defamiliarization

Open Access Article

1 - A Study on Norm Deviation in Muin Bseiso and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani’s Poetries
Mohammad Taqi Zand Vakili Marziyeh Ghasemian

Norm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and More

Norm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and concepts simultaneously with the modernism proceed Bseiso and Kadkani are the poets who have widen their poetic aesthetics and effectiveness by deviation from standard language. The aim of the present research is to study the elements of norm deviation in both poets’ poetries to show the abovementioned poets’ reason and goal in applying this method in their works to present their concept and meaning. The outcome has showed that two poets empower themselves by deviation from common syntax and semantic styles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - STUDY OF VIKTOR SHKLOVSKY’S IDEAS IN THE POETY OF SOHRAB SEPEHRY AND THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT
Mehdi Momtahen Naser Maleki Maryam Novidi

Creating new and strange themes is a characteristic of the modern and postmodern era poets. They try to dust the habits from the old themes and concepts and take a new look at them. They also try to direct the readers to the same path and thus, letting them un More

Creating new and strange themes is a characteristic of the modern and postmodern era poets. They try to dust the habits from the old themes and concepts and take a new look at them. They also try to direct the readers to the same path and thus, letting them understand the complex themes and concepts. This technique is called defamiliarization. Defamiliarization was first introduced by Shklovsky’s art as device theory. He believed that if the way we look at artistic works is based on our habits, we cannot have a new understanding of it and as a result its impact on our life will be habitual. The present article tries to study this technique in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehry and Thomas Stearns Eliot. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Techniques of Norm Deviation in Sanaei's Sonnets
Samaneh A'azami Habib Jadidol Eslami

One of the language's foregrounding method is norm – deviation. The mentioned technique removes habit, repeatition and bordome from literature and always brings freshness and beauty. Many poets enrich their poetries by applying this technique and method. Sanaei is More

One of the language's foregrounding method is norm – deviation. The mentioned technique removes habit, repeatition and bordome from literature and always brings freshness and beauty. Many poets enrich their poetries by applying this technique and method. Sanaei is also one of the poets who enjoyes norm – deviation and beutifies his poetries via this technique. The present paper is the result of a research which is done based on "norm – deviation" in order to find out three types of norm – deviation: lexical, syntactic and semantic in Sanaei's sonnets; the research studies the subject by an introduction to foregrounding and its various types Sanaei creates new form and awares the readers by standard language and defamiliarization. The outcome of the survey shows that Sanaei has frequently applies lexical, syntactic and semantic norm – deviations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Formalistic Analysis of Qamar Surah
Asgar Babazadeh Aqdam Javad Karkhaneh Hossein Taktabar

The present paper intends to analyze one of Meccan Surahs from formalistic criticism point of view to express that the Divine Words are full of concepts and meanings. The article which is done in descriptive – analytical method, comes to conclusion that the applie More

The present paper intends to analyze one of Meccan Surahs from formalistic criticism point of view to express that the Divine Words are full of concepts and meanings. The article which is done in descriptive – analytical method, comes to conclusion that the applied lexicons and contents in Quran are completely in interaction with each other and the applied terms have created new contents so that it can be claimed (bravely) this is the only technique to express the deep concepts of Quran and no other term or lexicon can be replaced; the results of this paper would open the new ways to express unlimited miracles of Divine words. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Study on Synesthesia in Amal Donqol's Poetry
Ali Najafi Eivaki Amir Hossein Rasoulnia Seyyed Alireza Taqavi

Undoubtedly a poet plays constructive and important role in social life generally and in literary life specifically as he affects others by his poetry and vast dreaming. The truth is that the effect does not happen in real life exclusively but in dreams as well. So the More

