national interests and heritage who has an important role in his homeland with its special Islamic boundaries. The epic of his homeland had always been an integral part of his subl MoreAllameh Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri is a prominent and distinguished poet, a defender of national interests and heritage who has an important role in his homeland with its special Islamic boundaries. The epic of his homeland had always been an integral part of his sublime ideas and novel thoughts. The gem of his existence sparkles with love for his motherland. He is famed and admired for his constant preoccupation with Islamic nationalism and patriotic activities. Commemorating his native land and the defense of his country was his prime mission, a motif clearly seen in Persian epic and in the poetry of earlier patriotic poets of Iran. This research was conducted by library method making use of primary and secondary sources as well as internet sources. The purpose of this article is to explore to what extent patriotic poetry of Iqbal Lahouri was under the influence of patriotic Persian epic since he is considered as a pioneer of patriotic poetry with its special significance in contemporary literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - National and Patriotic functions in Ra’di Azarakhshi’s poetry using epic approach
Faramarz Ahmadi Mehdi Mahoozi Mahmoud TavoosiIn every society there exists a kind of collective consciousness known as national awareness and it is expressed in Persian literature as national patriotic theme. The purpose of this article is to discuss and evaluate Gholam Ali Ra’di Azarakhshi’s vie MoreIn every society there exists a kind of collective consciousness known as national awareness and it is expressed in Persian literature as national patriotic theme. The purpose of this article is to discuss and evaluate Gholam Ali Ra’di Azarakhshi’s viewpoints regarding Persian language, culture, civilization, and social values of Iran and to study and analyze national and patriotic themes in his compositions. Furthermore, the application of contemporary epic literature in his compositions is studied. Using descriptive analytic and library approach the attempt is made in this article to study themes such as patriotism, antagonism towards enemy, also to study national and historical characters. The results obtained show that Ra’di paid special attention towards contemporary epic functions such as anti-colonialism, national identity and language, preservation of independence and territorial integrity. His attitude towards the concept of homeland and patriotism is to a large extent different from that of other poets. The vastness of his thoughts in celebrating national and historical figures spans past till present characters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Ferdowsi, Naserkhosrow, and Ismailis
HamidReza Ardestani RostamiShahnameh scholars have earlier often referred to Ferdowsi’s shiism of being of the zaydi, twelvers, and Ismaili type. The writer of this essay sees the latter opinion closer to the truth since There have been close associations between Ismailis and the com MoreShahnameh scholars have earlier often referred to Ferdowsi’s shiism of being of the zaydi, twelvers, and Ismaili type. The writer of this essay sees the latter opinion closer to the truth since There have been close associations between Ismailis and the compatriot Persian Dehqans and Sunni followers have constantly accused Ferdowsi for having ancient Persian beliefs. Ferdowsi like Naserkhosrow and the Ismailis finds helpful accompaniment of Immanence and revelation in knowing God. In a verse in Shahnameh’s preface God is known as ”The designer of the best gem “ And based on Ferdowsi’s words one can assume ”the best gem”(in contrast to attribute) is the essence of reason and Universal Soul which is the source of all creation. Ferdowsi like Naserkhosrow based on the Ismailis doctrine, summon people to inspect the word of God so that one can comprehend the true essence of God’s words as a great reward. Description of the process of creation in the preface is closer to the beliefs of Naserkhosrow and Ismailis. Both poets speak of God of revelation (Tanzil or Nateq) that the God of interpretation or (executor, Vasi) should disclose the secret of His words. They both in praise of prophet’s family use the term Ahl-al bayt and unlike many Sunni historians and geographers who mention Imam Reza once speak of city of Tus, there are no references made to Imam Reza who was buried near them or else the conclusion would have been to regard Ferdowsi as a twelver. Manuscript profile
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