Sunni

Open Access Article

1 - The Fatimid's Policies towards their Sunni Subjects during the Invitation Period and at the Beginnings of the Formation of the State
سید جمال موسوی نگار ذیلابی

Two founders of Fatimid caliphates were Abu cAbd Allah al- Shici andcUbayd allah al- Mahdi. They had different behavior with their Sunnisubjects in two different era, i.e., invitation time and then at thebeginnings of the formation of the state in Ifriqiyya. Taking into More

Two founders of Fatimid caliphates were Abu cAbd Allah al- Shici andcUbayd allah al- Mahdi. They had different behavior with their Sunnisubjects in two different era, i.e., invitation time and then at thebeginnings of the formation of the state in Ifriqiyya. Taking intoconsideration those policies and behaviors, this article shows thatthere is a significant difference between the former caliphate and thelatter with regard to the status of Sunnites. While Abu cAbd Allahfollowed a policy of toleration towards the Sunnites, al-Mahdi wasprejudiced against them. Apart from their individual characteristics,the obvious difference was a result of the socio-political conditions.Historians told that Abu cAbd Allah's policy was according to thenecessities of the missionary or invitation period on which it wasgoing to fascinate hearts of the religious opponents to pave the wayfor the formation of the new state, but cUbayd Allah's policy wasaimed at stabilizing of the state by emphasizing on Ismacili identity. Manuscript profile

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2 - The right of Shofeh over transferable property and Non-transferable property Indivisible
mohammadreza Kazemi Nafchi dawood Nasiran sayyed mohammad hadi mahdavi reza abbasian

10.30495/jijl.2021.17271

Shofeh in jurisprudence and article 808 means the right of each of the copartner in obtaining the partnership in case of exchange of exchange with his copartner for the payment of the price. Shofeh is current in immovable property that cannot be divided, and there is a More

Shofeh in jurisprudence and article 808 means the right of each of the copartner in obtaining the partnership in case of exchange of exchange with his copartner for the payment of the price. Shofeh is current in immovable property that cannot be divided, and there is a difference between jurists in movable and immovable property that cannot be divided. This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and seeks to answer questions such as: "What is the jurisprudential basis of the right of Shofeh in cases of movable and immovable property that cannot be divided?" and so on. Regarding the background of the research, it should be said that several research studies include: the conditions for obtaining intercession in the subject law of Iran and Imami jurisprudence from Fakhreddin Asghari, the principles Shofeh on jurisprudence in movable property from the perspective of Islamic religions from Morteza Rahimi, omparative study Shofeh in Sunni jurisprudence And the rights of Iran have been exercised by Sadegh Soltanpour, etc. But the difference between the present study and the mentioned cases in proving the right of shofeh in over transferable property and Non-transferable property Indivisible based on jurisprudential reasons, while that research, looking for proving the lack of right of shofeh in over transferable property and Non-transferable property Indivisible. The result is that obtaining Shofeh in movable and immovable, property that is indivisible in the four reasons of jurisprudence (books, traditions, consensus and reason) is fixed Manuscript profile

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3 - A Comparative Study of Legitimacy of Affirmation from Shiite and Sunnite's Viewpoint
Hadi Razzaqi Harikandei Roqiyeh Sadeqi Ahangari

Imamate scholars all agree that affirmation in the Call to Prayer is forbidden and has never been part of the morning Call to Prayer, but there is disagreement among Sunni scholars as to whether affirmation in the Call to Prayer is permissible or not. Most Sunni sc More

Imamate scholars all agree that affirmation in the Call to Prayer is forbidden and has never been part of the morning Call to Prayer, but there is disagreement among Sunni scholars as to whether affirmation in the Call to Prayer is permissible or not. Most Sunni scholars consider saying this sentence in the morning Call to Prayer to be legitimate and recommended and quitting is abandoned; but some Sunni scholars such as Abu   Hanifa has emphasized its heresy. This article aims to critique and analyze the reasons for the legitimacy of affirmation by the majority of Sunnis using a descriptive-analytical method. That is to say, Bilal and Abi Mahzoor conclude that both narrations have a serious weaknesses, both in terms of authenticity and causal. Manuscript profile

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4 - Comparative examination of Imam Reza (pfh) with the other commentaries
Seyed Mohammad Bagher Hoseini Sabri Jalilian

lmam Raze (pfh)-the 8th Irnam of Shine-in continuation of prophet Mohammed’s method in explaining of Quran-has indicated to hounerable verses of Qoran and in his commenting has used some methods for example.Qoran by Qoran.narrated.reasonable. logical andpartly sci More

lmam Raze (pfh)-the 8th Irnam of Shine-in continuation of prophet Mohammed’s method in explaining of Quran-has indicated to hounerable verses of Qoran and in his commenting has used some methods for example.Qoran by Qoran.narrated.reasonable. logical andpartly scientific methods.Irnarn Reza (pth) has not paid attention to the form of' speech for example:vocablc.logo.eloquence.etimology.and grammar. That IS contrary to other commentaries:KashafTaharsi.:lajma.c)lbayan.He has not carried traditions of Esp of Mohammad (PBUP) and the dependents contrary to Tabari.s cornmentary.also he has not collected other cornmcntaries.Iike.Asna Ashari commentary.He has pointed to the brief and useful commentary and considering the condition of his time and questions or ambiguities that were brought Lip in his presence.And in many cases he has j List indicated to interpretiv e commentaries and description of evidence.He has forborne superstitions and traditions of companions of Moharnrnad (PBUH) and the dependents.The other commentaries do not possess the points that were described in his commentary.  Manuscript profile

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5 - Analysis of Concepts Related to the Rational Proof of Messianism in Sunni and Shiite Quranic Interpretations
Mashallah Bakhshi Seyyed Adel Nader Ali Mehryar Shababi

10.30495/qsf.2021.687492

Studying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of huma More

Studying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of humanity, and there are more than 65 verses that have a completely common view to messianism emphasizing Sunni and Shiite’s interpretations. By studying the meanings of 10 Verses of Qur'an, it is quite obvious that regardless of the interpretation and narration about mentioned verses according to the meanings of the verse itself and putting it next to the general meaning of HolyQur'an, we can argue and conclude that what the commentators and interpretations of Qur'an claim which is more or less narrative or derived from narrations, achieved and applied a kind of independent semantics. The most important results of this research indicate that the messianismas necessity for Jesus’s being alive, and the necessity of the Assigned to overcome the religion of God over all religions and the unification of all religions, can be proved by the conceptual style of the relevant verses. Manuscript profile

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6 - A Study on Sides Interpretations on 61st Verse of Repentance Surah ب
Alireza Zaki Zadeh Ranani Azadeh Ebrahimi Fakhari

Infighters called Prophet Mohammad   «أُذُنٌ»for His character assassination and to show him unstable and introduce him naïve and capricious. Almighty Lord confirms his «أُذُنٌ» adjective to defend and support him but call him with More

Infighters called Prophet Mohammad   «أُذُنٌ»for His character assassination and to show him unstable and introduce him naïve and capricious. Almighty Lord confirms his «أُذُنٌ» adjective to defend and support him but call him with a higher adjective as«أُذُنُ خَیْرٍ» . Studying commonalities and inharmoniousness of Sunnite and Shiite interpreters would aid us to avail more complete meanings of the Verses. In interpretation of 61st Verse of Repentance Surah, common ideas and thinking can be seen but two issues: one is on  «أُذُنُ خَیْرٍ» which Shiite interpreters consider it as good listener and Sunnite one interpret it as the listener of goods. The other disagreement is on the cause of revelation. Manuscript profile