Undoubtedly a poet plays constructive and important role in social life generally and in literary life specifically as he affects others by his poetry and vast dreaming. The truth is that the effect does not happen in real life exclusively but in dreams as well. So the poet gets far from usual styles and verses deeper and fresher remarkably in order to offer more dynamic sense. One of the techniques the poet applies to offer literary and effective work is Synesthesia. It is induced that the poet paid special attention to this technique in order to avoid repetition and make the context more literal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Defamiliarization of story structures of six post-modern stories in Persian Cotemporary
Faezeh Ahmadi Fatemeh Heydari

10.30495/dk.2021.686461

In literary sense demfamilirization is the technique of presenting in an unfamiliar way that part of literary concept of the text which is familiar to the audience. This literary technique was initially appeared in the Russian Formalists. In the modern story writing, de More

In literary sense demfamilirization is the technique of presenting in an unfamiliar way that part of literary concept of the text which is familiar to the audience. This literary technique was initially appeared in the Russian Formalists. In the modern story writing, defamilirization is expressed through different presentation and usage of the story elements. Postmodern stories in Contemporary Persian stand in an aura of modern features due to the choice of defamilirization in the story elements such as vision, theme, the atmosphere, time, form, tone and different conclusion, forcing the reader to read this story several times in order to be able to understand the writer’s point of view.Based on descriptive and analytical method within library process, this research attempts to know defamilirization  of story structures in postmodern stories on one hand and on the other to make a critical review of six stories by” Bijan Najdi”, “ Hadi Khorshahian”, “ Mehdi Yazdani Khorram”,Leila Sadeqi” and examines the constituent elements in them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Analysis of Defamiliarization in Hafez’s Sonnet
Amineh Marefati Saeed Farzaneh fard Hossein Novin

10.30495/dk.2023.1965270.2629

Although defamiliarization has been proposed as one of the topics of contemporary literary criticism, it has existed in all past times, both in form and in meaning, and has guaranteed the development of the form and content of human thought. In fact, defamiliarization i More

Although defamiliarization has been proposed as one of the topics of contemporary literary criticism, it has existed in all past times, both in form and in meaning, and has guaranteed the development of the form and content of human thought. In fact, defamiliarization is a means of liberating man from his neglect of what was once sacred and valuable to him, and now has been overlooked by him due to habituation. Undoubtedly, poets are among the most outstanding pioneers of human societies, and they have always led people to pay attention to the renewal of the world and rely on the philosophy of previous consciousnesses. The poet Hafez has shown sensitivity to this issue from others and his words have been a clear example of defamiliarization of the ideas of humanization that the governments were using to reverse it by means of their own men . In order to realize his belief, he uses various art-making techniques, such as the use of incongruous adjectives, additional and descriptive combinations, archaism, contrary to expectations, and other tools. This research aims to show defamiliarization techniques and its effect on Social thought, Hafez has emerged. The information of this research was provided through the library method, or using the qualitative research method, it was analyzed and reported. Among the noteworthy results of this research, we can mention Hafez's art in using defamiliarization to fight against power. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Archaism in the Poetry of Nosrat Rahmani and Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi
Reza Keshtgar seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni Seyyed Jafar Hamidi

The formalist critics believe in archaism, i.e. the use of old and obsolete terms, as a method of defamiliarization and focalization in literary works. The right and proper use and application of archaism, however, can lead to the elevation of the poetry as well as the More

The formalist critics believe in archaism, i.e. the use of old and obsolete terms, as a method of defamiliarization and focalization in literary works. The right and proper use and application of archaism, however, can lead to the elevation of the poetry as well as the increase of fascination and pleasure for the addressees. Nosrat Rahmani and Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi, Iranian contemporary poets, have embellished their poetry applying this trope and so have they given a certain character to the type of their poetry. It is noteworthy to mention that Garmaroudi enjoys more often this defamiliarization in his poems, thanks to his erudition and affinity to Persian classic poetry. The present research aims at studying the usage of archaism in the works of Rahmani and Garmaroudi as the main tool to recognize the characteristics of their language and style Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Investigation of the artistic aspects of the defamiliarization‌ in the poetry collection of Mehdi Faraji named Meykhane ye Bikhab
Fateme Jafarikamangar Setare Firoozgaii

