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Open Access Article
1 - The Effect of Concentration Polarization in the Process of Water Desalination by Forward Osmosis Method (Review)
Mohsen Bahoosh Eslam Kashi Soheila ShokrollahzadehBackground and Objective: Energy and water are two of the most important challenging factors which human faces in the third millennium. Various methods of water desalination were employed that the applicability and industrialization of these methods are dependent on the MoreBackground and Objective: Energy and water are two of the most important challenging factors which human faces in the third millennium. Various methods of water desalination were employed that the applicability and industrialization of these methods are dependent on the optimization of the energy consumption and the appropriate efficiency. One of these methods is osmosis process that is divided into two sections: reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. Now, the reverse osmosis process is extensively used on industrial scale. The reverse osmosis process has more industrial applications than the forward osmosis. Currently, the forward osmosis process in commercialization path faces serious challenges. The factors that effect on the forward osmosis process include: properties of feed and draw solutions, concentration polarization, membrane orientation, selectivity and membrane ability to the rejection of solute on both sides of the membrane, creating a high osmotic pressure difference and easy regeneration capability of draw solution. Method: In this article an overview of concentration polarization, its mathematical models and its reduction methods are studied. Findings: The most important strategies proposed by researchers for reducing concentration polarization is changing the membrane structure and optimizing process conditions and draw solution. Discussion and Conclusion: Although the concentration polarization has a significant influence on the control and reduction of the water flux to pass through the membrane, it can reduce the water flux up to 80% of the initial water flux but with using appropriate operating conditions and optimizing membrane structure, the neglect results of it can reduce. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of Leakage Modification and Cooling Flow Rate Increase of Water-Cooled Condenser on NVD System Performance Equipped with Vacuum Tube Collectors
Mohammad Javad Abbaspour mohammad behshad ShafieiBackground and Objective: Lack of access to sufficient fresh water is a major threat to people around the world, and to prevent this, extensive research is being done to find new ways to purify different sources of brackish water at lower cost, energy and environmental MoreBackground and Objective: Lack of access to sufficient fresh water is a major threat to people around the world, and to prevent this, extensive research is being done to find new ways to purify different sources of brackish water at lower cost, energy and environmental impacts. The purpose of this study is to produce the freshwater through an NVD system using vacuum tube collectors and vacuum creation by a vacuum pump. Hence, this kind of system could be considered as an innovative combination one; in addition, the effect of different vacuum pressures on yield, then the effect of leakage modification and flow rate increase of cooling water on the system performance were experimentally investigated. Method: In this research, a vacuum pump was utilized to create an initial vacuum, and when it is switched off, a barometric water column maintains the vacuum naturally throughout the consecutive days. The vacuum collectors were used in order to enhance the saline water heat transfer; later the system performance was continually examined. After the improvements were carried to the system, the yield and efficiency were analyzed and compared with the first test. Furthermore, a pressure gauge, a pyranometer and some thermocouples were applied so as to measure the system pressure, solar radiation and temperatures respectively. Findings: The current study found that the yield and efficiency of the system increased by raising the vacuum pressure; besides, after the leakage modification and cooling water flow rate enhancement, the efficiency has been insignificantly varied in the first consecutive days resulting in a superior capability to produce fresh water for more than three days without reusing the vacuum pump. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that raising the vacuum pressure increased the yield and efficiency so that they reached to 8.114 kg/m2d and more than 51% respectively. Moreover, the efficiency slightly varied and as a result, the system would be able to produce freshwater for more than three days without reutilizing vacuum pump. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Assessment and Ranking of Environmental Risk Generating Activities in Ahvaz Desalination Plant No.1 Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Abdolreza Karimi Zahra Rahimi RashtabadiEnvironmental risk assessment studies are usually followed a specific process, including the identification of risks and the consequences of them, estimation and risk assessment, and suggested techniques to reduce the risk and its consequences. This study was carried ou MoreEnvironmental risk assessment studies are usually followed a specific process, including the identification of risks and the consequences of them, estimation and risk assessment, and suggested techniques to reduce the risk and its consequences. This study was carried out in 2016 to evaluate and ranking the environmental risk generating activities for desalination plant No.1 of Ahvaz in Karoon Oil and gas co-operation and in exploitation phase. In this study, identification of risks in the region based on field visits, interviews with factory and environmental experts, status report and Delphi method were performed. Then, the ranking of risk generating activities was done using AHP method. According to the Delphi method from 11 productive activity risks identified and 8 activities were identified as the final activities that these activities have generated the most risks in the plant. The data analysis according to the AHP method showed that the highest risk generating activities was the maintenance, transfer and injection of chemicals into reservoirs with the weight 0.244 and lowest risk related to rust operation with the weight 0.069. The final results showed that the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be use in prioritization the criteria and sub-criteria and increases its accuracy in estimating the ultimate level of risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Identify the suitable locations for the establishment of desalination plants due to environmental sensitive areas in the coastal area of Hormozgan province
Morteza Sepehr Afshin Danehkar Seyed Mohammad Reza Fatemi ali Mashinchian MoradiMany countries in the world are facing the crisis caused by scarcity of water resources. One of the strategies for coping with this crisis, which is considered a suitable way of restoring fresh water resources, is construction of water desalination plants. However, desp MoreMany countries in the world are facing the crisis caused by scarcity of water resources. One of the strategies for coping with this crisis, which is considered a suitable way of restoring fresh water resources, is construction of water desalination plants. However, despite the numerous advantages of desalination plants, their effluents have undesirable effects on the environment. The present research intended to locate suitable sites for constructing water desalination plants by taking into account the environmental sensitive zones. After developing the layers in a geographical information system, a distance map of each layer was developed. Criteria were weighted during the Delphi process. The geographical layers of each criterion were evaluated and classified in five categories. The layers of the criteria were normalized based on the coefficients of importance, integrated during their linear application, and reclassified in five categories. Nineteen suitable sites were identified for construction of water desalination plants by integrating the layers and through preparing the final layer. By reclassifying and reevaluating the final map, 2 high important locations, 7 important locations, 5 Middle important locations, 4 less important locations, 1 unimportant location. 2 high important locations were located in the coastal areas of the Bandar Abbas City. 16 were located in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, and three were in the coastal areas of the Sea of Oman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - ارزیابی استفاده از اصلاح کننده گچ، در اصلاح خاکهای شور و قلیا در اراضی جنوب خوزستان
محمد والی پور حسین سخایی راداصلاح خاکها، یکی از روشهای توسعه اراضی کشاورزی محسوب میگردد. وجود یون سدیم در کنار شوری، تشکیل یک خاک شور– سدیمی را داده و موجب بروز مشکلات فراوانی در روند رویشی گیاهان میگردد. لذا اتخاذ راهکارهای لازم جهت اصلاح این خاکها، با توسل به روشهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی، Moreاصلاح خاکها، یکی از روشهای توسعه اراضی کشاورزی محسوب میگردد. وجود یون سدیم در کنار شوری، تشکیل یک خاک شور– سدیمی را داده و موجب بروز مشکلات فراوانی در روند رویشی گیاهان میگردد. لذا اتخاذ راهکارهای لازم جهت اصلاح این خاکها، با توسل به روشهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی، همچون کاربرد کلسیم در آبشویی، اجتناب ناپذیر به نظر میرسد.در این تحقیق، جهت بررسی وضعیت خاکهای منطقه، با حفر پروفیل، از اعماق20 -0 ، 40- 20 ، 60 - 40 ، 80- 60 و 100 –80سانتیمتری خاک،اقدام به تهیه نمونه گردید. و پس از تجزیه آن در آزمایشگاه و محاسبه مقادیرECe,SAR ،ESP‎‏،CEC وغیره، به مطالعه خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی آن پرداخته شد. این پژوهش، به صورت طرح بلوکهای کاملاً تصادفی، با 2 تیمار (شاهد، ماده اصلاح کننده گچ) و 3 تکرار، در کرتهای فلزی1*1 متری اجرا گردید. مقدار آب مورد نیاز جهت آبشویی، به میزان 100 سانتیمتر و در 5 مرحله (هر مرحله به عمق 20 سانتیمتر) تعیین گردید. پس از پایان هر مرحله، نمونهبرداریها در 4 عمق تعیین شده از خاک، انجام و آزمایشات صورت گرفت. بررسی نتایج و تجزیه و تحلیل آماری آنها، بیانگر آن است که تاثیر کاربرد گچ، بر روند آبشویی، در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد، تفاوت معناداری نشان نمیدهد. این موضوع را میتوان به انحلال گچ موجود در خاک در اثر نفوذ آب به درون خاک، مربوط دانست. پیشنهاد میگردد برای خنثی کردن تاثیر سدیم بالای اراضی در راندهای اولیه آبشویی، از آب شور (زهاب کشاورزی موجود) بدون استفاده از گچ استفاده گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Modeling of MED distillation with vapor compression