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7 - Evidences of Affidavit Operation Permit of Sunnite Jurisprudents in Affidavit Schools based on Verses of Holy Quran
Yaghoub Tavakkoli Saeed Hassanzadeh

Early Islamic ideology among Sunnite began with Quran and the six books by Bukhari , Moslem , Abu Davood , Tirmidhi , Ibn Majah , Nisa'i  which are sources of their hadiths; and Sunnite jurisprudents know the a More

Early Islamic ideology among Sunnite began with Quran and the six books by Bukhari , Moslem , Abu Davood , Tirmidhi , Ibn Majah , Nisa'i  which are sources of their hadiths; and Sunnite jurisprudents know the affidavits authorized in their various jurisprudential discourses testified by mentioning a number of permissible arguments. This research, which is based on librarian and documented theoretical data, has been compiled in a descriptive method and after presenting evidence of affidavit operations among Sunnis, and the nature of such jihad with their various interpretations of the Quran and traditions and events considered it necessary with restrictions and conditions. Manuscript profile

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8 - Reply to doubt of the tendency of Prophet in Sunni books to music
محمدحسین ایراندوست

Great personality and spiritual Prophet (PBUH), the light of the full glory of the Lord is great beauty. Lord, in the Qur'an, he and his admiration for defining themes of mercy for all worlds, and has much people, has been introduced. With all this greatness, unfortunat More

Great personality and spiritual Prophet (PBUH), the light of the full glory of the Lord is great beauty. Lord, in the Qur'an, he and his admiration for defining themes of mercy for all worlds, and has much people, has been introduced. With all this greatness, unfortunately in some authentic Sunni books, corrupted presented prophet and spiritual aspects of his character is still lower than a normal human being. One of the things that leads to undermine the moral character of the Prophet, and turn them into music and dance and tambourine and a's song. The numerous traditions in Bukhari that the Prophet trends, the music and there's song. Expressions of these traditions, the way that they deal with tambourine and music, so normal, like the young lover has outlined that time! In addition, this hadith, the Prophet entering a newlywed and a quiet private place with a non-mahram woman for the Prophet (pbuh) has very normal and permissible, as some commentators such as Ibn Hajar image Asqalani multiple contingency plan to solve these problems have to be. In this paper only two narrative "Rabi Mvzbn girl Fra’" narrative "Aisha" with different interpretations and different ways were examined. The themes and concepts from both directions have been proven wrong. The first is that this tradition with other traditions, Sahih Bukhari is in conflict. Secondly, through some Quranic verses and tends to be frivolous musical verifiable's song is not allowed. Manuscript profile

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9 - thr role of interest in Faryqeyn
mojtaba mohamadi سید محمد شفیعی مازندرانی

Each issue without regard for the interests and corruption is something aborting., has complications that sometimes differences of opinion among scholars on the concept and its various manifestations arise.Interest, dedicated to Islamic jurisprudence, is also an importa More

Each issue without regard for the interests and corruption is something aborting., has complications that sometimes differences of opinion among scholars on the concept and its various manifestations arise.Interest, dedicated to Islamic jurisprudence, is also an important element in Western schools, and even infrastructure is efficient. In Islamic thought, word comes of interest in two independent domains, the field of theology (such as whether to issue rulings based on the best interests first?) And Fiqh (such as whether it can be inferred interest in Shari'a law be used ?). In this study, we have tried, in the interest of Shiite jurisprudence and Sunni areas of the collection.We hope that by explaining these cases, a step toward clarifying some aspects of interest to be removed from the jurisprudential point of view.Keywords:Jurisprudence, interest, Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence Sunni mursala materialsaa aa aaa aa a aa aaa aaaa aa aa Manuscript profile

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10 - The Principle of Mourning on the Dead Person from PublicView Point
mohammadhadi hejazi shahrzaei zahra bagheri fateme miri

the overwhelming of Sunnite, like shi'a, have not fully discussed about the sentence of mourning for the dead (person), But they rather merely mentioned some examples and surveyed the corresponding sentence of those examples. Now question that arises would be: what is t More

the overwhelming of Sunnite, like shi'a, have not fully discussed about the sentence of mourning for the dead (person), But they rather merely mentioned some examples and surveyed the corresponding sentence of those examples. Now question that arises would be: what is the sentence about mourning for the dead person from public viewpoint? In from Sunnite viewpoint three following examples are also consideredabout mourning on the dead: (Crying, sorrowing, tearing off the clothes, hitting the body, wounding down face) One of the theories regarding all these three examples is forbiddance, which means that, among Sunnite there are many people who have prohibited all three examples. However after studying the Sunnites' reasons, it is clear that the act of mourning for dead person is permissible by default. Therefore, in the present study, while criticizing and analyzing the different reasons we conclude that the sheer act of mourning for the dead person originally is permissible. Yes, it is true that they do not consider some of the examples of mourning permissible, such as tearing off the clothes, But this does not act as a disadvantage to the general provision that mourning is originally and by default justified and permissible. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Dynamism of the Rule of Obligation in The Holy Verses and Traditions
Farrokh Mohseni Alireza Lotfi

Islam, which is a divine religion, has provided comprehensive views not only in the areas of human belief, thought and attitude, but also in practical areas, there are also guidelines and should not be based on rational foundations, which are examples of This can be ref More

Islam, which is a divine religion, has provided comprehensive views not only in the areas of human belief, thought and attitude, but also in practical areas, there are also guidelines and should not be based on rational foundations, which are examples of This can be referred to as the rule of law. The principle that is referred to as the coexistence of jurisprudence is mentioned. The results of the research show that, based on this rule, every religion is bound by the same laws and laws that it itself believes in. This is the same meaning of the Hadith that is embodied in most of the sources mainly to prove this rule to this noble Hadith ''Their remembrance if what they have comitted themselves'' But in this article, by referring to the interpretations of the Qur'an and jurisprudential books, we have tried to cite the proofs of this rule in addition to mentioning authentic narratives to some of the Quranic words. Because if it is proved, the rule of law in Imamieh jurisprudence will be of special status. Manuscript profile

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12 - The feasibility study of access to a common governance pattern among Islamic religions, with an emphasis on the role of the people
Mohamad Ahangaran Mohammad Beirouti

Islamic countries have the potential to converge in governmental jurisprudence; given the lack of divine sovereignty and the acceptance of the right to vote, explaining a common paradigm for electing a ruler seems a necessity.To elaborate on a common government model, f More

Islamic countries have the potential to converge in governmental jurisprudence; given the lack of divine sovereignty and the acceptance of the right to vote, explaining a common paradigm for electing a ruler seems a necessity.To elaborate on a common government model, first the Sunnis presented templates include (forming salinity, marriage, intercession, conversion) executed by the people's allegiance, and of the three contemporary political ideas of Shi'a jurisprudence, two models (the Velayat-e Faqih and the Electoral Theory). We have put forward the theory of appointing a governor of the jurisprudence) for the ruling party. Salinity is endorsed by Islamic religions as a common paradigm (regardless of the foundations of formation).The patterns presented in the Islamic community's exponential balance have been explored in terms of corruption and corruption. Among all the patterns of government, there are materials and purposes that can be ignored; creating salience for the ruler.The challenge with which the pattern of shared government is in clear conflict is the acceptance of "sovereignty" and "supremacy" in Islamic societies. In the "domination" model, the government in Islam is presented as chaos, and in the "domination" model, in fact, the will of the people is impassable for the ruler. Manuscript profile