10.30495/dk.2020.677781

Foregrounding is the main characteristic of the literary language and will be possible with defamiliarization, deformation and deviation from the norm of the standard language. Innovative poets tries to use Image and the elements of aesthetic and creating artistic metho More

Foregrounding is the main characteristic of the literary language and will be possible with defamiliarization, deformation and deviation from the norm of the standard language. Innovative poets tries to use Image and the elements of aesthetic and creating artistic methods in poetry and vitalize the particular words, for enjoying their audiences. The present research is written by analytical descriptive method and tries to illustrate and investigate aesthetic evolution of images and Literary Imagery that gives the word an artistic effect. This research with scrutiny the beauty aspects of the images of this work and with the Indicating the most significant examples from that, indicates simile and metaphor as the most and metonymy as the least innovative images in this work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The aesthetics of abnormal features in the poetry of Izz al-Din al- Manāsara Based on Geoffrey Leech's theory
Mostafa Kamaljoo Javad Mohammadzadeh

Defamiliarization is one of the important phenomena in stylistics researches that focuses on the literary text language as something opposed to whatever is normal and usual. The present article studies this phenomen in the poem of Izz al-Din al- Manāsara within a descri More

Defamiliarization is one of the important phenomena in stylistics researches that focuses on the literary text language as something opposed to whatever is normal and usual. The present article studies this phenomen in the poem of Izz al-Din al- Manāsara within a descriptive-analytic method. The article intend to show beauties of defamiliarization and its manifestations in the poems of this poet. The results of the article show that the semantic defamiliarization is more frequent and the poet has been able to create an unkown and inspirating link between the signifier and signified by use of paradox and synesthesia. But the manifestations of defamiliarization in the syntactic layer are presented in the form hysteron proteron and parenthetical sentences. In phonetic layer, the amalgamation of taf?ils (prosodic paradigms) and use of phonotactics have been frequent. The poet embarked in abnormality by use of writing the words separately, giving a ladder-like shape to the poems lines and application of writing signs and deletion in writing structure. The most important form of abnormality in stylistic layer is the use of slangs within elegant words. Although the aesthetics of the use of defamiliarization application in general depends on its context of use, attracts the addressee's attention. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Stylistic Study of the Notion of Defamiliarization in “Al-Hadid” Sura
morteza ghaemi esmaeil yousefi javad mohamadzade

This article examines the notion ofdefamiliarizationin the holysura“Al- Hadid”.The defamiliarization is a term that emerged as a result of the strength of the break out of the habits. The main objective of this technique is to attractreader’s attention More

This article examines the notion ofdefamiliarizationin the holysura“Al- Hadid”.The defamiliarization is a term that emerged as a result of the strength of the break out of the habits. The main objective of this technique is to attractreader’s attention. The Holy Quran,the most documentary bookhas breached syntactic and lexical rules.Thus, analysis of the  greatSura (Al-Hadid) based on stylistics centered on the “Defamilization” at the phonetic, semantic and combination layers.Among the letters music and content of the verses of the Surah, is the coordination and coherence. In semantic level, it is recognized that this Sura isfull of such arts like paradoxes and semantic conflicts, such that the high frequency of semanticconflicts, has given the text of the Qur'an a special expression. In part of the deviation of the norms,deviating from governing application of conventional centrifugal terms and phrases, including dedication and delay, delete and gratuity (departure has attracted the hearts both in terms of form as well as content. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Defamiliarization in the structures of BoshraBostani’spoetry; A Case study (of Synesthesia)
Ali Baqer Taherinia Hossein Elyasi

Synesthesiais not solelygetting out of the standard and conventionallanguage, but the poet tries to get out of the standard language and break down the standard connectionbetweendifferentsenses in order to create an impressive and effective language.Synesthesia leads to More