ashkan hamedi Hadi Kargar SharifabadDue to the ever-increasing human need for drinking water and limitation of available drinking water resources, we always need to use salty waters of the seas and oceans for converting into purified drinking water. In the article, a variety of water treatment processes i MoreDue to the ever-increasing human need for drinking water and limitation of available drinking water resources, we always need to use salty waters of the seas and oceans for converting into purified drinking water. In the article, a variety of water treatment processes is reviewed and applied. In all the processes, energy must be used for the preparation of purified water. Since the resources for available energy are also limited, the researchers always attempt to identify the best method for water purification in terms of cost, energy consumption and the other items. Also, with thermo-economic analysis, they cause the cost of drinking water is minimized. Among a variety of Multi Effect Desalination methods, Multi Effect Desalination with Parallel Feed along with Steam Ejector is analyzed thermo-economically. Moreover, the conditions are investigated in that we can have less cost for purified water. Finally, we will observe that in Multi Effect Desalination methods, Steam Ejector reduces the cost up to 60%. In Multi Effect Desalination refineries, even if the temperature of salt water in the first stage is 70°-80°, Steam Ejector will cause to produce most purified water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Review of research in Exergy analysis and energy of solar water desalination
غلامرضا خسروی هادی کارگر شریف آبادIn this paper disburse exergy analyse and energy analyse per use from the exiting model at some of solar stills and mechanism of on solar still constituent glass cover,collector(absorber sun energy),inlet brine water and sump survey by exergy analysis. also exerjy and e MoreIn this paper disburse exergy analyse and energy analyse per use from the exiting model at some of solar stills and mechanism of on solar still constituent glass cover,collector(absorber sun energy),inlet brine water and sump survey by exergy analysis. also exerjy and energy balance reffered from the other parts of solar still. And express dominant relations.also styles improvement efficiency at other parameters at solar stills by sevral styles taken from exergy and enerjy described and results will represent. Finally we will try with a short comparsion recognized ineffective portion in the solar stills and explain ways to improve efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Construction and Experimental Investigation of local cooling to improve the efficiency of solar desalination
مهدی آریافر Hadi Kargar SharifabadDue to the favorable properties of wide regions of the world and has developed a shortage of fresh water in dry areas that already face large-scale development has occurred Such as parts of North Africa and the Middle East, to produce fresh water by desalination to need MoreDue to the favorable properties of wide regions of the world and has developed a shortage of fresh water in dry areas that already face large-scale development has occurred Such as parts of North Africa and the Middle East, to produce fresh water by desalination to need a lot of energy and a lot of research studies for the development of solar desalination is being done by solar energy With the aim of identifying key technical challenges and potential opportunities for solar energy, A variety of technologies for the optimum amount of solar energy as well as various technologies for solar desalination system includes advanced technique for restoring energy is studied we conclude that the development of solar desalination system for cost-effective and energy-efficient in the near future may be grounds for water supply desert regions of the world. The effects of water cooling with two modes: simple desalination (passive) by installing cooling and desalination of water (active) examined and compared in terms of daily production has been tested. Tests in August (August) in geographical coordinates (N:35°34′,E:53°22′) carried on the basis of the results observed maximum production rate freshwater disabled 0.26 (kg / m2) per hour. Moreover, the daily output disable mode of 1.035 (kg / m2.day) daily 1.530 (kg / m2) reached in active mode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Construction and Experimental Investigation of heat pipe and water cooling application to improve the efficiency of solar desalination