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13 - A Glance at "Analogy" in the Sunnite and Imamiyyah Jurisprudence
Abolfazl Alishahi

Sunnis have recourse to "Analogy" (Qias) in their jurisprudential argumentation and generally regard it as a criterion, while Shiite jurists do not have an optimistic view about "Analog", though they have sometimes excluded  some examples of analogy prohibited by t More

Sunnis have recourse to "Analogy" (Qias) in their jurisprudential argumentation and generally regard it as a criterion, while Shiite jurists do not have an optimistic view about "Analog", though they have sometimes excluded  some examples of analogy prohibited by the legislator; however, the general viewpoint of Shiite jurists towards "analogy" is negative. "Analogy" is the inference of a partial religious decree from another. In other words, in a decree, one part is overgeneralized to another part. The question to be answered is whether the Imamiyyah Shiite negate the "analogy" wholly or accept it partially. This research, upon a survey of the Sunnite and Shiite viewpoints, has come to the conclusion that in Imamiyyah Shiite, some sorts of "analogy" are accepted in practice, in line with Sunnis. Manuscript profile

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14 - Polygamy in the Eyes of Feraqayn
نیره محمدعلی ابراهیم سید محمد مهدی احمدی محمدحسین ایراندوست

Polygamy is included among the rules and has been recognized by Islamic legal system. The ruling has been predicted for supporting the women having no husband. Quantitative limitations in polygamy and other conditions indicate an expedient and realistic approach for its More

Polygamy is included among the rules and has been recognized by Islamic legal system. The ruling has been predicted for supporting the women having no husband. Quantitative limitations in polygamy and other conditions indicate an expedient and realistic approach for its forgery. Hence, since long Sunni and Imamiyya jurisprudents looked into it by citing verses, narrations and general agreement and have elucidated its legitimacy; in the meantime, it has been disagreed as well. Also, jurisprudents of Feraqayn (sects) by referring to verses recognize condition of justice and financial ability as justified conditions in order to make polygamy happen. Therefore, the article writers elucidating evidence for legitimacy of polygamy in Feraqayn as well as evidence given by those against it deal with condition of justice and affordability as the most fundamental conditions of legitimat polygamy Manuscript profile

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15 - Fathali Shah Qajar's religious policy towards the Sunnis in Iran
Amir Akbari Mohammad Kaviani Yeganeh

The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunn More

The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunnis of great importance which is the goal of this research. Historical sources show that the strategic policy of the Qajar kings including Fathali Shah towards the Sunnis is based on minimal confrontation, religious tolerance and attempting to realize Islamic unity which can be called "an interactive policy". Examples such as religious freedom, social security, the absence of narratives about military conflict with the Sunnis, trying to incline the Sunnis of marginal regions to the central government, the penetration of Sunni Sufi scholars into the royal court and the relations of the Sunnis with Shia statesmen and scholars support this idea. Possible influence of the Infallible Imams’ narrations urging the Shiites to coexist with the non-Shiites, absence of political or religious challenges from the Sunnis, the subsidence of radical anti-Sunnism among the Shiites, the prevail of the school of Mujtahidin and the gradual disappearance of Akhbari school among Shia scholars, the threat of Western colonialism and the necessity of Islamic alliance and preventing the Sunnis of marginal regions from immigrating or joining the rival Sunni neighbors of the Qajar government are the most important reasons of adopting such a policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering method is a desk study. Manuscript profile

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16 - The connection between Sufism and Shiism in the ninth century AH in Iran
pourndokht ramazanjamaat nasser Jadidi masoud mohammadi

10.30495/hstr.2022.1947497.1724

The extraordinary development of Sufism and the proliferation of monasteries is a feature of the ninth century AH in Iran. On the other hand, the beginning of this century is a significant period in the history of Shiism in Iran; Because Sufism in this period became the More

The extraordinary development of Sufism and the proliferation of monasteries is a feature of the ninth century AH in Iran. On the other hand, the beginning of this century is a significant period in the history of Shiism in Iran; Because Sufism in this period became the link between Sunni and Shiite and Shiism itself was crystallized in the form of Sufism and this issue played an important role in the spread and influence of Shiism in many lands of most Sunni religions. Many sects of thought with the Shiite approach such as Harufiyeh, Moshasheieh, Noorbakhshieh and Nemat Elahieh in transferring the Iranian intellectual approach from Sunni to Shiite in the ninth century AH finally provided the grounds for the emergence of the Safavid Shiite government in every way. How Sufism was incorporated into Shi'ism is one of the topics that has always been questioned by scholars.This research seeks to study the proximity and connection between Sufism and Shiism in the ninth century AH with a descriptive and analytical method and analyze its consequences. It was especially religious in connection with Sufism and Shi'ism of the previous period. Manuscript profile

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17 - Tabari's reflection in the treaties between Iran and the Ottomans from Safavid to Qajar
hamideh taghizadehsis Mohammad taghi Emami Khoi Mohamad Kalhor

With the rise of the Safavid Shiite government in the neighborhood of the Ottoman Caliphate, their reliance on Tabra to justify war between the two religions could pave the way for persuading soldiers to go to war with each other; Therefore, we are witnessing the widesp More

With the rise of the Safavid Shiite government in the neighborhood of the Ottoman Caliphate, their reliance on Tabra to justify war between the two religions could pave the way for persuading soldiers to go to war with each other; Therefore, we are witnessing the widespread political application of this jurisprudential ruling by the Safavids. This article examines ten contracts from the Safavid period to the Qajar period, with the aim of answering a few questions: As an jurisprudential ruling, what effect has Tabra had on the political arena of Iran-Ottoman relations? In which of these treaties are the Safavids forbidden from Tabra? And what obligation did the Ottomans accept in the face of this obligation? The present study, conducted through the method of historical research based on analysis, reflects the fact that the rulers of the two countries, whenever their interests demanded, used Tebra as a political weapon to oppose each other. Another is that throughout the Safavid period, the prohibition of Tabra was a fixed clause in all Iranian contracts with the Ottomans. Manuscript profile

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18 - THE Study of Mufid political and intellectual interaction with gowernors of Buveyhid
leila taghavi bahram amani

Iranian Shi'a commanders of Buveyhid  was able to overcome the Abbasid caliphates of Baghdad more than a century .and  they perform  worthy services of the social, cultural and Intellectual  in Iran and Iraq, and also provided Appropriate space for More

Iranian Shi'a commanders of Buveyhid  was able to overcome the Abbasid caliphates of Baghdad more than a century .and  they perform  worthy services of the social, cultural and Intellectual  in Iran and Iraq, and also provided Appropriate space for religious and academic  activities of Shiites. at this time the great Shiite scholars such as Sheikh Mufid, Sheikh Sadough and seyed Mortazi were engaged in teaching. - In this paper, interactions  governors Buveyhid  with one of the largest Shiite scholars Sheikh Mufid'  was studied, This study shows that on the one hand Sheikh as famous Shia scholar by holding discussant sessions, writing many books and educating students attempted for dynamics of Shiite jurisprudence and theology .On the other hand Depending on the time of He had a limited relationship and interaction with the rulers (They were a Shi'ite tendencies)  he was in great standing with the some commanders of Buveyhid sucha zdaldvlh. But at the same time, sheikh mufid   In the second half of his life,( Which coincides with weakness of Buveyhid Rulers and Abbasid power reorientation , and thus weaken the position of the Shiites) exiled Thrice  following shia- sunni conflict. Manuscript profile