Synesthesiais not solelygetting out of the standard and conventionallanguage, but the poet tries to get out of the standard language and break down the standard connectionbetweendifferentsenses in order to create an impressive and effective language.Synesthesia leads to dynamism of poetic images and itenhances the conductivityof metaphor. It isconsidered as one of the most important basics of poetryornamentations. Ornamentation of expression isachievedwhwnexistdifferent indexes. Synesthesiais one of those indexes whichornamentspoetic expression. And apoemwiththisrichness of expression descends on souls of readers. This studyfocuses on importance of synesthesia in BoshraBostani’spoetry, and itstudies the role of synesthesia on the conductivity of poetic expression. This studyisbased on descriptive- analyticalmethod and appliessemioticsmethod in order to analyse evidences in twofields of sense and sign. Poetic conversation of BoshraBostaniis not a conversation of storytelling and conductivity of expression texture, but itis a conversation that breaks down the standard language in order to createpoeticornamentation and to increaseconductivity of meanings and finally to createwonders. Synesthesia in BoshraBostani’spoetryisconsidered as a languagetoolwhichissimplyapplied to create objectification. It alsohelps to show the patriarchal society and alsocreatehope to freedom and othermeanings. Results of thisstudy shows thatsynesthesiawasused more in visual- olfactoryaspects and also in abstract and olfactory aspects and the poetdid not use synesthesia in taste- tactile and olfactory- abstract aspects. Synesthesiaisapplied by breaking down standards of adjective and name, verb and subject, determinatum and determinant and in between, synesthesia in determinatumand determinantformsis more abundant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Aesthetic study of postmodern sonnets based on the poems of Reza Braheni and Seyed Mehdi Mousavi
yasra tahmasbizade shahrokh hekmat

The school of postmodernism became popular in Iran in the 1970s through the translation of Western works and the travel of poets and writers to Western countries. Unlike modernism, this school tended to go back in time and borrow from myths and antiquity. The works of t More

The school of postmodernism became popular in Iran in the 1970s through the translation of Western works and the travel of poets and writers to Western countries. Unlike modernism, this school tended to go back in time and borrow from myths and antiquity. The works of this school have important differences with other literary schools and are often ambiguous and complex. Reza Braheni and Seyed Mehdi Mousavi are two poets of this type of poetry, whose poems have been studied aesthetically in this study. Braheni himself is one of the theorists of postmodernist poetry and in his poems the components of postmodernism can be seen more. . The postmodern components in the poems of these two poets include such things as: white writing, semantic avoidance, frequent repetitions, lexical and grammatical aberration, familiarization, but the way these elements are used is different. Braheni's poems are in the form of Nimai and have postmodern elements in terms of image and writing; But Mousavi has written more in the form of classical poetry with the same stanzas of poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - A study and critical analyze the Semantic deviation in Ali Babachahi poems
zakiyye mohamadlu ,barat mohammadi seif addin abbarin

Poetic language be created by a some genres of detour from the norms. poetic language usually emphasis to mode of expression as than as subject and have a aesthetic dimension. poets always detour from the rules of normative language in order to foregrounding and defamil More

Poetic language be created by a some genres of detour from the norms. poetic language usually emphasis to mode of expression as than as subject and have a aesthetic dimension. poets always detour from the rules of normative language in order to foregrounding and defamiliarization. One of the widely used genres of deviation is semantic deviation, poets does not choose a direct language to convey his thoughts and feelings and uses all kinds of poetic images such as simile, metaphor, synaesthesia, paradox and etc and with a this foregrounding in poetic language. Babachahi widely use the Semantic deviation in his poems and this genre of deviation have a vaste role in literariness. Between the all type of Semantic deviation Simile is the most frequent in his poem. metaphor has less use, and he has also used the the othere types of semantic deviation as subordinate metaphor, symbol, paradox and synaesthesia for the defamiliarization of his speech. In the present study, the genres of Semantic deviation in Babachahi poetry has been studied and with a descriptive- analytic method has been investigated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Defamiliarization in Mohammad Javad Mahabbat's PoetryJavad Mahabbat's Poetry
salma saedi saeeid arman Hosseini Abbariki