Hadi Kargar Sharifabad مهدی آریافرHealthy and fresh water supply is one of the fundamental issues in different regions of the world, particularly in remote areas is dry. There are several methods for desalination of brackish waters, of which solar distillation devices can be the perfect solution for spa MoreHealthy and fresh water supply is one of the fundamental issues in different regions of the world, particularly in remote areas is dry. There are several methods for desalination of brackish waters, of which solar distillation devices can be the perfect solution for sparsely populated areas that are of sufficient intensity solar radiation. In this study, we have tried to express the necessity of providing safe drinking water, the fundamentals of performance of solar desalination dealt with the resources available. In the present study the effect of water cooling with two modes: Desalination with heat pipe and manifold (semi-active) and desalination to cooling water and heat Vlvlhhay manifold (active mode) are tested daily production was investigated. Tests in August (September) in geographical coordinates(N:35°34′,E:53°22′)is conducted. Based on the results observed The maximum rate of production of fresh water in active mode 0.43(kg / m2) per hour. As well as the daily yield semi-active mode from 1.87 (kg / m2.day) daily 2.085(kg / m2) reached in active mode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Numerical analysis of the effects of a common and porous fin on the heat transfer rate and distilled water production in a solar desalination
Reza Shaabani Hadi Kargar SharifabadDue to the fresh water shortage crisis in all around the world, many types of desalination systems have been developed. One of the most used type of them is solar desalination system. In this paper, a parametric study has been employed for investigation of the effects o MoreDue to the fresh water shortage crisis in all around the world, many types of desalination systems have been developed. One of the most used type of them is solar desalination system. In this paper, a parametric study has been employed for investigation of the effects of mounting a normal and porous fin on the heat transfer and water production rates of solar still desalination. A fin with different porous intensity in different positions has been put in solar desalination. For modelling the mentioned desalination, the desalination geometry has been meshed and the 3D simulation has been performed using ANSYS Fluent software. As the result of simulation, putting fin in optimum position in a solar still desalination leads to considerable increment of Nusselt number which results in increase of mass transfer and fresh water production rates. In addition, employment of porous fin will cause decrease in heat transfer and mass transfer rates. Finally, the effects of adding fin on the vortexes in the desalinator and its impacts on temperature and mass fractions differences in various zones has been also examined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Performance Optimization of Double Absorption Heat Transformers Using Genetic Algorithm in Order to Minimize Physical Exergy Destruction
sarang ezazi Abdolreza Sadighmanesh -
Open Access Article
12 - Potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) for phytodesalination of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorine under different water salinity stresses
Sepideh Hoseini Roxana Moogouei Mehdi Borghei Zahra Abedi Mehdi RamezaniThis study was conducted to evaluate the ability to grow and reduce water salinity by quinoa and wheat plants in greenhouse and hydroponic. This research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with thre MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the ability to grow and reduce water salinity by quinoa and wheat plants in greenhouse and hydroponic. This research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included 4 salinity levels of zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 dS / m and two species of wheat and quinoa. In this study, traits such as total plant dry weight, accumulation of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total plant chlorine and the efficiency of water uptake by plants were measured. The results of this study showed that quinoa has more ability to absorb and accumulate elements than wheat and is a plant resistant to salinity stress. The results showed that the concentrations of sodium, chlorine and magnesium per plant (5.48, 10.12 and 1.12 g for wheat and 10.76, 11.65 and 2.66 g for wheat, respectively). Absorption efficiency of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from water (12.28%, 11.30% and 20.22% for wheat and 23.12%, 14.60% and 24.79% for quinoa, respectively). The results also showed that the amount of sodium, chlorine and magnesium accumulated in the plant and the efficiency of phytodesalination of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from saline water significantly increased with increasing in salinity for both wheat and quinoa. In the case of calcium and potassium bioaccumulation and phytodesalination efficiency decreased with increasing salinity. As a result, quinoa showed a significant bioaccumulation efficiency in dry weight production, compared to wheat, so it can be considered as an alternative plant for cultivation in salinity and dry climate conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Failure Evaluation of Cupronickel Alloy Used in the Condenser of the Desalination Unit