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19 - Nader Shah's religion
hosein ebrahimi mohammad radmanesh

The truth of Nader Shah's religion is one other questions which has faced with so many different answers and ideas from the sources were written at the same time of Nader's life and also same sources-at most Europeans and few interiors-have accused him of an ungodly per More

The truth of Nader Shah's religion is one other questions which has faced with so many different answers and ideas from the sources were written at the same time of Nader's life and also same sources-at most Europeans and few interiors-have accused him of an ungodly person. Some others have introduced him an adventures person who was going to create a new branch in Islam. His tendency to sunnism and shiitism has also mentioned in so many sources. As we see since there are so many different ideas about Nader Shah's religion, it is extremely essential to make a special separate research about this topic. In this research, we have tried to find out the truth of Nader Shah's religion. Manuscript profile

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20 - Ghazan,s Submitting to Islam and its effect and Consequences on other Existing Religion and Sects in Iran.
mohammad karim usef jamali

Ghazan Khan was the elder son of Arghun Khan ,who was born in the Friday morning of 29th Rabi. All Akhar 670A.H.,in a village called "Abskun" in "Sultan Dawin ) in Mazandaran. After the death of Arghun and murdering of Gikhatu and Baydu , in the year of 694A.H.,he thron More

Ghazan Khan was the elder son of Arghun Khan ,who was born in the Friday morning of 29th Rabi. All Akhar 670A.H.,in a village called "Abskun" in "Sultan Dawin ) in Mazandaran. After the death of Arghun and murdering of Gikhatu and Baydu , in the year of 694A.H.,he throned Himself as Ilkhan in Tabriz with the effords of Amir Nuruz,the Muslem Amir of Arghun. Coming to power of Ghazan was coincided with his acceptance of Islam (Hanafi sect) and getting power of hanafi Olama in Tabriz and elsewhere. At this time the situation in Tabriz became intolerable for non-muslems and other sects. Especiually the idol-temples, destruction of synagogues and Nasrani churches as well as Jewish synagogue were emanated .The centers Of idols ,belfry and cross were destructed in all over of Azarbayjan. Tabriz especially became empty of the presence of non-muslems. This paper considers and shows Ghazan,s efforts in widespreding Islam and its Sharia and the consequences of his submitting to Islam,his negligences and encountering intelligently with other religions as far as the main sources allow us.   Manuscript profile

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21 - Fathali Shah Qajar's religious policy towards the Sunnis in Iran
عباس سرافرازی محمد کاویانی یگانه

The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah، the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunn More

The historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah، the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunnis of great importance which is the goal of this research. Historical sources show that the strategic policy of the Qajar kings including Fathali Shah towards the Sunnis is based on minimal confrontation، religious tolerance and attempting to realize Islamic unity which can be called "an interactive policy". Examples such as religious freedom، social security، the absence of narratives about military conflict with the Sunnis، trying to incline the Sunnis of marginal regions to the central government، the penetration of Sunni Sufi scholars into the royal court and the relations of the Sunnis with Shia statesmen and scholars support this idea. Possible influence of the Infallible Imams’ narrations urging the Shiites to coexist with the non-Shiites، absence of political or religious challenges from the Sunnis، the subsidence of radical anti-Sunnism among the Shiites، the prevail of the school of Mujtahidin and the gradual disappearance of Akhbari school among Shia scholars، the threat of Western colonialism and the necessity of Islamic alliance and preventing the Sunnis of marginal regions from immigrating or joining the rival Sunni neighbors of the Qajar government are the most important reasons of adopting such a policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering method is a desk study.     Manuscript profile

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22 - the intraction of governments and sunni scholars in the establishment of the lawfulness for the government
M. Mahdavian

The lawfulness or lack of lawfulness of the governments in the Muslemworld is one of the important theoretical discussions of Muslem scholarsand thinkers . Each of the diverse parties has investigated lawfulnessfrom its own point of view. The establishment of lowfulness More

The lawfulness or lack of lawfulness of the governments in the Muslemworld is one of the important theoretical discussions of Muslem scholarsand thinkers . Each of the diverse parties has investigated lawfulnessfrom its own point of view. The establishment of lowfulness for thegovernment has been a great concern for governers.Most of the Sunni scholars have selected to fix the current situation andadvocated the Caliphate and current governments with the subterfuge ofpreventing divirgences and civilwars . In this article, it has been tried toclarify the thought divergence between Sunnis and Shiite aboutgovernment with regard to some of the thoughtful bases of Sunnischorars.It can be maintained that Sunni scholars have always advocatedCaliphate and the contemporary governments and havenot intendedestablish an ideal government ; wheres the Shiite have always been inthe direction of establishing an ideal government on the bases of Shiitecriteria. Manuscript profile

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23 - Investigating the Functioning of "Social Conditions" in the Interpretation of Shi'a and Sunni commentators from the verse of Mavadat from the point of view of religious sociology
Hasan Abassi Seyyed Mohammad Bager Hojati

One of the required knowledge of the interpreter in understanding the Qur’an verses is the knowledge of the social conditions of the audience of the words and descendant situations. Social conditions can have dual functions of the age of descent and the interprete More

One of the required knowledge of the interpreter in understanding the Qur’an verses is the knowledge of the social conditions of the audience of the words and descendant situations. Social conditions can have dual functions of the age of descent and the interpreter's age. The interpreter's attention to the first function (social conditions of the age of descent) in the process of interpreting the verse of Mavadat is a necessity. Therefore, the author, by examining the social conditions of the most important Shia and Sunni interpretations, has concluded that interpretations of the first function have played the least role. However, the second function, with the prevailing social and political conditions of the caliphs in different periods, by forging the appropriate theological premises of the theologians and the practical actions of the caliphs and its politicians, led to the failure of most commentators to abide by the principle of neutrality and prevented them from paying attention to the first function of the element of social conditions, namely the social conditions of the age of descent and explanation of the verse of Mavadat. Manuscript profile

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24 - Opposition of Sunni jurists and theologians to the exaltation of the Qiblah
Abasali Rostami-Sani

The term blasphemy seems to be the most widespread word in the modern media, thousands of articles, tens of books, and edited analysis, and unfortunately the face of Islam, with its compassion, mercy and compassion, It has turned violent, devastating, and hostilities ha More

The term blasphemy seems to be the most widespread word in the modern media, thousands of articles, tens of books, and edited analysis, and unfortunately the face of Islam, with its compassion, mercy and compassion, It has turned violent, devastating, and hostilities have intensified religious and ethnic strife, crushing the resistance and destroying the Middle East by destroying weapons. If so, why should war be allowed to kill Muslims? You know? They respond that we fight the polytheists for obedience to Islam, Islam, and religion, and prosperity if they are killed, while the majority of Sunni predecessors and practitioners find this documentary evidence contradictory. We have quoted Sunni jurists and scholars from credible sources, the majority of whom do not exaggerate the Qiblah, and respect the life, property, and esteem of the Muslims, and exaggerate the rest of the Muslims who regard themselves as the criterion of right and wrong. They protest that they have written books against them. Manuscript profile

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25 - Recognition of the Usage of Customs in the Jurisprudence System
khatereh shahinfard لیلا مهرابی راد Ali Tavallaei

10.3495/jiil.2023.1889388.1380

Convention is a source of subject laws so that we can consider many cases in the social order to be consequences of the common law or convention. A review of the early Islamic texts indicates that convention has been used as evidence for some minor jurisprudence rules, More