One of the deviations from standard language is defamiliarization which aims at providing elements of language in a novel way. Enjoying this technique, Mahabbat uses it in two folds: verbal and semanticDefamiliarization in Mohammad Javad Mahabbat's Poetry Dr. Seyyed Arm More

One of the deviations from standard language is defamiliarization which aims at providing elements of language in a novel way. Enjoying this technique, Mahabbat uses it in two folds: verbal and semanticDefamiliarization in Mohammad Javad Mahabbat's Poetry Dr. Seyyed Arman Hosseini Abbariki Salma Saedi Abstract: One of the deviations from standard language is defamiliarization which aims at providing elements of language in a novel way. Enjoying this technique, Mahabbat uses it in two folds: verbal and semantic. However, this paper puts emphasis on the verbal aspect as he relies heavily on the former. In this descriptive-analytical paper, phonetic, verbal, archaic, dialectical, written and syntactic defamiliarization are discussed. The results indicated that Mahabbat uses verbal and archaic defamiliarization as opposed to the other ones. In syntactic defamiliarization, separating the negative making prefix 'n' from the base, putting a distance between the adjunct and the possessive, and displacing the pronoun are widely seen in his writings. Dialectical defamiliarization is seen in using kermanshahi Kurdish dialect in Standard Persian and verbal defamiliarization materializes in innovation in new word combinations. Key words: familiarization, defamiliarization, language innovation, Mohammad Javad Mahabbat. ons. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Dynamics of Combining Two Formalist Elements of Defamiliarization and Highlighting in Two Lyrical Stories of Shahnameh (Zal and Rudabeh, Bijan and Manijeh)
Mitra Bighami Maryam Jafari Gholamabbas Zakeri

Although the formalists' theoretical emphasis on literature and literary arrangements used in the text does not negate the importance of the content, it indicates the central points through which the literary text is separated from other works. The present article tries More

Although the formalists' theoretical emphasis on literature and literary arrangements used in the text does not negate the importance of the content, it indicates the central points through which the literary text is separated from other works. The present article tries to examine the applications of the two main formalist arrays in the two stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The attribution of the Shahnameh to the "epic" genre has never been questioned, but this does not mean that a text of such magnitude, which has a variety of content features, is devoid of lyrical themes. Among these stories, the focus of this article is on "Zal and Rudabeh" and "Bijan and Manijeh". The goal is to discover and then combine the two important formalist elements of "de-familiarization" and "highlighting". The goal of formalists is, first, to bring about a fundamental change in the automatic and conventional process of language, and, second, to create a shocking interruption. Although the use of formalist arrays, both in the traditional novel form and in the form of arrangements that were later considered by theorists, can be seen throughout the Shahnameh, the frequency of their use in these lyrical stories is higher. The results of the discussion show that the use of such arrangements greatly enhances the attractiveness and literature of the text in terms of the attractiveness of the lyrical aspects. Combining both tricks in the mentioned narrations shows that Ferdowsi was aware of this issue and its capacities. The use of unfamiliar words, the use of indicating /ɑ/ at the end of the shutters, the exaggeration, the de-familiarization of the concept and the lexicon, and the emphasis on narrative are the most important formalistic examples used in these two systems. Also, although the lyrical burden of these two stories has been dominant, but due to their presence in the context of an epic work, some epic words and crafts have been mixed with its narration, which, through strengthening familiarity, de-familiarization and highlighting in them, differentiates them from Creates other Shahnameh stories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Paradoxical Expressions in Hāfiz’s Ghazals
فرشید وزیله

  One of the most prominent characteristics of Hāfiz’s poetry is his use of paradoxical expressions. A paradoxical poem artistically relates two opposite or unlike things in some way. The present article, by taking into consideration the definition of parad More