Javad Hashemi Amin Rabiezadeh -
Open Access Article
14 - A review of polysulfone and polyethersulfone based mixed matrix nanofiltration membranes/carbon nanoparticles
Nader Gholami Hossein MahdaviAlthough the membrane technology has advantages such as the high capability of separation, flexibility of operation, efficiency, etc. compared to conventional methods, fouling is the main limitation for the further use of membrane technology, mainly because of the inher MoreAlthough the membrane technology has advantages such as the high capability of separation, flexibility of operation, efficiency, etc. compared to conventional methods, fouling is the main limitation for the further use of membrane technology, mainly because of the inherent hydrophobicity of membrane materials. To overcome this drawback, nanocomposite membranes are used. Among membrane processes, nanofiltration has applications in groundwater, surface water and wastewater treatment as well as pre-desalination operations. Since NF process is performed at a lower pressure, it is a much more energy efficient process. In this review, modification of polysulfone/polyatersulfone membranes is investigated with regards to anti-fouling performance. The mechanism of fouling reduction clearly shows that surface hydrophilicity improves at the polysulfone/polyatersulfone membranes, based on different membrane modification methods. In addition, the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes resulting from the participation of nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix mixed membrane, their properties and applications using organic fillers (such as graphene and carbon nanotubes) have been thoroughly studied.Furthermore, the characterization techniques applied for modified membranes have been discussed.This comprehensive study concludes with some recommendations for future research and development of NF membranes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Locating desalination facilities in the southern coasts of Bushehr province using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS system
A. PakandishNowadays, the subject of hygienic drinking water is one of the main concerns of most countries in the world. In the seaside areas in south of Iran, this is more easily observable due to different factors including the population growth, limitation of freshwater resource MoreNowadays, the subject of hygienic drinking water is one of the main concerns of most countries in the world. In the seaside areas in south of Iran, this is more easily observable due to different factors including the population growth, limitation of freshwater resources, development of famine phenomenon and the increase in temperature, etc. Therefore, the construction of the desalinators in order to convert saline water into drinking water, is of great significance. In this research, a zone across the southern coast of Bushehr province was studied, and the potential of the area for locating water desalinators were analyzed. Analysis of the data were done with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in Expert Choice software and GIS. A number of 13 criteria were weighted in the form of three main indexes, borders, and natural factors. The weighted layers were merged and the final map was produced. Results of the study indicate that 13.15% of the region has a very high potential for the construction of desalinators, 28.37% high potential, 30.45% has an average potential, and 21.45% and 6.57% of the region have low and very low potential, respectively. Kaky, Abdanof, Bardestan and Siraf have a considerable potential for accommodating water desalination facilities and in general the northern parts of the case study area are more suitable for this purpose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Desalination of Caspian Sea Water by Using Graphene Oxide-based Covalent Organic Frameworks and HDTMA -Modified Iranian Natural Zeolite
Jahangir Abedi-Koupai, Arefeh Chehrehrazi, Fatemeh Dadvand Mohammad Javad Amiri -
Open Access Article
17 - Effect of pond dimensions on water requirement of basil in novel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond
Ahmad Ahmadinik Ali Rahimikhoob Sasan Ali niaeifardNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop MoreNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop in cultivating environment controlling atmospheric conditions and increasing relative humidity to saturation point. To evaluate the effect of saltwater evaporation pond dimensions on basil water requirements in greenhouse condition of the proposed system, a pilot project was done using pond dimensions of 1, 2, and 3 meter in southeast of Tehran. The average daily requirements of the basil in pilot projects of numbers 1, 2, and 3 in two cultivation periods were measured as 2.4, 1.9, and 0.8 mm, respectively which were significantly different. Increasing the length of saltwater evaporation pond in the system improved system capability to reduce crop water requirement. Therefore, implementation of larger ponds is recommended in commercial scale of this integrated system. Manuscript profile
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