Convention is a source of subject laws so that we can consider many cases in the social order to be consequences of the common law or convention. A review of the early Islamic texts indicates that convention has been used as evidence for some minor jurisprudence rules, and the theologians of the 2nd century AH have used it in their jurisprudence system. The present article takes a historical approach to review some functions of conventions in the jurisprudence system. The main difference between Imamieh and the Sunnite is the qualification of conventions in jurisprudence. In Imamieh convention is vastly applied to recognize the subject of rules and determine their concepts, limits, and instances. Implied significations are sometimes based on conventional requirements, and convention is always considered worthwhile as a clue to delimitations and determinations required by the jurisprudence expert. Moreover, exploration of jurisprudence based on the common law which is connected to the age of Innocent Imam (PBUH) can be a tradition. It must be reminded that the essential rules of reasoning and contention are discovered or confirmed on the basis of common law or convention.Key words: convention, common law, Sunnite jurisprudence, Imamieh jurisprudence, general custom, special custom Manuscript profile

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26 - A Comparative Study related to Husband's Permission for his Wife to Go out for Work in Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' Views
Abdoolrasool Ahmadian

10.22034/ijrj.2019.669368

Women's employment has become increasingly unavoidable in today's world. However, it is impermissible for a wife to go out for work except with her husband's permission, otherwise it can be considered as her disobedience or her refusal to fulfil her marital duties "NASH More

Women's employment has become increasingly unavoidable in today's world. However, it is impermissible for a wife to go out for work except with her husband's permission, otherwise it can be considered as her disobedience or her refusal to fulfil her marital duties "NASHUZ''. Concerning the wife's permission restriction to get out of the house, a group of Islamic jurists believes in the absolute necessity of receiving such permission from the male spouse while another group argues that it is permissible for the female spouse to go out unless it contradicts with her "absolute sexual submission". After all, the female spouse can get out of the house and work if needed. All Islamic religious parties are in consensus that if the female spouse employment - whether at home or away - is in full contradiction with the absolute right of male spouse regarding wife's sexual submission, it basically needs the consent of the male spouse in this respect. Shia and Sunni jurists share the same view that female spouse employment should not be conflicted with the interests of the family, nor with the dignity of both spouses, nor with the duty of parenting and strengthening the family. Having responsibility for providing care and support for the family, the male spouse can monitor and manage his wife's commute. Furthermore, according to the principle of free will, the female spouse can take possession of her properties while her husband has no right to interfere in her personal affairs, although the consent of her husband is considered to be a virtue. The employment option and the permission to get out of the house, as the condition of marriage, can be included in the prenuptial agreement or marriage contract by the female spouse. Manuscript profile

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27 - Artificial Simulation in Viewpoints of Sunni Jurists
Seyed Reza Ehsanpour Hadi Garakani Madiheh Hashempour

10.22034/ijrj.2019.666891

Sunni jurists have different views about the artificial simulation. Permission or forbiddance of simulation depends on its type: IUI or IVF. Most of the jurists who oppose IUI believe that it is against the Quran verses and Sunna of Holly Prophet and results in disturbi More

Sunni jurists have different views about the artificial simulation. Permission or forbiddance of simulation depends on its type: IUI or IVF. Most of the jurists who oppose IUI believe that it is against the Quran verses and Sunna of Holly Prophet and results in disturbing the lineage. In addition, IUI surgery pre-requirements are ejaculation by sperm donor and touching body of women by physician to simulate, which both of them are forbidden. On the other side, those jurists who are in believe of artificial simulation surgeries answers: there are no clear and explicit Islamic verses, which ban this kind of surgery, it never results in lineage disturbance and ejaculating for obtaining sperm from husbands by their wives will solve the forbiddance (Hurmat). In addition, there is a juridical rule saying: Necessities makes bans and forbiddance permitted. Arguments about simulating by sperm of dead or divorced husband are more controversial. In sum, most of the Sunni jurists believe that artificial simulation is permitted only if done in waiting time of death and divorce. These arguments are also true about IVF but some jurists depended it on some conditions including ensuring the right of the fetus life. Manuscript profile

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28 - A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Submission and Alimony in Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' Views
Abdol Rasoul Ahmadian

10.22034/ijrj.2018.541391

      Women's sexual submission (Tamkin) refers to the consequences of living up to their marital obligations. The male spouse, on the other hand, has some duties to his wife which paying alimony is one of them according to custom and law. There More

      Women's sexual submission (Tamkin) refers to the consequences of living up to their marital obligations. The male spouse, on the other hand, has some duties to his wife which paying alimony is one of them according to custom and law. There are many verses and narratives that can be used to prove the necessity of paying alimony and considering the extent of sexual submission. Focusing on Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' views, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the alimony and sexual submission as well as clarify its principles in detail. There are three points of view from which the necessity to pay alimony can be considered among Imamiyah Jurists. Tamkin, or unhampered sexual access, has been regarded as a replacement or quasi-replacement for the monetary and alimony condition by famous Fiqh scholars. Some believe that marriage contract is to establish arrangements for paying alimony, unless those women who refuse to fulfil their marital duties, while others are in consensus that alimony is necessary due to the fact that the male spouse is assigned to preside over family life and the female spouse should conform to the authority and will of her male spouse. Hence, there are two points of view among Islamic jurists; famous fiqh scholars believe that female spouse is not entitled to receive alimony if she refuses to fulfil their marital duties. On the contrary, the proponents of Hakam Ibn Otaibah and  Zahiri schools of thought believe that those female spouses who are disobedient and refuse to fulfil their marital duties can also receive alimony that they deserve to be paid off. The differences between these two types of comments will result in radically different legal effects. For example, if there is a disagreement on alimony, there will be a challange between plaintiff and defendant. Focusing on Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' views, an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between the alimony-based sexual submission and its principles in detail. Manuscript profile

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29 - A Comparative Study of the Principles and Impact of Faith on the Validity of Witness in the Five Jurisprudences
Ali Khaleghi davood seify Qasem Islaminia,

10.22034/ijrj.2021.684732

Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justic More

Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justice systems, and especially Islam, have seen as necessary. One of these complex circumstances, which has various interpretations of the difference between Islam and Shi'a and Sunni faith. Assuming the other conditions of testimony, the concept of faith and its effect on the acceptance of witness testimony from the viewpoint of the two great Islamic sects, determines the quality of the encounters of the judicial system of Iran and other Islamic countries with intuitions that have a different religious or similar to the apparent opposition. A closer look at the Sunni and Shiite principles and documents reveals that there are differences between religions in the concept of faith and the rejection of the martyrdom of infidels and Christians. The Hanafi and Hanbali religions absolutely accept Christian and Jewish martyrdom among themselves, but other religions have only permitted the martyrdom of the People of the Book in their wills; Therefore, the main difference of opinion is in accepting the testimony of a Shiite. In this regard, Hanbali and Maliki, with their own definition of faith, have commented on the absolute rejection of Shiite martyrdom; But in contrast to the Hanafi and Shafi'i religions, they have taken a milder view. Among the Imami jurists, unlike the old jurists who categorically reject the martyrdom of the Sunnis, contemporary jurists consider the martyrdom of a Sunni to be valid; That such a theory is more in line with the basic criterion for accepting testimony, namely the ability to discover the truth and the degree of truthfulness in legal systems. This paper attempts to discover the Persian point of view of acceptance or rejection of martyrdom in those claims that exist between witnesses in terms of religious orientation. Manuscript profile