  One of the most prominent characteristics of Hāfiz’s poetry is his use of paradoxical expressions. A paradoxical poem artistically relates two opposite or unlike things in some way. The present article, by taking into consideration the definition of paradox and its relation with the concepts of amphiboly, oxymoron and defamiliarization, tries to examine the paradox in Hāfiz’s ghazals.         Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Analysis of the Story " Shahr-e Sangestan " from Akhawan Sales with Formalistic Approach ( Based on Defamiliarization and Accentuation )
Ali Azargoon

Formalism was the first stream of thought which emphasized on literary capability of language in creating new meanings and set the literary text itself as the base of research. In this way, the intention of the author and the historical and philosophical background are More

Formalism was the first stream of thought which emphasized on literary capability of language in creating new meanings and set the literary text itself as the base of research. In this way, the intention of the author and the historical and philosophical background are excluded from the sphere of criticism and studying. Formalists paid attention to the literary details, body and appearance of the literary works. There has been much struggle, in the contemporary period of time, especially after Nima, to find new spaces for creativity and innovation in the lingual domain. To deviate from the norms, the contemporary poets, have experienced lots of ways in literature among them the defamiliarization of Akhawan has added specific accentuation to his poetry.Mahdi Akhawan Sales, is of the poets after Nima who has added new capability to the domain of Persian language. The aim of this research is to study the structure of the poetry " The stories of the Sangestan City " on the formalistic approach based on defamiliarization and accentuation. The results of the study show that Akhawan, in selecting and setting of the words and artistic induction of the words, by utilizing the external concreteness  beside the ancient old words in the form of poetry, has endowed special accentuation to it. In this paper, we study the key implication of the word formalism and its story first, and later analyze it through the theory of formalism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Defamiliarization in Saeb's Poetry
Narges Oskooii

     Defamiliarization is one of the prominent theories of literary criticism.       Every artistic efforts that helps to rub off habitude and listlessness between the addresse and the writer which develops sensational unders More

     Defamiliarization is one of the prominent theories of literary criticism.       Every artistic efforts that helps to rub off habitude and listlessness between the addresse and the writer which develops sensational understanding, mind challenging and creativity, is defined as defamiliarization. It was introduced by V.B. Sheklovsky the Russian writer of past century, and now it is diverted in different types such as Lexical and syntactic. Saeb is one of the well-known poets of persian literature in the field of defamiliarization whom his creativity, new saying, and innovation was salient.       In this essay we are going to examine the major Styles of Saeb Considering defamiliarization of word, speech, meaning, and the necessity of their usage.      Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Hafez weighed by his unconventionality
Naser Naseri

Hafez’s time, is the era of moral decline and loss of sound principles among the different classes of people especially rulers, sovereigns, Sufis and, ascetics.  Chaos and disorder resulted from the oppression and cruelty of rulers and sovereigns on one hand More

Hafez’s time, is the era of moral decline and loss of sound principles among the different classes of people especially rulers, sovereigns, Sufis and, ascetics.  Chaos and disorder resulted from the oppression and cruelty of rulers and sovereigns on one hand and growing hypocrisy, fraud and deception of religious authorities and Sufis on the other hand led to the decline of religious and moral values.  Hafez is caught in the midst of this sinkhole of corruption and depravity, discord, and despair and in his own words he is caught “in the dark night with a fear of such frightful wave and whirlpool”.  As a thinker and a social savior, Hafez is well aware of all the pains, corruptions, and evils of the time and like a surgeon with a weapon of criticism and irony wants to open up the wounds and with affection heal the social ills.  To achieve this goal inevitably he had to choose a language, captivating and soothing enough to give new life to the otherwise lifeless words and with using variety of literary devices he creates a resurrection in the mental and customary habits and in conventional language.  Therefore the best way to attack two groups of rulers and Sufis was through writing, grabbing hold of techniques such as defamiliarization, deviation from the norm, deconstruction, antilogism, paradoxical imagery, and finally what is in general contrary to the norm and habits of the populace. Such extensive application of literary devices won Hafez his fame. Manuscript profile

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