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30 - A Comparative Study of the Principles and Impact of Faith on the Validity of Witness in the Five Jurisprudence
Ali KHaleghi davood seify GHasem Eslami niya

10.22034/ijrj.2021.687044

Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justic More

Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justice systems, and especially Islam, have seen as necessary. One of these complex circumstances, which has various interpretations of the difference between Islam and Shi'a and Sunni faith. Assuming the other conditions of testimony, the concept of faith and its effect on the acceptance of witness testimony from the viewpoint of the two great Islamic sects, determines the quality of the encounters of the judicial system of Iran and other Islamic countries with intuitions that have a different religious or similar to the apparent opposition. A closer look at the Sunni and Shiite principles and documents reveals that there are differences between religions in the concept of faith and the rejection of the martyrdom of infidels and Christians. The Hanafi and Hanbali religions absolutely accept Christian and Jewish martyrdom among themselves, but other religions have only permitted the martyrdom of the People of the Book in their wills; therefore, the main difference of opinion is in accepting the testimony of a Shiite. In this regard, Hanbali and Maliki, with their own definition of faith, have commented on the absolute rejection of Shiite martyrdom; but in contrast to the Hanafi and Shafi'i religions, they have taken a milder view. Among the Imami jurists, unlike the old jurists who categorically reject the martyrdom of the Sunnis, contemporary jurists consider the martyrdom of a Sunni to be valid; That such a theory is more in line with the basic criterion for accepting testimony, namely the ability to discover the truth and the degree of truthfulness in legal systems. This paper attempts to discover the Persian point of view of acceptance or rejection of martyrdom in those claims that exist between witnesses and witnessee in terms of religious or religious orientation. Manuscript profile

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31 - تحلیلی جامعه‌شناختی بر نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی (مطالعه موردی دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه اصفهان سال 92-91)
علی ربانی لیلا شعبان داریوش شعبان

هدف از مقاله حاضر، تحلیلی جامعه‌شناختی بر نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی، می‌باشد. که در آن تلاش شده است، به این سؤال پاسخ دهیم که نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی چگونه است. در این تحقیق با توجه به نظریه تزیشه و کرومکا که گرایش را به سه بعد عناصر ادراکی، عناص More

هدف از مقاله حاضر، تحلیلی جامعه‌شناختی بر نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی، می‌باشد. که در آن تلاش شده است، به این سؤال پاسخ دهیم که نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی چگونه است. در این تحقیق با توجه به نظریه تزیشه و کرومکا که گرایش را به سه بعد عناصر ادراکی، عناصر ارزشیابانه و عناصر عملی و رفتاری تجزیه کرده-اند، نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی نیز در این سه بعد مطرح شده‌است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، کل دانشجویان دختر مشغول به تحصیل در دانشگاه اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 92-1391 بوده‌اند که تعداد آنها 8103 نفر می‌باشد. این تحقیق به روش پیمایش انجام شده و تکنیک گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه بوده است. در این تحقیق بر اساس فرمول کوکران 366 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب گردیده و جهت انتخاب نمونه از روش نمونه‌گیری سهمیه‌ای استفاده شده است. نتایج به دست آمده، حاکی از وجود ارتباط مستقیم و معنادار بین متغیرهای میزان استفاده از رسانه‌های جمعی، میزان پیروی ازدوستان و وجود ارتباط معکوس و معنادار بین متغیرهای دینداری، میزان پیروی از شخصیت‌های مذهبی، سن و مقطع تحصیلی بر نگرش دانشجویان به تقریب مذاهب اسلامی می‌باشد. Manuscript profile

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32 - Imam Hadi (p.b.u.h) in the valid historical references of Sunnis from Imamate to martyrdom
Hojjat Ebad Askari Ardeshir Asadbeigi Mohammad Hossein Rajabi Davani

The historical reports and narratives are important references to understand and perceive the lifestyle of the pure imams. Some Shia Imams have been less and some more introduced in references for some reasons. The reference reports can be studied in two Sunni and Shia More

The historical reports and narratives are important references to understand and perceive the lifestyle of the pure imams. Some Shia Imams have been less and some more introduced in references for some reasons. The reference reports can be studied in two Sunni and Shia classifications. In this classification, the general histories are observed according to the Sunnis trends. Other references can be used by researchers such as Vafayat reports, A’lam, Rejal, and encyclopedia. Imam Hadi, the Shia Imam, has been less talked about in the references of Sunnis but is completely explained in other Shia references such as the other Shia Imams. This research is descriptive-analytical and investigates how much the 9th Imam’s, Imam Hadi’s, lifestyle is explained in the references of Sunnis about his Imamate period. It is shown in this research that some references have not concealed the reality but some others haven’t mentioned it. Explaining Imam Hadi’s lifestyle has been placed under the light of reporting the lifestyles of other caliphs and rulers of Abbasid times and events of Islam history. Manuscript profile

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33 - the religious policy of Abbasid Caliphate in an encounter with concordant schools (232 – 422)
Tahereh Azarfar mahboobeh sharafi

with Al-Mutawakkil taking over the reins, the religious policy of the caliphate system sought to appease them. Meanwhile, this caliphate system caused them to grow and spread and created some sort of thought confrontation between them and their rivals through encouragin More

with Al-Mutawakkil taking over the reins, the religious policy of the caliphate system sought to appease them. Meanwhile, this caliphate system caused them to grow and spread and created some sort of thought confrontation between them and their rivals through encouraging the concordant thoughts. In the period , Al-Mutawakkil and Al-Mu'tadid, relying on their plans and measures, became an example for other caliphs during this era. Benefiting from the historical method based on descriptive and analytic approach, this article tries to answer , the caliphate system had which policy about concordant schools? Permant or mobile policy?The results of this research indicate that the Abbasid Caliphate System, as of the era of Al-Mutawakkil until Al-Mu'tadid taking over, followed a permanent policy in supporting the Sunnis and oppugned their opponents. Yet, as of the era of Al-Mu'tadid until the Buyid dynasty taking over, the caliphate system followed a mobile and reactive policy, which, in turn, resulted from the political necessities of this era where the caliphate confronted the Hanbali followers. During the weakness of the Buyid dynasty , Al-Qadir returned to the policy of support for the Sunnis and proceeded to consolidate the juridical and legal foundations of the Sunni Sect, acknowledged the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam and banned and closed out other schools.. Manuscript profile

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34 - An analysis of the ruling style of Shah Ismail II Safavid and his different policy in creating religious balance in Iran
zahra ghaemi saber adak mohsen heydarnia

Shah Ismail II came to the kingdom after Shah Tahmasb Safavi for a short time and took charge of the Safavid government. He adopted a different policy in the administration of the country, which provoked many criticisms in the Safavid court. He tried to make it easier f More

Shah Ismail II came to the kingdom after Shah Tahmasb Safavi for a short time and took charge of the Safavid government. He adopted a different policy in the administration of the country, which provoked many criticisms in the Safavid court. He tried to make it easier for the government to treat the Sunnis and reduce the power of the Shiite scholars. A series of these behaviors caused his reign to be short and finally, he was poisoned and killed. It seems that Shah Ismail II made a new plan in the way of governing the country and because of meeting with a number of Sunnis during his imprisonment, he changed his approach towards this religious group and went so far in conciliating them that he was suspected of being a Sunni. give strength Also, Shah Ismail II believed that the unrestrained interference of Shia scholars in the administration of the country had weakened the power of the Safavid government. As a result, the role of this group in macro policies was diminished. In this research, it has been tried to investigate and analyze the behavior of the mentioned king against intellectual and religious currents The current research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected by referring to library sources. Manuscript profile

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35 - Isma'il ibn Abi Ziyad as-Sakuni, a Sunni judge or a secret companion of the Imam as-Sadiq?
Amidreza Akbari Mohammad Qandehari

اسماعیل بن ابی‌زیاد سکونی در برخی منابع متقدم امامیه عامی دانسته شده است؛ اما فراوانیِ روایات او در منابع امامی، مضامین برخی از روایاتش و آشنایی اندک امامیه با او موجب شده تا از دوره مجلسی اول تا به امروز کسانی دیدگاه متقدم در مورد مذهب سکونی را رد کرده و او را امامی بش More

اسماعیل بن ابی‌زیاد سکونی در برخی منابع متقدم امامیه عامی دانسته شده است؛ اما فراوانیِ روایات او در منابع امامی، مضامین برخی از روایاتش و آشنایی اندک امامیه با او موجب شده تا از دوره مجلسی اول تا به امروز کسانی دیدگاه متقدم در مورد مذهب سکونی را رد کرده و او را امامی بشمرند. این مقاله به آسیب‌شناسی این تحلیل‌ها پرداخته و نشان داده برخی از روایات سکونی که به خاطر نوع خطاب امام با راوی پیش‌تر شاهد امامی بودن سکونی تلقی می‌شدند، روایاتی هستند که سکونی یا راویان او آن‌ها را از دفاتر دیگران گرفته‌اند، و گاه از اساس نسبت آن‌ها به سکونی نیز اشکالاتی دارد. ارتباط سکونی با امام صادق ع نیز دلیل روشنی ندارد. هم‌چنین سکونی روایات زیادی با مضامین عامی و خلاف اعتقاد امامیه دارد؛ مانند اخبار همسو با فقه جریان‌های حاشیه‌ای عامه و حتی مناقب خلفا. جمعی از راویان عامه نیز از سکونی آثاری مانند تفسیر سکونی را روایت کرده‌اند، که فضایی عامی دارد. Manuscript profile

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36 - Analysis and Criticism of the Views of Sunni Commentators in Different Centuries Regarding the Explanation of the Concept of Mawddat of Dhi al-Qurbá
Seddighe Amini Mohammad Reza Aram Amir Tohidi

The present article is a study on the historical evolution of the view of Sunni commentators in explaining the concept of mawddat of Dhi al-Qurbá. The word mawaddat from the word wodd means to love something or someone and wish for its stability, and in the term More

The present article is a study on the historical evolution of the view of Sunni commentators in explaining the concept of mawddat of Dhi al-Qurbá. The word mawaddat from the word wodd means to love something or someone and wish for its stability, and in the term means intense mutual love between people, which can be praised or condemned according to its subject and is so attractive that the lover makes it easy to imitate and follow the beloved. According to Imami scholars, mawddat of Dhi al-Qurbá is a concept that, if used in connection with the Holy Prophet (pbuh), only means mawaddat and love along with following and guarding the Twelver Imams (as) and Lady Zahrāʾ (as). However, most public scholars do not accept this view and have offered other views on the concept. A careful study of the historical evolution of the views of Sunni commentators shows that in different centuries, various opinions have been expressed in explaining the concept in question to the extent that some have expressed the mawaddah and love of the Anṣār to the Prophet (pbuh) and the Quraysh and many have expressed the mawaddah of the Quraysh. They have chosen an independent vote for the Prophet (pbuh) and not being hostile to him. All this is while some have mentioned the duration towards the companions of Kisā (as), the abrogation of the verse of the duration, the duration towards the Ahl al-Bayt (as), the peace of mercy and the duration and closeness to Allah the Almighty in explaining the concept of the nearness of Dhi al-Qurbá. Accordingly, the basic discourse of this article, while referring to the semantics of related words, based on library data, expresses the views of Sunni commentators in explaining the concept and examines and critiques these views. Manuscript profile

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37 - Iraqi Federalism and Iran’s National Security; Opportunities and Challenges
Mehdi Dehnavi Hossein Tajabadi

Abstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament More

Abstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament and the majority of Iraqi people, the government was established as 'democratic, federal parliamentary republic'. This paper tries to answer the following question: what is the impact of the federal system in Iraq on Iran's national security? To answer this question, authors have used descriptive-analytical method . Compared to Iraq’s thereat, as a unitary state, for Iran’s national security (as was the case of the last Iran- Iraq war) or as a distorted country which paves the way for inference of trans regional powers in opposition to Iran’s national interests, it seems that the new Iraq federal system regardless of some challenges that may cause for neighbors including Iran, can be the best model for national security. Manuscript profile

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38 - Studying the History of Sufism and Shiism During the Timurid Period of Iran
porandokht ramezanjamaat nasser Jadidi

The extraordinary development of Sufism and the proliferation of monasteries is a feature of the ninth century AH in Iran. On the other hand, the beginning of this century is a significant period in the history of Shiism in Iran; Because Sufism in this period became the More

The extraordinary development of Sufism and the proliferation of monasteries is a feature of the ninth century AH in Iran. On the other hand, the beginning of this century is a significant period in the history of Shiism in Iran; Because Sufism in this period became the link between Sunni and Shiite and Shiism itself was crystallized in the form of Sufism and this issue played an important role in the spread and influence of Shiism in many lands of most Sunni religions. Many sects of thought with the Shiite approach such as Harufiyeh, Moshasheieh, Noorbakhshieh and Nemat Elahieh in transferring the Iranian intellectual approach from Sunni to Shiite in the ninth century AH finally provided the grounds for the emergence of the Safavid Shiite government in every way. How Sufism was incorporated into Shi'ism is one of the topics that has always been questioned by scholars.This research seeks to study the proximity and connection between Sufism and Shiism in the ninth century AH with a descriptive and analytical method and analyze its consequences. It was especially religious in connection with Sufism and Shi'ism of the previous period. Manuscript profile

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39 - Measuring the Willingness to Immigrate in Rural Households in the Eastern Frontier Regions (Case Study: Torbat-e Jam County)
maryam Ghasemi Farhad Ramezani

Introduction: Border villages are among the most sensitive and strategic parts of the country that have unique and unique characteristics in various economic, social, political, cultural and security aspects. Migration of rural inhabitants of the border will deprive the More

Introduction: Border villages are among the most sensitive and strategic parts of the country that have unique and unique characteristics in various economic, social, political, cultural and security aspects. Migration of rural inhabitants of the border will deprive these regions of the productive and protective population of the country and create problems in the destination of migration.Research Aim: the present study aims to measure the tendency of households to migrate to the border villages of Torbat-Jam city which is more 95% of them are Sunnis.Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is applied-developmental. Documentation and field data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample size is 214 Sunni households residing in 17 villages 10 km from the Iran-Afghanistan border.Studied Areas: The geographical area of this research is the villages located 10 kilometers from the Iran-Afghanistan border in Torbat-e Jam County of Razavi Khorasan province according to the country divisions of 2015 and before the separation of Saleh Abad County.Results: The results show that the mean tendency to migrate construct is 1.98 lower than the theoretical average and is low in the Likert spectrum. This is due to the religious dualism of the destination with the source of immigration, which creates a large social cost for the migrant at the destination. Therefore, among the inhabitants of the border villages of the city, migration as a defensive strategy in the face of livelihood challenges and the latest strategy to achieve Minimal living standards.Conclusion: This study showed that only the existence of some deprivations does not cause migration, because for the Sunni villagers living on the border, cultural reasons (living in birth place and with people of the same religion) cause a low desire to migrate. Since the population in the border villages is considered as a strategic reserve of the country, it is an inevitable necessity to try to solve the livelihood problems, especially considering the low desire of the residents to migrate and the relative stability of the population. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - An interpretive look at the example of the atom of Asmaullah from the perspective of Shiites and Sunnis
Seyed Rasoul Sajadi Nasab Mohammad Reza Aboei Ahmad Sadeghian

In this article, an attempt has been made to clarify the main view of Muslim commentators on the meaning of the atom of divine names by examining the interpretations of Shiites and Sunnis, and analyzing the contents. Based on the findings of this study, which has been d More

In this article, an attempt has been made to clarify the main view of Muslim commentators on the meaning of the atom of divine names by examining the interpretations of Shiites and Sunnis, and analyzing the contents. Based on the findings of this study, which has been done by analytical and descriptive methods and with a case study of interpretations, it became clear that according to Shiite commentators, the Prophet and the Ahl al-Bayt () are examples of the fullness of divine names and there are several reasons for this. Shiite interpretations have been made especially by the infallibles (). But according to the Sunnis, the consensus of the commentators is definite only on the person of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and they seem to believe that after the Prophet Khatam (pbuh), there are other divine prophets in terms of spiritual status and they do not consider anyone to have priority over the prophets; But in some of their important interpretations, Abu Bakr has been introduced as the same rank and rank of the Prophet. In addition, narrations and materials can be found in their commentaries that indicate the rivalry of Amir al-Mu'minin Ali () and in a few cases, indicate the rivalry of competence with the Holy Prophet (1). Therefore, it is not possible to comment on the belief of Sunni commentators in the example of the atom of divine names. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - US,, Identity challenges and failed state in Iraq (2020-2003)
Behnam Sarkheil

The great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such More

The great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings: Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni kordish followers in Kermanshah cit
fariba mowghofehi alireza mohsenitabrizi

10.30495/jscc.2022.692247

The present article investigated the ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni Kurdish followers of Kermanshah city in 2017. Through survey research method and according to the statistical rules for determining the sample group, 384 Shia and Sunni More

The present article investigated the ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni Kurdish followers of Kermanshah city in 2017. Through survey research method and according to the statistical rules for determining the sample group, 384 Shia and Sunni Kurdish religious people were chosen in stratified ratio sampling way as the sample case of study. The data was collected through researcher-made questionnaire consisting of items with 5 Likert scales which had 0.95 approval reliability and accepted contents validity. The Lerner, Eisen and Fieshbine-Homans and also Moseni Tabrizi teories were applied to codify research`s theoretical framework for the variables. The obtained results revealed that the status of participation forms among Kurdish people in Kermanshah was 5.62 percent. The results of independent t-test also proved that Shia Kurdish followers had higher levels of psychological, cultural and political participation. But, Sunni religious followers, in contrast to Shia followers, had upper level of economical and social participation.             Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Contextualization of the Sunni Crescent; Iran's Strategy to Balance Religious Unilateralism in the Shiite Crescent
Mansour Anbarmou

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Fundamentals of the legitimacy of the ruling in absentia in Imami jurisprudence with a look at Sunni jurisprudence
mostafa ghafoorian nejad malihe gholami

Attendance of litigants in trial is a principle for settling a lawsuit among parties because in divine Sharia of Islam and Islamic law, the presence of parties in the hearing validates the authority of the judge over trial, i.e. summoned party or his trustee (agent) mus More

Attendance of litigants in trial is a principle for settling a lawsuit among parties because in divine Sharia of Islam and Islamic law, the presence of parties in the hearing validates the authority of the judge over trial, i.e. summoned party or his trustee (agent) must attend the trial and submit his defenses of the claim to the court or submit a bill to the court in the case of absence to prevent violation of his rights. However in some cases, the trial proceeds in the absence of a litigant of the lawsuit. This is an important issue in judgment and trail. Like other issues in jurisprudence, judgment by default needs to depend on authenticated sources and bases. The most fundamental and legitimate sources and bases for absent verdict include Quranic verses, tradition of immaculate Imams, consensus of jurist and reason. Therefore, we have studied and analyzed each of this sources while briefly considering Sunni jurisprudence in all aspects of the issue. The Current study has been a descriptive analytic research which has employed library method through note-taking instrument. In sum, it was concluded that in trial by default, considering some foundations, it can be said that in any condition, it is incumbent on the judge to summon the defendant to trail before issuing any verdict but in the case of the defendant’s absence, he is permitted to proceed a default judgment and issue the verdict in absence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Scope of heresy and its recognition criteria: A comparative study of Qur'anic interpretations and the narration of Sunni and Shiite scholars
ali honarmand Seyyed Abolghasem Naghibi Seyyed Sadegh Mousavi

AbstractOne of the major harms that Islam, like other divine religions, has faced is heresy. Therefore, in verses and hadiths, heresy has been repeatedly and clearly condemned and heretics have been condemned and denigrated. Although Islamic scholars have interpreted he More

AbstractOne of the major harms that Islam, like other divine religions, has faced is heresy. Therefore, in verses and hadiths, heresy has been repeatedly and clearly condemned and heretics have been condemned and denigrated. Although Islamic scholars have interpreted heresy as "our entry is not my religion in religion", there is no consensus among them on the criteria of heresy. Most Imami scholars have considered attributing something to religion without the existence of a religious document as heresy, but a group of Sunnis has considered everything that happened after the first three centuries of Islam as heresy. Therefore, the criterion of Shiism in this regard is qualitative and the criterion of Sunnis is quantitative (time). This practice in recognizing the tradition of heresy leads to differences of opinion of Islamic scholars on the scope of heresy and its examples. From the point of view of those who consider the events of the incident after the first three centuries as heresy, the scope of heresy is very wide and wide, but according to the view of a group that uses general evidence, Emerging issues are considered to have a religious document. The scope of heresy is limited. In this article, while explaining the concept of heresy, some of its criteria, arguments, and examples have been read analytically and comparatively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Examining the verdict of simulation therapy from the point of view of Shia and Hanafi jurisprudents
sayed askari Hosseini Moghadam alireza safari عباس عرب خزائلی Sayed Ali Hashmi Khan Abbasi

Among the evolving human achievements are therapeutic simulation and the technique of obtaining stem cells from the embryo. In this technology, embryos are created in the laboratory to use the stem cells of those embryos to treat diseases. In the meantime, obtaining ste More

Among the evolving human achievements are therapeutic simulation and the technique of obtaining stem cells from the embryo. In this technology, embryos are created in the laboratory to use the stem cells of those embryos to treat diseases. In the meantime, obtaining stem cells from laboratory embryos, which is the basis of therapeutic simulation, is desirable in Islamic jurisprudence for some and rejected by others. Accordingly, in this study, we intend to use the Islamic rules in a comparative comparison to analyze and analyze therapeutic simulation in terms of the jurisprudence of Islamic religions. The research method of this article is descriptive analysis. Research information has also been collected in a library. Findings show that famous Shiite and Sunni jurists agree in this regard and consider the use of this treatment technique as a step towards a deeper understanding of the hidden traditions of the universe and based on the principle of immorality and permission, accept it according to the principles. And they consider the claim of impermissibility to be justified. Manuscript profile

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